Iloilo City Research Articles

Evaluation of the cooling effect of green and blue spaces on urban microclimate through numerical simulation: A case study of Iloilo River Esplanade, Philippines

The aggravating impacts of the urban heat island phenomenon in Philippine cities has motivated planners to utilize urban green and blue spaces as a potential mitigation strategy. This study aims to assess the cooling effect (CE), heat reduction (HR), and energy saving potential (ESP) of trees and water along the Iloilo River Esplanade located in Iloilo City, Philippines. Microclimate modelling and simulation during summertime were performed using ENVI-met software and validated using field observations. Results of the study show that the urban park can provide a maximum CE of 2.63°C at 3:00 PM near the southern edge of the river, which is equivalent to a HR of 13,564 J and an ESP of 1.09 × 10−2 kWh. Meanwhile, a temperature increase of up to 0.16°C can be observed at night due to the nocturnal warming effect of water. In terms of spatial distribution, CE, HR, and ESP tend to gradually decrease as the horizontal distance from the park and altitude increases. Moreover, wind direction may also increase the scale and intensity of CE downwind, but it has an opposite effect in areas upwind.

Typhoon risk and climate-change impact assessment for cultural heritage asset roofs

Recent catastrophic events in Southeast Asia have emphasized that roofs made of wood/steel frames and lightweight metal roofing sheets are the most vulnerable component in the building envelope when subjected to typhoon-induced wind uplift. This also applies to aging cultural heritage (CH) assets, which deserve special consideration because of their intangible value for local communities, and their essential role for inclusive and sustainable socio-economic development through cultural tourism.This paper introduces a simulation-based framework for fragility analysis and typhoon risk assessment of CH-asset roofs. Fastener pullout and roof-panel pullover are explicitly considered in the proposed framework to model the progressive failure of the roof system. A simplified roof geometry is assumed, requiring limited information about the structure under investigation and low computational resources. Such a low computational burden allows modeling wind-induced demands and component capacities probabilistically as well as considering the effects of load redistributions due to fastener failure and fastener/roof-panel corrosion. Variance-based sensitivity analysis (i.e., Sobol’ indices) based on polynomial chaos expansions of the limit state function is also performed, highlighting the parameters most affecting typhoon-fragility variance and then requiring special attention during data collection. Climate-change impact on the typhoon risk estimates is finally investigated through the use of various scenarios and a time-dependent function modifying the wind hazard profile of the site where the assets of interest are located.The proposed framework is applied to 25 CH assets in Iloilo City, Philippines. The required input data was collected through rapid visual surveying combined with new technologies, such as drones. It is shown that the proposed framework can be adopted in practice for both risk prioritization at a building-portfolio level and simplified risk assessment at a building-specific level.

Factors Associated with Nursing Students’ Intention to Report Needlestick Injuries: Applying the Theory of Planned Behavior

Background: Nursing students, like other healthcare workers, are prone to needlestick injuries. Over the years, studies have been conducted regarding needlestick injuries. However, its prevalence among Filipino nursing students’ is still not known. Also, nursing students’ intention to report needlestick injuries in the Philippines has not been explored.Purpose: The purpose of this research was to determine the factors associated with the intention to report needlestick injuries among nursing students applying the Theory of Planned Behavior.Methods: This cross-sectional study used the Needlestick Injuries Reporting Intention Scale (NIRIS) and was distributed among 233 senior nursing students in Iloilo City, Philippines. Descriptive statistics and Pearson’s correlation were utilized to analyze the data.Results: The results of the study revealed that 15% of nursing students had experienced a needlestick injury. However, only less than half (45.71%) of those who sustained needlestick injury reported the incident. Nursing students exhibited a positive attitude (M=5.41; SD=0.63) toward reporting needlestick injuries. They perceived a high social pressure (M=4.65; SD=0.46), high behavioral control (M=4.19; SD=0.45), and high intention (M=8.99; SD=1.15) in reporting needlestick injuries. Attitude (p=0.000), subjective norm (p=0.000), and perceived behavioral control (p=0.000) were significantly correlated with the intention to report needlestick injuries.Conclusion: This study supports the Theory of Planned Behavior in identifying factors influencing nursing students’ intention to report needlestick injuries.

Knowledge and Attitude toward Zika Virus Disease among Pregnant Women in Iloilo City, Philippines

The recent outbreak of Zika Virus Disease (ZVD) has caused global and local public health concerns especially among pregnant women and women of reproductive age. A descriptive-correlational survey was conducted to determine the knowledge and attitude toward ZVD among pregnant women in Iloilo City. Using a validated self-completion questionnaire, a total of 102 women seeking prenatal consultation in District Health Centers in Iloilo City were conveniently chosen as study participants. Descriptive and non-parametric inferential statistical tools were employed to analyze the data. Results indicated that the most common sources of information about ZVD were the television and radio. Majority of pregnant women had low level of knowledge but had positive attitude toward ZVD. Only a few knew that the disease can spread through sexual contact. While many pregnant women felt that ZVD is a serious disease that can cause serious problems to their babies, only a little more than half believed that they are susceptible of acquiring the disease. A significant relationship was found between knowledge about ZVD and attitude toward the disease. The findings suggest that public health intervention programs must address knowledge gaps and focus on correcting misconceptions to raise awareness and promote favorable attitude toward ZVD.

UNDERSTANDING CASA MARIQUIT AS AN ILONGGO CULTURAL HERITAGE SITE: TOWARDS THE DEVELOPMENT OF A VIDEO DOCUMENTARY INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIAL

Casa Mariquit, an old, well-preserved heritage house fabricated upright in Jaro, Iloilo City. This exquisite mansion is named after the wife of the late Vice President Fernando Lopez, Sr., Maria Salvacion "Mariquit" Javellana-Lopez (Alegre, 2012). An Ilonggo Cultural Heritage that accentuates Ilonggos' lives at the same time illuminates the social values, beliefs, religion, and customs of their ancestors. Notably in the food they eat, clothes they wear, the faith they follow, and skills acquired by Ilonggos which continue to live on up to this day. Constructivism, Symbolic Interactionism, and Theory on Cultural Reproduction served as the foundation for this study. The Interpretivist Methodology (Crotty, 2003) research design is a hybrid of Grounded Theory, Oral History, and Participatory Action Research. Snowball technique was employed in identifying the informants. Data sources include interview questionnaires, photographs, field notes, published articles, videos, students' portfolios, and interview voice records of informants. It is found out that Casa Mariquit reflects Ilonggo Elite Lifestyle, Its Residents are Sources of Ilonggo Superstitious Beliefs Stories, An Architectural Wonder, A Residence of Marian Devotion, and A Museum Today. Furthermore, a video documentary was produced and used as instructional material.

Evaluation of a Cellular Respiration Instructional Package in the Bachelor of Elementary Education (BEED) Biology Class

Cellular Respiration, the mechanism of how organisms generate energy to sustain activities while living, is one of the challenging topics to teach and learn in Biology. There is therefore a need for aspiring elementary educators in science to evaluate the defined instructional package for this topic. This study was conducted at a private university in Iloilo City, Philippines, to describe the evaluation of a cellular respiration instructional package in a Bachelor of Elementary Education (BEED) Biology class. This was conducted during the first semester of the school year 2019-2020. The study used descriptive research from 22 out of 23 BEED Biology class. The cellular respiration instructional package significantly increased the BEED Biology class' knowledge (Z=3.52; p=0.00). Generally, the print instructional package for cellular respiration was rated excellent (M = 91.25%, SD = 2.03). Creative and rational thoughts, improvement of scientific attitude and reasoning, constructive work, helpfulness or collaboration or cooperation, solidarity and willingness to know the right and the wrong were the top values viewed by the BEED Biology class. The study provided a basis of the use of a developed instructional package for cellular respiration among BEED students.

Self-Efficacy and Shot Success of Basketball Players

In the Philippines, basketball is a popular sport, and there are local, provincial, and regional and national competitions (Antolihao, 2010). From urban and rural areas, both public and private institutions, organizations, sectors, different schools province, city, municipality or towns, barangays and every corner of the street or block, Filipinos play basketball even in a small area that can make a small court or half-court and a basketball ring or sometimes a basketball ring without a board (De la Cruz, 2016). A tale or a myth attests to the powerful influence of Filipinos' sport and a keen interest in basketball and its existence in their archipelagic geography, despite the sport being designed or tailor-made for tall people (Dumaraos, 2016). There are varsity players in colleges who are scholars because of their ability to play this game. The sports career of basketball players goes a long way even when they have graduated from school. They may become professional and paid basketball players later (Sugai, 2010). However, being an expert basketball player requires much practice. Basketball players may be professionally trained or may have started as a backyard player or may have no professional training. There are backyard players who have very high accuracy and precision in shooting, which are part of their genetic characteristics (Perine, 2016). Nevertheless, these genetic characteristics may be enhanced by experience. On the other hand, Ortega, Olmedilla, de Baranda, and Gomez (2009) found that basketball players with high self-efficacy have higher performance or shot success. The success of shooting the ball may depend on the confidence that a person had had when he was shooting. The more confident he has been, the better his chance of being precise in the shooting. This is self-efficacy, confidence, and the effectiveness of achieving success in one's aim (Perlman, 2018). Hence, the study aimed to describe, compare, and correlate self-efficacy and shot success of basketball players of the Iloilo City Mayor’s Cup.

Awareness and Practices on Disaster Risk Preparedness of Maritime Students

Disaster preparedness is a measure in which individuals or groups developed plans, allocated resources, and established procedures for implementing the program in case of emergency. Alarming cases of maritime disasters have occurred in the Philippines in the past years. These incidents have created damage to property and loss of lives. They have placed the credibility of maritime officers and the maritime industry in question. These cause a catastrophic impact on the environment as well as on marine life. Hence, the paper describes the level of awareness and extent of the practice of disaster risk preparedness of maritime students of St. Therese MTC Colleges, School Year 2019-2020 at Iloilo City. Likewise, it explores the awareness and extent practices of maritime students. Moreover, it determines the correlation among awareness and extent practices on disaster risk preparedness of maritime students.

Just adaptation? Generating new vulnerabilities and shaping adaptive capacities through the politics of climate-related resettlement in a Philippine coastal city

Drawing on the adaptation, justice, and resettlement literatures, this study explores the prospects for procedural (who is involved, how they are selected) and distributive justice (how the outcomes are experienced by different groups) in a resettlement project in the coastal city of Iloilo in the Philippines. This project, which sought to reduce flood risks, required the resettlement of 3500 families. The city was lauded locally and internationally and the government intends to replicate it across the country. This study uses a mixed method approach, including 200 household surveys and interviews with government officials, NGO staff, and community members. It finds that while some households experience notable improvements in their housing quality, incomes and climate resilience, the resettlement process exacerbated intra-community inequality and exclusion. It also finds that the distribution of these benefits was a function of political power and pre-existing wealth discrepancies rather than of need. To avoid these mistakes in the future, governments and resettlement planners must take account of how inequality and asymmetries in power shape resettlement outcomes. To do this, questions of procedural, distributive and contextual justice must be brought to the fore.

Probable maximum loss of a pipe network due to earthquakes: a case study in Iloilo city, Philippines

PurposeBuried structures like pipeline systems or water distribution networks (WDN) are vulnerable to seismic activities and the risk of damages increases when there is liquefaction. This paper aims to propose a methodology on how to determine the probable maximum loss (PML) on pipeline systems when earthquakes and liquefaction occur in future scenarios.Design/methodology/approachThe paper used historical data and presents a case study on how the methodology to estimate the PML was used. The estimation is analytic and relied on simulations to determine the seismic and liquefaction hazard in the study area. Statistical and numerical analysis was used to estimate the damages and losses.FindingsThe output shows the PML of a WDN at different earthquake scenarios. It also shows a comparison between the damages and losses of diameter sizes of the pipes.Research limitations/implicationsIn this paper, the damages behaved independently in one area, and correlation was not considered.Practical implicationsThis PML methodology can aid in pre-disaster planning to prepare for seismic countermeasures risk transfer such as insurance to reduce the loss.Originality/valueThis paper shows a methodology and example on how to estimate the damages and PMLs of an existing WDN of a projected earthquake and liquefaction hazard based on historical data.

Continuing professional development: Awareness, attitude, facilitators, and barriers among nurses in the Philippines

Background & Aim: Mandatory Continuing Professional Development (CPD) remains to be an issue among nurses. The relatively new implementation of the CPD Act in the Philippines has led to varying perceptions and oppositions that warrant exploration. This study aimed to determine the awareness, attitude, facilitators, and barriers to CPD among hospital nurses in the Philippines. Methods & Materials: This study employed a descriptive, cross-sectional survey design with 237 randomly selected nurses in tertiary hospitals in Iloilo City, Philippines. Self-administered instruments were used to gather self-report data. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, ttest, ANOVA, and Pearson’s r. Results: Results indicated that nurses were moderately aware of the CPD law (M=2.31; SD=.31), were positive about the importance of CPD (M=3.91; SD=.72) but were ambivalent toward CPD implementation (M=5.98; SD=2.01). Attitude toward CPD importance significantly differed (p=.000) across age group. Awareness of CPD law (p=.000) and attitude toward the importance of CPD (p=.000) were significantly related to their attitude toward the implementation of CPD. Awareness that CPD is a requirement for license renewal (90.7%), knowledge that it can help improve skills at work (78.9%), and sponsorship from the organization (62%) were considered the major facilitators while cost (98.75%), not available to all staff (61.6%), and time-related factors (60.3%) were the major barriers to CPD participation. Conclusion: Along with current efforts to strengthen CPD in the country, it is hoped that identification of knowledge gaps and addressing the barriers may lead to better understanding, acceptance, and participation of nurses to mandatory CPD.

A multi-hazard risk prioritisation framework for cultural heritage assets

Abstract. Multi-hazard risk assessment of building portfolios is of primary importance in natural-hazard-prone regions, particularly for the prioritisation of disaster risk reduction and resilience-enhancing strategies. In this context, cultural heritage assets require special consideration because of their high vulnerability to natural hazards – due to ageing and types of construction – and their strong links with communities from both an economic and a historical–sociocultural perspective. This paper introduces a multi-hazard risk prioritisation framework specifically developed for cultural heritage assets. The proposed framework relies on a multilevel rapid-visual-survey (RVS) form for the multi-hazard exposure data collection and risk prioritisation of case-study assets. Because of the multilevel architecture of the proposed RVS form, based on three levels of refinement and information, an increasing degree of accuracy can be achieved in the estimation of structural vulnerability and, ultimately, structural risk of the considered assets. At the lowest level of refinement, the collected data are used for the computation of seismic-risk and wind-risk prioritisation indices, specifically calibrated in this study for cultural heritage assets with various structural and non-structural features. The resulting indices are then combined into a unique multi-hazard risk prioritisation index in which the intangible value of cultural heritage assets is also considered. This is achieved by defining a score expressing the cultural significance of the asset. The analytic hierarchy process is extensively used throughout the study to reduce the subjectivity involved in the framework, thus obtaining a simplified yet robust approach which can be adapted to different building typologies. The proposed framework is applied to 25 heritage buildings in Iloilo City, Philippines, for which innovative, non-invasive techniques and tools for improved surveying have also been tested. Thermal and omnidirectional cameras have helped in the collection of structural data, together with drones for the inspection of roofs. Results of the study are presented and critically discussed, highlighting advantages and drawbacks of the use of new technologies in this field.

Nurses’ Awareness and Participation in Mandatory Continuing Professional Development in the Philippines: A Pilot Survey

Introduction: Mandatory Continuing Professional Development (CPD) in the Philippines is relatively new. The purpose of the study was to determine nurses’ awareness and participation in CPD in the Philippines. Methods: This descriptive survey was conducted among nurses (n=30) in a private hospital in Iloilo City. A researcher-made survey tool was used to gather data. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and Mann-Whitney U to test for differences between variables. Results: Results indicated that were nurses were generally aware of the CPD law and its implementing rules and regulations (IRR). However, while nurses understood the concept of CPD and the renewal requirements of the CPD Act, more than half were not aware of learning activities under Self-Directed Learning and that nurses can earn CPD credit units through online CPD programs. Almost half were unaware that excess CPD cannot be carried over to the next three-year period, and more than one-third were unaware that only completed post baccalaureate degree programs can be used to earn CPD credit units. There were no significant differences in the awareness of nurses when grouped according to sex, age, civil status, position, salary, and length of work experience. Seminars and workshops were the most common CPD activities participated by nurses in the last 12 months. Conclusion: Addressing the common information gaps regarding the CPD law identified in this study may assist in increasing nurses’ support in the implementation of the mandatory CPD among nurses.

Women Empowerment in Leading Environmental Education (EE) and Waste Management Advocacy (WMA) among Mothers in the Maritime University (JBLFMU-Molo) Philippines

The study determined women empowerment on environmental education (EE) and waste management advocacy (WMA) in the maritime university, Philippines. The researchers of this study employed a quantitative-qualitative research design. This study’s respondents were the fifty-six (56) mothers of the students at JBLFMU-Molo, Iloilo City, Philippines. The results of this study revealed that as an entire group majority of the respondents have a “high” level of environmental education” and “high level of waste management advocacy.” When classified according to status as mothers have a significant difference in environmental education (EE), the most dominant activities towards solid waste management are the following: reporting the abundance of trash in the community, recycling the unused things, doing compost, discussing with the Barangay officials the trash problem in the city, getting involved in the community to help improve the self-esteem of being a woman, and volunteering for religious reasons. The roles of the mothers leading towards women empowerment in environmental education (EE) and waste management advocacy (WMA) were categorized into three “themes,” such as 1) educators and models, 2) advocators and initiators, and 3) helpers and collaborators.

SPATIOTEMPORAL ANALYSIS OF THE URBAN COOLING ISLAND (UCI) EFFECT OF WATER SPACES IN A HIGHLY URBANIZED CITY: A CASE STUDY OF ILOILO RIVER AND ADJACENT WETLANDS

Abstract. Iloilo City, a highly urbanized city in the Philippines, experiences intensified climate change impacts due to the Urban Heat Island (UHI) phenomenon, one of which is the significant increase in temperature. To mitigate UHI, recent studies investigated the cooling effect of water bodies due to its higher rate of evapotranspiration compared to green spaces. This study aims to spatiotemporally assess the Urban Cooling Island (UCI) effect of Iloilo River and adjacent wetlands on the surrounding microclimate using geospatial techniques. Landsat images were processed to generate land surface temperature (LST) and land cover layers of the study area for the years 1994, 1998, 2003, 2005, 2013, 2016, and 2019. UCI Scale (influence range of the cooling effect), Temperature Difference (difference in temperature between water space and the area within the UCI scale), and UCI Intensity (temperature gradient within the UCI scale) were calculated using multiple-ring buffers with 50-m interval to quantify variations in cooling effect of the water space at distinct surrounding regions over a long time period. Results of the study show that wetland area has a weak negative relationship with the UCI indices which could mean that cooling effect is not solely dependent on wetland size, while moderate to very strong negative correlations were calculated between temperature difference and precipitation (r = −0.48 to −0.82). Furthermore, rapid expansion of built-up areas at different sections along the river have resulted to reduced UCI scale (r = −0.37 to −0.75) and stronger cooling intensity (r = 0.55 to 0.84).

Batuan (Garciniabinucao) Fruit Preservation

This experimental research aimed to determine the most acceptableBatuan (Garciniabinucao) Fruit Preservation.Specifically, it sought to answer if there is no significant difference in the acceptability of Batuan Fruits Preserved using different methods of preservation as to appearance, aroma, taste, texture and general acceptability. Batuanfruits weresubjected into different solutions of plain water (Product A), brine solution (Product B) and light syrup solution (Product C). It was determined through organoleptic evaluation using Five-point Hedonic Scaleby thirty (30) respondents at Iloilo Science and Technology University, La Paz, Iloilo City last April, 2018. The statistical tools used were the Mean, Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) tested at 0.01 level of significance and post hoc test.Product C is the most accepted product in terms of appearance, aroma, taste, texture and general acceptability as evaluated by the respondents. Findings also revealed that there is significant difference in Product A as to taste. The general result of the study revealed that there is no significant difference between three products in terms of appearance, aroma, taste, texture becauseit does not affect the general acceptability of the products using the three methods of preservation after post hoc test.

Translated Literature of Western Visayas: An Evaluation

In response to DepEd Order No. 74 s. 2009 otherwise known as Mother Tongue-Based Multilingual Education (MTB-MLE), the Filipino Department of the West Visayas State University, Iloilo City, Philippines, took the initiative by translating into Filipino the local literature written in Hiligaynon, Kinaray-a, and Akeanon. This translated historical literature were then evaluated regarding their level of efficiency when rated as a whole and according to different aspects. Three experts in translation served as evaluators for each category using a questionnaire. Mean was employed as a statistical tool. The result showed the following data: There was a high level of efficiency in translation, grammar, rhetorical correctness, clarity of the translation, and the use of figurative language. Translations of riddles, lowa, alamat, and folk tales were rated excellent while dayaw, dalit, and pasyon, as well as ambahanon, daigon and ballads, were rated very good while hururaon/ududayon and other short verses were rated average. It was, therefore, recommended that a Kinaray-a/Hiligaynon- Filipino glossary should be published to be used as reference materials of the teachers and students in primary education since there was a scarcity of the terms to be used in translating indigenous literature.

Programmed Practice Sheet (PPS) and Technology-enhanced Drills: Inputs to Instructional Material Development in Badminton

This study aimed at determining the effectiveness of a modified programmed practice sheet (PPS) and technology-enhanced drills as instructional methods in students’ basic badminton skills. Utilized as participants in the study were the 60 first year Bachelor of Science in Information Technology (BSIF) 1-A and 1-B P.E. 2 (Individual/Dual Sports) at Iloilo Science and Technology University, La Paz, Iloilo City, Philippines chose through matched-paired sampling. The badminton skill level data were obtained using the instrument on the Modified Badminton Performance Assessment Rubric [1]. This instrument consists of 6 basic badminton skills to determine the students’ skill level. The pre-treatment badminton skill level of the students in both modified programmed practice sheet (PPS) and technology-enhanced drills was the beginner; it shifted to excellent after the treatment. The students did not differ significantly in their pre-treatment badminton skill level when taken as an entire group and when grouped according to modified programmed practice sheet (PPS) and technology-enhanced drills. The students did not differ significantly in their post-treatment badminton skill level when taken as an entire group and grouped according to modified programmed practice sheet (PPS) and technology-enhanced drills.

School Climate and Public Secondary School Performance In the Division of Iloilo City and Passi City

This descriptive-survey research paper aimed to determine the level of school climate and the public secondary school performance in the division of Iloilo City and Passi City. Utilized as respondents of the study were the 340 public secondary school teachers at Iloilo City and Passi City, chosen through simple random sampling. The result showed that the level of school climate was "high" regarding working conditions and leadership, homeschool relationship, instructional focus, physical environment, and safety. A significant difference existed in the level of school climate in the divisions regarding working conditions and leadership, homeschool relationship, instructional focus, physical environment, and safety. No significant difference in the level of school climate when grouped according to divisions regarding working conditions and leadership, homeschool relationship, instructional focus, physical environment, and safety. The administrators’ performance was "very satisfactory," and the teachers’ performance was "satisfactory." The school and the students’ performance were "poor." No significant difference in the production of students, teachers, administrators, and the schools in the divisions of Iloilo City and Passi City.

Financial Literacy in Relation to Financial Management

Financial literacy is the capacity to analyze financial options, plan for the future, and respond appropriately to events. This study intends to look into the association between financial literacy and financial management. The study utilized a quantitative approach employing a descriptive normative survey of a modified survey questionnaire on financial literacy and financial management. The respondents of the study were the participants of the annual national conference of the Grace Gospel Church of Christ, which was held in Iloilo City on April 22-27, 2019 with 250 adult respondents. The questionnaire on Financial Literacy and Management Practices was used to measure the financial literacy of individuals. The questionnaire considered the most critical personal finance factors in the measurement of the level of financial knowledge literacy and the financial decision-making on financial practices (Cronbach’s Alpha results of Financial Literacy of 0.929, Financial Management of 0.738). It was found that the Normality Test utilizing the Shapiro-Wilk yielded significant results in almost all items. Hence, non-parametric tests were used in the statistical runs. To ensure the “do-no-harm,” after complying with the consenting forms, the researchers submitted them to the Ethics Review Committee as an assurance that the researchers followed the ethics protocol. Financial Literacy and Management Practices significantly differ in each of the three groups in the congregation namely Leaders (t=11.567, exact sig=0.000), Non-Leaders between financial literacy and management practices by rank in the congregation (t=12.431, exact sig=0.000), and Members (t=23.930, exact sig=0.000). T-Test showed significant differences between the financial management practice on Personal/Family Budget and Financial Decision-Making.