Abstract
A combination of the WAVEWATCH III (WW3) model and a modified Holland vortex model is developed and studied in the present work. The Holland 2010 model is modified with two improvements: the first is a new scaling parameter, bs, that is formulated with information about the maximum wind speed (vms) and the typhoon’s forward movement velocity (vt); the second is the introduction of an asymmetric typhoon structure. In order to convert the wind speed, as reconstructed by the modified Holland model, from 1-min averaged wind inputs into 10-min averaged wind inputs to force the WW3 model, a gust factor (gf) is fitted in accordance with practical test cases. Validation against wave buoy data proves that the combination of the two models through the gust factor is robust for the estimation of typhoon waves. The proposed method can simulate typhoon waves efficiently based on easily accessible data sources.
Highlights
Tropical cyclones, hurricanes, or typhoons are intensive ocean forces that can destroy coastal properties or offshore engineering structures, leading to significant economic losses [1]
Practical applications show that the H10 model may be further improved, and, in this paper, we present two improvements: the introduction of an asymmetric typhoon structure and a robust Holland scaling parameter bs
A combination of a modified Holland vortex model (MH10) and the WW3 wave model is suggested in this paper and expected to lead to more accurate predictions of typhoon waves
Summary
Hurricanes, or typhoons (hereafter referred to as typhoons) are intensive ocean forces that can destroy coastal properties or offshore engineering structures, leading to significant economic losses [1]. For all of the abovementioned methods, a realistic typhoon wind field should first be reconstructed as the input force. The third approach is to use parametric vortex models to reconstruct a typhoon’s wind field following typhoon track data. Due to the typhoon track data that have been available since the 1940s and can be accessed via meteorological service websites, a parametric vortex model can be used to obtain wave samples that are more than 60 years old. Some researchers have coupled the Holland model with a third-generation wave model [28,29], such as WAVEWATCH III (WW3), to simulate typhoon waves. Practical applications show that the H10 model may be further improved, and, in this paper, we present two improvements: the introduction of an asymmetric typhoon structure and a robust Holland scaling parameter bs. Appendix A provides diagrams of the wave–time series, and Appendix B provides a table of results with all involved test cases
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