Holland's Model Research Articles

Applicability Study of a Global Numerical Weather Prediction Model MPAS to Storm Surges and Waves in the South Coast of Korea

The south coast of Korea is vulnerable to coastal disasters, such as storm surges, high waves, wave overtopping, and coastal flooding caused by typhoons. It is imperative to predict such disastrous events accurately in advance, which requires accurate meteorological forcing for coastal ocean modeling. In this study, to acquire accurate meteorological data as important forcing variables for the prediction of storm surges and waves, we examined the forecast performance and applicability of a next-generation global weather/climate prediction model, the Model for Prediction Across Scales (MPAS). We compared the modeled surface pressure and wind with observations on the south coast of Korea for three typhoons that damaged Korea in 2020—Bavi, Maysak, and Haishen—and investigated the accuracy of these observations with the MPAS prediction. Those meteorological forcing variables were then used in the tightly coupled tide-surge-wave model, Advanced CIRCulation (ADCIRC) and the Simulating Waves Nearshore (SWAN) for the simulation of a typhoon-induced storm surge and wave. We also performed the hindcast of the wave and storm surges using a parametric tropical cyclone model, the best-track-based Generalized Asymmetric Holland Model (GAHM) embedded in ADCIRC+SWAN, to better understand the forecast performance and applicability of MPAS. We compared the forecast results of the typhoon-induced wave and storm surges with their hindcast in terms of the time-series and statistical indices for both significant wave height and storm surge height and found that wave and storm surge prediction forced by MPAS forecast provides a comparable accuracy with the hindcast. Comparable results of MPAS forcing with that of hindcast using best track information are encouraging because ADCIRC+SWAN forced by MPAS forecast with an at most four-day lead time still provides a reasonable prediction of wave and storm surges.

Evaluating the Test Validity of the Comprehensive Assessment of Psychopathic Personality Symptom Rating Sale (CAPP SRS)

The Comprehensive Assessment of Psychopathic Personality Symptom Rating Scale (CAPP SRS) is a relatively new measure of psychopathic personality disorder (PPD) based on the CAPP concept map of psychopathy. To investigate the CAPP SRS, we identified the most plausible formal test structure for the test using the framework proposed by Slaney and Maraun, identified an appropriate quantitative characterization of that test structure, and then statistically evaluated it based on analysis of CAPP SRS data collected from a multisite sample of 314 adult male correctional offenders and secure hospital patients in Scotland and England. Overall, the CAPP SRS survived falsification when observed test data were compared to expectations based on the unidimensional monotone latent variable or UMLV model of Holland and Rosenbaum. CAPP SRS composite scores calculated consistent with the UMLV model had good measurement precision and good external validity with respect to scores on an established test of PPD. The findings provide provisional support for the test validity of the CAPP SRS and highlight the importance of theory-driven evaluations of test validity.

Intercomparison of Empirical Formulations of Maximum Wind Radius in Parametric Tropical Storm Modeling over Zhoushan Archipelago

The Holland (2010) parametric wind model has been extensively utilized in tropical cyclone and storm surge-related coastal hazard mitigation and management studies. The only remaining input parameter, the radius of maximum wind speed (Rm), is usually generated by previously proposed empirical relations which are, however, sensitivity to study areas in producing better performed numerical results. In order to acquire optimal Rm formulations over the region of Zhoushan Archipelago, East China Sea, 16 empirical relations were compiled into the Holland (2010) model to produce time series of the pressure, wind speed, and wind direction in comparison to observational records taken at three stations during the tropical cyclone events of Ampil and Rumbai. Their respective agreements were evaluated by error metrices including the root mean square error, correlation coefficient, mean bias error, and scatter index, whilst the overall performances of the 16 formulations were ranked according to a proposed comprehensive error. In the following order, the Rm formulations of Lu (2012), Zhou (2005), Kato (2018), and Jiang (2008) ranked the best for both events in terms of their minimum comprehensive errors; however, recommendations on the application of specific empirical formulations for the region of Zhoushan Archipelago are also provided herein from the perspective of conservation and accuracy.

Human Trafficking Crime Networks and Pastoral Efforts for Prevention

Human trafficking is human exploitation, and it contradicts the biblical message which encourages equal and harmonious relationships between humans. Therefore, efforts needed for prevention. This study aimed to expose the criminal network of trafficking in persons specifically from Southwest Sumba Regency where Malaysia is a destination country. Data analysis based on Holland and Henriot model of the pastoral circle. The method used was descriptive qualitative. Data were obtained through observation, interviews, and literature studies, which were analyzed in depth. The result was that an effective pastoral action to prevent human trafficking is based on a deep understanding of trafficking in persons with adequate theological reflection.

Comparative analysis of parametric cyclone models and relations for radius of maximum winds for storm surge simulations: case of Typhoon Meranti 2016

ABSTRACT Parametric cyclone models consist of relations for a pressure field and wind field based on specified typhoon parameters such as coordinates, central pressure, maximum wind, and radius of maximum wind. Such models generate the forcing conditions for simulations of storm surges. This study investigated the cyclone model parameters considering the Typhoon Meranti event, which made landfall in Batanes Islands of the Philippines in 2016. Available empirical equations for radius of maximum wind were compared and it showed that the equation developed by Vickery and Wadhera in 2008 best estimated the radius of maximum winds for the dataset considered. Comparisons of modeled and observed winds and pressures using various parametric cyclone models showed that the 1952 Fujitamodel gave more accurate pressure fields, while the 2010 Holland model gave more accurate wind fields. Based on storm surge simulations of Typhoon Meranti, the 1952 Fujita cyclone model gave the more accurate simulation of the storm tides. The 2010 Holland cyclone model generally has lower wind fields which reduced the wind surge component and the simulated significant wave heights which also reduces the contribution of wave setup to the storm tide levels.

Exploring paramedicine student preferences using Holland's vocational theory: A cross-sectional study.

Holland's RIASEC typology is a classification of vocational personality types and work environments. Having a predisposition for their vocation, in terms of a personality that is congruent to their work environment, may be protective for paramedics with regards to both their mental and physical health. The purpose of this study was to identify paramedicine students' vocational preference according to Holland's RIASEC model. Bachelor of Paramedicine degree students in the three different year levels completed the 48-item Brief RIASEC Marker Scales to determine their order of the six RIASEC personality types. In this study, the paramedicine students' three most dominant personality types were Social-Investigative-Artistic, differing from the defined Holland Occupational Code for paramedics of Realistic-Social-Investigative. Male students scored significantly higher on the Reality personality type, whereas female students scored significantly higher on the Social personality type. Overall, this study found many students to possess two of the three dominant personality traits that form the desired Holland code for paramedics. This suggests that many students may be better able to cope with the demands of the paramedicine profession upon employment.

THE IMPACT OF CONGRUENCE ON STUDENT ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE: ASSESSMENT OF HOLLAND THEORY IN NON-WESTERN CULTURE

Purpose of the study: The current study was conducted to investigate Holland's circular order model of interest, congruence between career interest and career aspiration, and congruence impact on students' academic performance in an indigenous context. Methodology: Data have collected from 669 (356 boys & 313 girls) students studying in grade 10th from 16 high schools, 8 boys school (4 government & 4 private sectors), and 8 girls school (4 government & 4 private sector)-from significant towns of Gilgit division, Pakistan. Career interest was measured using the Urdu version of Career Key (Jones, 2010), students' obtained marks measured academic achievement in the last examination, and career aspirations were assessed by asking about aspired future careers from students. A randomized test of hypothesized order (Hubert & Arabie, 1987) was applied to determine the circular model, congruence was measured using Holland's (1963) first-letter agreement, and academic achievement of congruent, incongruent, and ambivalent groups of students was compared using one-way analysis of variance. Main Findings: The study's findings revealed that the results did not support Holland's circular order model of interest. The congruence hypothesis was partially funded, and the impact of congruence on academic achievement was fully supported in the present study. Gender differences were found in some career interests as well as in aspired occupations. The findings are discussed in a cultural context. Applications of this study: The results of the study are applicable and valuable for the educational institutes. In the present study, we have evaluated three assumptions of Holland's theory: circular order model of interest structure, congruence between career aspiration and career interest, and impact of congruence on students' academic achievement. Novelty: In Pakistan, career success and relevant domains are least explored by researchers. However, it is imperative to provide academic and career counselling services to ensure academic and career success and satisfaction. Therefore, the current study was conducted to assess Holland's model of interest, congruence between career aspiration and interest, and its impact on student's academic achievement in Pakistan.

A Thermodynamic Model for the Subsolidus Evolution and Melting of Peridotite

Abstract We present a structural update to the thermodynamic model for calculating peridotite phase relations and melt compositions at 0·01 to 60 kbar and from 600 °C to the peridotite liquidus in the system K2O–Na2O–CaO–FeO–MgO–Al2O3–SiO2–TiO2–Fe2O3–Cr2O3 (KNCFMASTOCr), based on the model of Holland et al., 2018 [Melting of Peridotites through to Granites: A Simple Thermodynamic Model in the System KNCFMASHTOCr. Journal of Petrology 59, 881–900]. The new model is better able to predict the phase relations and melting of ultramafic rocks, in particular the abundance of orthopyroxene in the residue and the concentration of silica in the melt. In addition, improvements in modelling Cr-spinels mean that the model is now able to reproduce Cr-content of garnet and spinel above and below the solidus without modification to the knorringite free energy. Model calculations indicate that, for peridotite composition KR4003, the spinel to garnet transition intersects the solidus at 22·1–24·8 kbar and orthopyroxene disappears from the solidus at 29·1 kbar. Below the solidus, the model is able to reproduce the abundances and compositions of phases in experimental studies and natural samples spanning a range of compositions, allowing it to be used for investigating subsolidus equilibration during mantle cooling and pressurisation/decompression. The liquid model provides a good fit to experimental data and is able to replicate the position of the solidus and the composition of both melt and residue at and above the solidus for a range of peridotite compositions. The model may, therefore, be used to investigate fractional mantle melting and basalt generation in modern geodynamic regimes, and also to explore equilibrium mantle melting in the early Earth. The model can also be used to explore liquid and residue compositions for melting of non-pyrolitic mantle, for which there is a paucity of experimental data. We demonstrate the scope of the model using two case studies investigating the subsolidus evolution and melting of a silica-rich cratonic peridotite from the Kaapvaal craton.

Wave Simulation by the SWAN Model and FVCOM Considering the Sea-Water Level around the Zhoushan Islands

In this study, the numerical wave model Simulating Waves Nearshore (SWAN), which resolves nearshore wave processes, and a hydrodynamic model, the Finite-Volume Community Ocean Model (FVCOM), were coupled to simulate waves and currents during Typhoon Fung-wong (2014) and Typhoon Chan-hom (2015) around the Zhoushan Islands. Both of these models employ the same unique unstructured grid. In particular, the influence of sea-surface currents, e.g., typhoon-induced and tidal currents, as well as the sea-water level, on wave simulation was studied. The composite wind field, which is derived from the parametric Holland model and European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) winds (H-E winds), was taken as the forcing field. TPXO.5 tide data, sea-surface temperatures from the HYbrid Coordinate Ocean Model (HYCOM), HYCOM sea-surface salinity, and HYCOM sea-surface current were treated as open-boundary conditions. The comparison of sea-surface-current speed between the FVCOM simulation and the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) data revealed a root-mean-square error (RMSE) of about 0.1206 m/s, with a correlation (Cor) more than 0.8, while the RMSE of the simulated sea-water level when compared with the HYCOM data was around 0.13 m, with a Cor of about 0.86. The validation indicated that the simulated results in this study were reliable. A sensitive experiment revealed that the sea-water level affected the typhoon-induced wave simulation. Validation against the measurements from the moored buoys showed an RMSE of <0.9 m for the sea-water level, which specifically reflected less overestimation during the high-sea state. Moreover, the significant-wave-height (SWH) difference (SWH without the sea-water level minus SWH with the sea-water level) was as great as −0.5 m around the Zhoushan Islands during the low-sea state. Furthermore, we studied the typhoon-induced waves when Typhoon Fung-wong passed the Zhoushan Islands, revealing that the reduction of SWH could be up to 1 m in the Yangtze Estuary and tidal flats when the maximum waves occurred.

A reassessment of the amphibole-plagioclase NaSi-CaAl exchange thermometer with applications to igneous and high-grade metamorphic rocks

Abstract The amphibole-plagioclase NaSi-CaAl exchange thermometer by Holland and Blundy (1994) (expression B) has been extensively applied to calcic amphibole-bearing assemblages from metamorphic and igneous rocks, whereas the more recent calibrations of the amphibole-only thermometer by Ridolfi and Renzulli (2012) (expression 2) and Putirka (2016) (expressions 5 and 6) are employed for determining amphibole-saturation temperatures in hydrous magmas. However, a test of these expressions performed on experimental data compiled from the literature reveals significant inaccuracies, tending expression B to underestimate temperatures in high-Mg amphibole, and the amphibole-only expressions to overestimate temperatures in amphibole with either low Mg or high AlVI occupancies. Amphibole NaM4 and Fe3+ occupancies can also affect significantly the accuracy of expression B. In this work, we present three new accurate calibrations (expressions A1, A2, and B2) of the amphibole-plagioclase NaSi-CaAl exchange thermometer calculated by robust regression methods based on multiple maximum-likelihood estimators (MM-estimators; Yohai 1987), considering various calibration and test data subsets to evaluate the robustness of the derived parameters in the thermodynamic models, and the accuracy and precision of the expressions. Non-ideality in plagioclase was corrected using the ternary feldspar solution model of Elkins and Grove (1990) in expressions A1 and A2, whereas the simplified version of the Darken’s Quadratic Formalism (DQF) approach of Holland and Powell (1992) was used in expression B2. The formulation of the multisite macroscopic solution model of Powell and Holland (1993) was used for deriving the mixing parameters of amphibole in the three calibrations. Expression B2 is strictly pressure-independent, while the two others show a negligible dependence on pressure for plagioclase with low orthoclase component (<11 mol%). The three calibrations yield an overall precision close to those reported for the tested amphibole-based thermometers but are significantly more accurate, a requisite for an unambiguous interpretation of precision. The new expressions can be used in a wide range of igneous and high-grade metamorphic rocks that bear subcalcic to calcic amphibole and oligoclase or more calcic plagioclase. However, they must be applied only to amphibole-plagioclase pairs whose compositions lie in the optimal region of use prescribed in the work.

General or Vocational Education? The Role of Vocational Interests in Educational Decisions at the End of Compulsory School in Switzerland

Many educational systems are characterized by segregation between a general and vocational educational track. When adolescents must decide on their postcompulsory education at the end of lower secondary school, the different programs are typically embedded in one of these two main tracks. Prior career choice theories postulate that vocational interests, as structured by the six-dimensional RIASEC model of Holland (1997), play a crucial role in educational and vocational transition processes. However, regarding the question of general versus vocational education, previous studies have mainly focused on the effects of social background. Therefore, this paper examines the impact of vocational interests on the choice of Baccalaureate School (BAC, general track), Vocational Education and Training (VET, vocational track) or the Federal Vocational Baccalaureate (FVB), a hybrid qualification that links elements of both tracks. The sample consists of N = 609 students at the end of lower secondary school in Switzerland. The results of multinomial logistic regression analyses show that all six dimensions of Holland’s interest model are significant predictors for the three postcompulsory tracks, even when controlling for school variables (e.g., grades) and variables of social background. While the realistic and social dimensions are positively interrelated with the choice of VET, the artistic, investigative and enterprising dimensions predict the choice of BAC. The conventional dimension is the only one positively linked to the choice of FVB. The results are discussed with special attention to segregation between more practical and more theoretical types of interests.

Simulating tropical cyclone waves in the East China Sea with an event-based, parametric-adjusted model

Parametric cyclone wind models with storm characteristics derived from statistical representation do not agreeably delineate the wind field in the East China Sea, leading to uncertain errors in the numerical simulations of Typhoon waves. A new approach to adjust the cyclone wind field in the framework of the Holland model is proposed. The radius of maximum wind speed and the logarithmically varied shape parameter B from the Holland model are iterated out with in situ data and extended to the cyclone track in the East China Sea. This event-based Holland parametric assimilation scheme can model different kinds of unimodal wind profiles and deliver a significant improvement over the original Holland model. The simulated wind fields of three typhoon events, Typhoons Saomai (200608), Fitow (201312) and Maria (201808), are then used to drive the Simulating Waves Nearshore (SWAN) wave model, and wave fields during the three typhoon events show better agreement with the in situ observations. Compared with satellite scatterometer and altimeter products, the effectiveness of modelled typhoon events is largely limited by temporal changes of typhoon structure. This approach is recommended for typhoon events with small temporal changes. Overall, the approach to adjusting wind profiles with observations satisfactorily improves the simulation performances of cyclonic winds and wave heights at a low computation cost.

Effects of Typhoon Paths on Storm Surge and Coastal Inundation in the Pearl River Estuary, China

A coastal inundation simulation system was developed for the coast of the Pearl River estuary (PRE), which consists of an assimilation typhoon model and the coupled ADCIRC (Advanced Circulation) + SWAN (Simulating Waves Nearshore) model. The assimilation typhoon model consists of the Holland model and the analysis products of satellite images. This is the first time an assimilation typhoon model has been implemented and tested for coastal inundation via case studies. The simulation results of the system agree well with the real measurements. Three observed typhoon paths (Hope, Nida, and Hato) were chosen to be the studied paths based on their positions relative to the PRE, China. By comparing the results of experiments with different forcing fields, we determined that the storm surge and the coastal inundation were mainly induced by wind forcing. By simulating coastal inundation for different typhoon center speeds, the Hato3 path most easily causes coastal inundation in the PRE. Moreover, the moving speed of the typhoon’s center significantly affects the coastal inundation in the PRE. The inundation becomes very serious as the movement of the typhoon center was slow down. This study provides a new reference for future predictions of coastal inundations.

Assessment of a Parametric Tropical Cyclone Model for Typhoon Wind Modeling in the Yellow Sea

Gong, J.; Jia, X.; Zhuge, W.; Guo, W., and Lee, D., 2020. Assessment of a parametric tropical cyclone model for typhoon wind modeling in the Yellow Sea. In: Zheng, C.W.; Wang, Q.; Zhan, C., and Yang, S.B. (eds.), Air-Sea Interaction and Coastal Environments of the Maritime and Polar Silk Roads.Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 99, pp. 67-73. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208.Tropical cyclones (TCs) pose one of the most dangerous threats to the lives and properties in coastal areas. Various parametric models have been developed to simulate TC wind fields and are critical for modeling and assessing the risk of storm surges and coastal inundations. The Holland parametric wind model (Holland, 1980) has been widely applied in the modeling of TC wind fields; however, systematic assessments of its performance in simulating typhoon wind fields in the Yellow Sea, where typhoons undergo extratropical transitions, are rare. Four typhoons that passed over the Yellow Sea were selected, and the wind measurements at 12 gauges and buoys along the Korean coast were used for model validation and assessment. The results showed that the Holland model is capable of producing satisfactory wind results for typhoons passing over the Yellow Sea given accurate TC parameters. The results also highlighted that the model-predicted typhoon winds were highly sensitive to Rmax and that the shape coefficient B thus should be chosen carefully when the Holland model wind fields are used for TC-induced storm surge or wave modeling.

Longitudinal Networks of Dyadic Relationships Using Latent Trajectories: Evidence from The European Interbank Market

Summary Financial markets are ultimately seen as a collection of dyadic transactions. We study the temporal evolution of dyadic relationships in the European interbank market, as induced by monetary transactions registered in the electronic market for interbank deposits (e-MID) during a period of 10 years (2006–2015). In particular, we keep track of how reciprocal exchange patterns have varied with macro events and exogenous shocks and with the emergence of the Global Financial Crisis in 2008. The approach adopted extends the model of Holland and Leinhardt to a longitudinal setting where individuals’ temporal trajectories for the tendency to connect and reciprocate transactions are explicitly modelled through splines or polynomials, and individual-specific parameters. We estimate the model by an iterative algorithm that maximizes the log-likelihood for every ordered pair of units. The empirical application shows that the methodology proposed may be applied to large networks and represents the process of exchange at a fine-grained level. Further results are available in on-line supplementary material.

An Efficient Method for Simulating Typhoon Waves Based on a Modified Holland Vortex Model

A combination of the WAVEWATCH III (WW3) model and a modified Holland vortex model is developed and studied in the present work. The Holland 2010 model is modified with two improvements: the first is a new scaling parameter, bs, that is formulated with information about the maximum wind speed (vms) and the typhoon’s forward movement velocity (vt); the second is the introduction of an asymmetric typhoon structure. In order to convert the wind speed, as reconstructed by the modified Holland model, from 1-min averaged wind inputs into 10-min averaged wind inputs to force the WW3 model, a gust factor (gf) is fitted in accordance with practical test cases. Validation against wave buoy data proves that the combination of the two models through the gust factor is robust for the estimation of typhoon waves. The proposed method can simulate typhoon waves efficiently based on easily accessible data sources.

The impact of different historical typhoon tracks on storm surge: A case study of Zhejiang, China

Abstract A typhoon-induced storm surge simulation system was developed for the Zhejiang coast consisting of an assimilation wind-pressure model and the ADCIRC+SWAN model. The simulated peak and phase of the storm surge were found to match the observed data very well. We discussed the sensitivity of the modeled storm surge to changes in the computational domain, and compared the simulation results from the assimilation wind-pressure model and the symmetric Holland model. The sensitivity of 23 newly-constructed typhoon tracks to the Wenzhou City storm surge was investigated using the validated storm surge simulation system. The storm surges vary significantly when the typhoon tracks are at different positions relative to the station. Given this, the impacts of 55 historical tracks from 1951 to 2017 on the coast of Zhejiang Province were simulated and analyzed. Although the typhoon tracks with no landfall on China's eastern mainland posed a threat to the entire Zhejiang coast, the tracks making landfall at Fujian were most likely to cause a storm surge in Wenzhou City, Zhejiang Province. The results of this study will help to increase the understanding of typhoon storm surge along China's coastal areas and may serve as reference material in studies of disaster reduction and prevention techniques in the Zhejiang region.

Effect of Wave Radiation Stress in Storm Surge-Induced Inundation: A Case Study for the East Coast of India

Tropical cyclone-induced coastal inundation is a potential hazard for the east coast of India. In the present study, two case studies are presented to examine the significance and importance of wave radiation stress in storm surge modeling during two extreme weather events associated with the Phailin and Hudhud cyclones. Model computations were performed using the advanced circulation (ADCIRC) model and the coupled ADCIRC + SWAN (Simulating Waves Nearshore) model for these two events. Meteorological and astronomical forcing were used to simulate the hydrodynamic fields using the ADCIRC model run in a stand-alone mode, whereas the coupled ADCIRC + SWAN model also incorporated the wave radiation stress attributed from wave breaking effects. Cyclonic wind fields were generated using the revised Holland model. Results clearly indicate an increase in the peak surge of almost 20–30% by incorporating the wave radiation stress and resulting inundation scenario in the coupled model simulation. The validation exercise showed that the coupled ADCIRC + SWAN model performed better than the ADCIRC model in stand-alone mode. Key findings from the study indicate the importance of wave-induced setup due to radiation stress gradients and also the role of the coupled model in accurately simulating storm surge and associated coastal inundation, especially along flat-bottom topography.

Impact of human projects on storm surge in the Yangtze Estuary

The impact of human projects on storm surge hazard in the Yangtze Estuary is studied numerically. The numerical model is based on the shallow water equations, which includes the turbulence effect, bottom friction, and runoff of rivers. The Holland model is used to generate the wind field and pressure field of the typhoon Winnie (9711), which has caused huge hazards to the Yangtze Estuary. A good comparison of typhoon speed and storm surge with measured data indicates the numerical model is acceptable. The water level induced by the typhoon could be up to 4.0 m. The superposition of high tide and storm surge has aggravated the hazard. The maximum setup could reach or exceed 1.5 m. To analyze the impact of human projects, the origin bathymetry and that with several human projects are used to implement the simulation respectively. The numerical results show that the human projects have gentle impact on the effects of the storm surge on coastal regions in terms of tide and setup. The extreme storm surge inundation risk around Pudong International Airport are presented including of relative sea-level rise +0 m, +0.3 m, and 0.7 m.

The Development and Validation of an Interest and Skill Inventory on Educational Choices (ISEC)

Abstract. This study aimed at developing and validating a new instrument to facilitate late adolescents and young adults to choose a higher education major. For the main study, the sample consisted of 6,215 late adolescents and young adults ( Mage = 19.50, SD = 1.89, 42.3% female). After rational scale construction based on the RIASEC model of Holland (1997) , several statistical analyses were conducted. In four studies, structural validity, internal consistency, and construct validity were examined. Our analyses showed that adequate structural validity, internal consistency, and construct validity were established. A 7-factor structure was found, in which the investigative domain split into two subscales. The overall results suggested that the new instrument is reliable and valid as an orientation instrument in applied settings in secondary and higher education.