Holistic Phenomenon Research Articles

Protestantism in Korea: from Banning Christianity to the Largest Megachurch in the World

This article examines Protestantism in Korea and the role of Protestantism in public life. The reasons for the success of Christian mission are analyzed, as well as peculiarities of Korean Protestantism in the international Christian movement. The development of Protestantism is shown as a holistic phenomenon in relationship with Catholicism and Buddhism. In addition to domestic and foreign historiography, official sources of statistical information are used. The activities of Protestant missionary organizations, the country's religious policy and the involvement of Protestant organizations in political activity are studied. Mega-churches and their role in Korean Protestantism have also been studied. The study revealed that the main reason for the strong expansion of Protestantism in the postwar period was due to both U.S. influence in postwar Korea and the «anti-superstition» policy. After independence, the majority practised folk religions and the state encouraged their conversion to Christianity or Buddhism. Today, Protestants constitute 20 percent of Korea's population, Buddhists 16 percent, and Catholics 8 percent. Mega-churches have become widespread; the Yoido Full Gospel Church is the largest church in the world, attended by half a million people. A peculiarity of Korea is the large number of missions sent abroad – the country is second only to the United States in the number of Protestant missionaries. It is concluded that Christianity will remain the most numerous religion in the country. At the same time, the influence of religious systems will diminish and individual religiosity will come first.

Overview of CSR Initiatives: A case study of NHPC

Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is a holistic phenomenon. Over the period of time it has became integral part of business strategies of an organization. CSR has transcended the concept of philanthropy and charity now focuses more on the sustainability rather just satisfying immediate needs. CSR not only confine to abiding laws and environment regulations it also involves the organization towards various intiatives undertaken to cater the needs of marginalized and deprived section of the society. With the growing alignment of business operation with social values the interest of various stakeholders is considered while framing company’’s business policies and actions. CSR initiatives adopted by the organization focuses on the social, environmental and economic aspects in order to work towards triple bottom line effect. This paper focuses on fundamentals of CSR and emphasis the CSR initiatives being undertaken by NHPC. Based on the case study of NHPC the major objectives of its CSR and sustainability policy are thoroughly analysed and the impact of CSR on profitability is studied with the help of correlation and regression test. The paper discusses the results obtained from the analysis which were statistically not significant but also did not hold negative implications for the companies

The depiction of the 1990s in Ukrainian cinema of the 2010s–2020s as a way of national self­identification

The relevance of the study. Understanding of this period — encompassing the collapse of the USSR, the beginning of Ukraine’s independence, and the experiences of contemporary filmmakers during their childhood and youth — remains pertinent and essential.
 The purpose of the study is to examine the stylistic and substantive features of the depiction of the 1990s by Ukrainian filmmakers in films of the 2010s and 2020s, and to prove that this is a way of national self-identification.
 The methodology. The following scientific methods were used: analysis (to process theoretical works, works on the history of art and philosophy, articles by film critics and interviews), comparative (to highlight the peculiarities of each of the domestic directors’ works), deductive (to highlight specific stylistic features from the general Ukrainian film process of the era of independence), synthesis (to highlight the tendency of directors’ approaches to depicting the past as a holistic phenomenon) and generalization (to write conclusions).
 The results. An analysis of the stylistic and substantive features of the depiction of the 1990s in Ukrainian cinema in the 2010s–2020s has revealed that this phenomenon is a way of national self-identification. The main thematic blocks that exist in the field of national self-identification in these films are: a critical look at the system of society; production of life values; deromanticization of the past; coverage of generational trauma; nostalgia for youth and childhood; the problem of national mentality and the past existing in the present; existential issues of the search for meaning; and identity crisis. The main tendency is to depict the formation and maturation of the protagonist in the story model of a coming-of-age film. In each case, the chosen thematic area depends on the way the author expresses his or her personal worldview.
 The scientific novelty of the study lies in the fact that it is the first comprehensive study of the phenomenon of depiction of the 1990s and the period of the first years of independence in Ukrainian cinema after the 2010s, which is a way of national self-identification.
 The practical significance. This study can be useful for further in-depth scientific study of both the trend of depicting the 1990s in cinema and the process of national self-identification. It can also be used in teaching film theory and film history.

Study of the Projection Bias Based on the Current Trend of Shanghai Social Insurance

In the context of China's aging population and the post-epidemic era, Shanghai's social insurance payment rate has declined due to relevant policies and projection bias. This study consults the predecessor's achievements in the fields of projection bias theory and behavioral economics, and demonstrates the formation and manifestation of projection bias under the social security phenomenon in Shanghai. Peoples intense attention and expectation towards the quality of future lives derive irrationality in their decision-making, hence impacting their potential preceiving of social security system. This article aims to explore peoples deeper behavioral logical reactions under economic phenomena, as well as the inspiration of behavioral economics in policy research. The article demonstrated the process of peoples change in perceiving of the social insurance, which is based on projection bias. This study uses data from the Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security of China and China Financial Regulatory Commission, to decompose the projection bias in holistic phenomena. Also, other possible factors and possible behavioral economics theories leading to the phenomenon have been discussed.

РОЗВИТОК ТЕОРЕТИЧНИХ ЗАСАД СУТНОСТІ ФІНАНСОВОЇ БЕЗПЕКИ БАНКІВСЬКОЇ СИСТЕМИ

In the current economic environment, characterized by a high level of instability and risks, the issue of financial security of the banking system is of particular relevance. The banking sector, being a key element of the country’s financial system, plays a crucial role in ensuring economic growth and stability. Today, the Ukrainian banking system is going through rather difficult times, mainly due to military operations and political instability, which creates preconditions for new challenges and threats it has never faced before. All this indicates that now, more than ever, it is necessary to pay considerable attention to ensuring the sustainable functioning of the banking sector, as it is a key element in the formation and maintenance of the financial security of the state as a whole. The problem of ensuring the financial security of banks under martial law in Ukraine is a new area of research for the Ukrainian community of scholars. The current situation in the scientific support of the formation of the financial security system of commercial banks in Ukraine indicates conceptual miscalculations. The banking sector, which actually exists as a holistic phenomenon, does not have a complete adequate theoretical and methodological systemic reflection. There is also no full-fledged methodological framework for solving specific problems of protecting banking institutions. There is also a lack of research on clarifying basic concepts. For example, there is no scientifically based concept and mechanism for ensuring the financial security of banking activities, no systematic description of the types and content of threats to the financial security of banking institutions, no thorough description of financial regulators of the security and stability of the banking system. At the same time, a clear definition of the essence of the financial security of the banking system depends on: identifying and classifying threats; forming a system for ensuring the financial security of banking institutions; clarifying the place and role of various actors in this system; and a reasonable formulation of their tasks and functions. Therefore, the study of the theoretical foundations of the essence of financial security of banks is critical for the development of effective mechanisms for protection and management of all risks in the banking sector.

Digital design in the HRM system as a component of the sustainable development strategy

The article is devoted to digital design in the human resource management system and its role in the implementation of the organization's sustainable development strategy. Digitalization of the Russian economy in the field of human resource management is becoming increasingly popular, opening up broad prospects for the economic growth of enterprises and stimulating competition in the market. In turn, the focus on digital transformation of the HRM system is reflected in the strategic management of the enterprise. The purpose of the work is to analyze digital design in the HRM system as a component of the strategic management process in the light of the sustainable development of the organization. A systematic approach was chosen as the leading approach to the research, considering the process of digital transformation as a complex and, at the same time, holistic phenomenon included in the organization’s’s management system. During the research, an analysis of the dynamics of digital transformation implemented in the form of projects in the field of HRM was carried out, trends in the digitalization of personnel management processes were identified, segments of digital design in the HRM system were identified, the main suppliers of digital design solutions were indicated, drivers and problems of digitalization of HRM systems were noted, and the role of digitalization of the HRM system in the sustainable development strategy.

НАУКОВІ ПІДХОДИ ВИВЧЕННЯ ПСИХІЧНИХ СТАНІВ У ФАХОВІЙ ЛІТЕРАТУРІ

Increased interest in the study of individual mental properties and the course of mental processes is associated with an increase in the frequency of negative mental states and even borderline neuropsychiatric disorders. According to many experts, the prevalence of such conditions in the world is from 20 to 40 percent of the population. Negative mental states significantly affect interpersonal relationships, increase conflict, are manifested in undesirable changes in behavior, including antisocial acts, and also cause deterioration or loss of work capacity. The obtained scientific results indicate that the common scientific views of various scientists regarding the problem of determining mental states is that their study and mechanisms are considered as a holistic phenomenon of the mental activity of an individual. Mental activity is carried out in connection with internal and external factors that determine it. On the one hand, these are individual psychological features of a person, and on the other hand, they are the result of a peculiar reflection and peculiarities of the conditions of professional activity. It is the subjective attitude to objective reality that determines the specificity of the course of mental processes and determines the mental states of a specialist in accordance with mental cognitive processes, properties and personality formations. The purpose of the article: to reveal scientific approaches to the study and interpretation of negative mental states, the peculiarities of its psychological characteristics and determinants in professional literature. Analysis of scientific sources shows that mental states depend on a certain unity and at the same time opposites. On the one hand, there is a significant influence of the external environment (activity in conditions of war, pandemic, social environment), and on the other, a subjective attitude to objective reality depending on individual psychological properties, mental cognitive processes, motivation, temperament, emotional volitional sphere, experience. Regarding the current special socio-psychological conditions and living conditions of entrepreneurs, most of them, according to surveys, experience negative mental states (fear of losing business, anxiety for relatives, depressive states and worries about the fate of the country). At the same time, about 30 percent in these harsh conditions have not lost their optimism, find ways for effective entrepreneurial activity, immerse themselves in work and enjoy it. The prospects of further research are that based on scientific approaches to the study of mental states in the scientific literature, the psychodiagnostic toolkit of their negative manifestations will be substantiated and a psychological program for the prevention and overcoming of negative mental states in entrepreneurs will be developed.

PROVERBS ARE A REFLECTION OF NATIONAL CHARACTER

Language is an invaluable treasure of the people, an indicator of national character, national wealth, the history of its customs, traditions, worldview. When we take into account the spiritual values and cultural treasures of our nation, its golden source begins with the art of speech. The eloquent reflections of the ancestors, which reconcile the endless dispute with one word, poems and epics that bring the life of each period to our eyes, become the treasures of the sea of today's generation. Perhaps one of the most important branches of this are proverbs and sayings, which have passed from mouth to mouth and accumulated over the centuries. It is clear that the system of spiritual and cultural values of the Turkic peoples as a whole is a holistic phenomenon, which is continuously connected with the worldview, history, life experience of the Turkic peoples of their ancestors. Proverbs, being an integral part of the language, reflect the culture, originality, worldview, basic values of this people. Therefore, the study of proverbs helps to understand the national characteristics of a particular population. Proverbs are a good material for getting acquainted with the peculiarities of the national character, because they have preserved the image, the imprint of the originality of the people. The study of proverbs in any language can contribute to understanding the mentality and national character of a person who speaks that language. The article analyzes the place of proverbs and sayings in the reflection of the character, national identity and identity of the people by specific examples. This article will help young readers and their parents, as well as everyone who loves the native Kazakh language, replenish their knowledge, enrich and revive their speech with figurative, concise, concrete words.

The Reinstatement and Ontology of Meaning

While science and logic are incredible intellectual endeavors, and while reductionist methodologies have led to advances in knowledge, these methods do not tell the whole story of life, world, and reality. There are real phenomena that, due to their experiential and holistic nature, cannot be properly quantified over by limiting oneself to science, logic, or reductive means of explanation and description. Attempting to understand the world and the human condition requires a plethora of epistemic pursuits to more fully quantify over the plurality of phenomena. Existential meaning is, I argue, an experiential and holistic phenomenon, and as such it cannot be quantified over by reductive endeavors, pure logic, or scientific inquiry. Meaning emerges through the relation of a complex structure (human) in relation to the world, and it exists as an irreducible embodied and embedded experience.

Reactions and underlying mechanisms of customer mistreatment: An integrative review

Service sector employees often deal with mistreatment in their interactions with the customers. Mistreatment during the service interaction varies in severity and intensity ranging from incivility to bullying. However, the current reviews in this domain focus only on certain aspects of mistreatment, rather than looking at customer mistreatment as a holistic phenomenon encompassing a wide range of behaviors. This review provides a thematic synthesis of the literature on customer mistreatment outcomes on employees, identifies boundary conditions of these relationships as well as explains the underlying mechanisms. The review advances the customer mistreatment literature by providing a conceptual framework to explain how reactions towards mistreatment lead to various employee outcomes. Further, the review highlights significant methodological issues and gaps in the existing literature by organizing the customer mistreatment literature and providing agendas for future research.

Department of Choreography of Kyiv State Institute of Culture in Domestic Scientific Discourse

The purpose of research is to reveal the peculiarities of the national scientific discourse on the issue of the formation and development of the Department of Choreography at the Kyiv State Institute of Culture. Research methodology. The methods of analysis, comparison, systematisation, and generalisation were used for the research. Scientific novelty. For the first time, the degree of development of the problem of forming and developing of the art-pedagogical school of the choreography department at the Kyiv State Institute of Culture in modern national scientific discourse was revealed. Conclusions. In recent years, the researchers have paid much attention to socio-cultural, artistic, scientific-methodical, organisational aspects of the problem of formation and the first steps of the art and pedagogical school of the department of choreography at the Kyiv State Institute of Culture. Most of the publications introduce new materials into scientific circulation, which is important for the reproduction of a reliable panorama of the development of both the department and choreographic culture as a whole. Currently, it is possible to state the existence of a lively scientific discourse, which shows tendencies towards expansion and deepening. Quite conventionally, scientific works that deal with various aspects of the artistic, pedagogical, and scientific activities of the Department of Choreography of KDIK can be divided into three groups. The first group includes the studies that comprehensively consider the activity of the department as a holistic phenomenon against the background of socio-cultural development (I. Hutnyk, N. MyronIuk, A. Pidlypska). The second group is represented by the publications specially devoted to the pedagogical and artistic activities of individual lecturers of the department (I. Hutnyk, O. Zhirov, L. Tsvetkova, T. Churpita). The third group consists of the works that describe the functioning of the department fragmentarily in the context of multi-faceted research (T. Blahova and others). Modern scientific view of considering the activity of the department as an art-pedagogical school is used in a limited way, but it is promising for the comprehensive disclosure of the role of the department in the development of choreographic culture of Ukraine.
 Key words: department of choreography, Kyiv State Institute of Culture, dance, choreography, art and pedagogical school.

Children’s belonging constructed through material relations in multicultural early education settings

ABSTRACT This study explores how children construct their belonging in culturally diverse early childhood settings in Finland and Iceland. Belonging is understood as a holistic phenomenon that is constructed through various relations. The study is a multiple-case study, influenced by ethnographic approaches, conducted with children in two preschool settings, one in Finland and one in Iceland. The children were invited on walking tours with researchers and tablet computers, and participatory observations were utilised. The findings explore the daily moments in which belonging becomes constructed, involving movements, timing, touch, and play, relationally generated moments between children, and their material relations.

The Phenomenon «the Life during the War» in the Maurice Ravel’s Piano suite «Tombeau de Couperin»

Relevance of the study. The relevance of the article is determined by the appeal to the controversial issues of understanding the artistic concept of Maurice Ravel’s piano suite “Tombeau de Couperin”, which was written during the First World War (1914–1917). In this work the intellectual and emotional currents that filled the life of Maurice Ravel at that time are concentrated. However, discussions about the content of the suite arose literally from its first performance by Marguerite Long in Paris in May 1918. The solution of the “paradox of inconsistency” of the combination in the suite of tragic dedications and the manifest semantic reference to the enlightened and clear French music of the 18th century is a mature task of modern musicological science.
 The main objective of the study is to reveal the specifics of the formation of semantic layers in the piano suite “Tombeau de Couperin” as a reflection of the spiritual life of Maurice Ravel during the First World War.
 The scientific novelty consists in revealing the specifics of the connections of the piano suite “Tombeau de Couperin” with the contemporary cultural and historical context, the dominant characteristics of which were determined by the First World War. For the first time in Ukrainian Ravelianism, the composition “Tombeau de Couperin” is studied in detail as a holistic phenomenon that was determined by the emotional and intellectual markers of M. Ravel’s spiritual life as a dandy composer in the conditions of the tragic historical turn. In order to justify this position, for the first time cross-lado-intonation connections between all parts of the cycle were discovered.
 The methodology of the article is based on historical, comparative, genre-stylistic, intonation and phenomenological methods of analysis.
 Results / findings and conclusions. The artistic concept of the work is extremely complete. The first semantic layer is formed by spiritual ties with national traditions, whose representative is Francois Couperin. The second semantic layer forms a kind of tomb-crypt (tombeau-tombe), which hides the most tragic impressions in the composer’s life. Indescribable experiences of the composer, which never came to the surface of his behavior or correspondence with friends, are reflected in the music of “Tombeau de Couperin” through personal accents in the interpretation of the harmonic, textural, latotonal, rhythmic features of the selected dance genres, as well as the autobiographical expression manifested in the dedications content.
 Maurice Ravel felt himself a part of history and let a new terrible reality pass through his heart without a note, finding its proper place in the dandy world picture. Remaining faithful to the categories of beauty and taste, he combined his spiritual streams into a unique “phenomenon of life during the war”, which will fill the genre of the ancient suite with modern and personal meanings.
 Ravel turns to the model of the ancient dance suite, which he interprets as a cycle and transforms established dance genres. The “Fugue” becomes a signpost in the space of semantic transformations, which exposes not only the theme, but through its fundamental transformations “the phenomenon of life during the war”. The following parts — “Forlana”, “Rigodon” and “Menuet” become the further decoding of the essence of this phenomenon in the organization of the artistic whole. Distortions of established genre norms acquire a culminating detection in Musette (“Menuet”). “Toccata” fills the space of memory and multidimensional spiritual figures with the intuition of incessant movement. The composer seems to discover in “Toccata” an unstoppable flow of welcome energy, which should not be interrupted and which actually forms the essence of the “phenomenon of life during the war”.

The role and place of women in the army of Ukraine in the context of gender equality

The article is the analysis of the current issues related to gender policy of the Armed Forces of Ukraine. The article presents the principle of equality that has a number of manifestations, one of which is the principle of gender equality meaning equal approach to all relevant issues regardless of gender. Gender stereotypes, gender behavioural norms and problems of gender identification in the modern Ukrainian society are analysed. The problem of gender differences is associated with the fact that due to the continuous dynamic changes in the world, more and more questions arise as to the impact of certain gender stereotypes on professional activities of a person. One of the currently discussed issues is the impact of gender mainstreaming on the role of women in the military, as well as the impact on the effectiveness of military operations with their participation.The results of the research confirm that the principle of equal rights and possibilities for the service people of both genders is implemented in the army; however there is still the necessity to strengthen educational activities among the personnel, first of all, among the units and subdivisions of Ukraines Armed Forces. For the last few years, considering the fulfilment of assigned tasks in both everyday life and combat operations, the role of servicewomen has increased. To determine theoretical foundations of that problem the theoretical methods of generalisation, scientific analysis and synthesis were implemented. Corresponding software was used to process empirical data and to conduct analytical calculations. Analytical processing of information was engaged to solve the problem of scientific analysis of the events as a holistic phenomenon.

Judiciary and Civil Society in Provision of Constitutional Rule of Law in the Russian Federation

The existing demand for ensuring constitutional legal order as an indicator of the embodiment of law and legality in the regulation of social relations, the role of the judiciary and civil society institutions in achieving the supremacy of the Constitution as the most important condition for the formation of a constitutional state testify to the relevance of the chosen topic of research. The article is aimed at developing conceptual positions on the relationship of various public institutions (state and non-state) in the framework of ensuring justice as the most important guarantee of the rights and freedoms of citizens, their associations, a fundamental condition for ensuring and maintaining constitutional legal order. The study of the role of the judiciary in its dialectical relationship with the institutions of civil society, in the formation and maintenance of the constitutional legal order was used as the main approach for the research of the selected problems. The application of systemic and structural-functional methods of research provided an opportunity to consider the issues of constitutional legal order as a holistic phenomenon, which is in direct dependence on the associated systems of the judiciary and civil society. The analysis of the norms of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the current legislation of Russia, domestic and foreign scientific publications on judicial power and its interaction with institutions of civil society made it possible to receive the scientific information on the nature of influence of these constitutional and legal institutes on maintenance of the constitutional legal order. There is a need to increase the level of constitutionalization of legal regulation of public relations in the specified sphere, aimed to guarantee the effective realization of the principle of people's authority. The results and conclusions presented in the article can be used for the purposes of improvement legal and regulatory framework for social relations in the spheres of relations between the judiciary and civil society in their aim to achieve and maintain constitutional legal order. The obtained scientific information can be used in the educational process, as well as a basis for further theoretical research in the field of problems of Russian constitutionalism.

PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS OF PERSONAL TOLERANCE TO UNCERTAINTY

The article examines personal tolerance to uncertainty as a holistic phenomenon with a complex structure that includes external and internal factors playing different roles in its organization, that is, having both direct and indirect influence. Since the concept of personal resources supporting tolerance is mainly associated with adaptation and crisis overcoming, a person's internal resources as a system of interconnected characteristics (emotional, need, motivational, behavioural etc.) are of the top priority in ensuring the mobilizing and adapting function under any changing conditions that require adaptation to them. By generalizing different theoretical approaches, we have developed a holistic model of the phenomenon of personal tolerance to uncertainty with the following structural components: internal factors (basic beliefs, goals, values, self-efficacy, optimism, hope, coherence, cognitive flexibility, resilience, hardiness); external factors (social support, meaningful interactions, social contacts); and mediators (coping strategies, psychological defences). We have substantiated that psychological resources are the factors and predictors of tolerance to uncertainty and can be mediators, having an indirect effect; internal resources are a person's fundamental abilities to counteract negative psychological influences and to promote mental health preservation; recognizing and using these recourses (cognitive, emotional, physiological), related to personal values and beliefs, creates a proactive approach to human mental health and psychological well-being; psychological resources have a lifelong genesis and are subject to development; in particular, optimism is a resource that promotes hope, provides the necessary vitality and resilience, prevents apathy and hopelessness, and helps to overcome stress in difficult life circumstances.

Factors of environmental awareness formation in students

The relevance of the study is due to the understanding of the impossibility of solving environmental problems only by technical means and the need for worldview changes in this regard. Today, the problem of environmental awareness belongs to the so-called global socio-philosophical problems studied by world and national philosophy. In today's conditions, it is important to study the dynamics of environmental consciousness, which is seen as a holistic phenomenon that requires a person to have an active attitude towards nature and himself.
 The main function of ecological consciousness is to ensure optimisation of relations in the society-nature system, prevention of a global environmental catastrophe, and resolution of the global environmental crisis. Therefore, we cannot underestimate the importance and necessity of developing environmental awareness in the younger generation.Environmental knowledge is of particular importance for university students as future environmental managers. After all, mastering any profession should be based on the priority role of environmental knowledge and relevant skills, which will allow them to predict the consequences of their professional activities. In addition, it helps to involve students in creative cognitive activities. However, the awareness of modern youth about environmental issues is fragmented and undifferentiated; they are better aware of global environmental problems than of the problems of their local area. A significant number of students consider themselves uninvolved in solving environmental problems. Therefore, the necessary conditions for developing students' environmental awareness should be: understanding their own responsibility for the state of the environment and their dependence on it; developing a system of values that includes nature; developing practical skills and a certain behavioural strategy.In this context, it is important not only to understand the concept of "environmental awareness" and its structural elements, but also to search for factors that influence its formation in students. After all, only by understanding the specifics of the process of forming environmental awareness in students, it is possible to solve the problems faced by young people on the way to understanding their own place in the world, building environmental behaviour, etc.

Развитие музыкальной культуры обучающихся на основе восприятия отечественной музыки 2-й половины ХХ века

Background. New challenges of the time require the actualization of cultural codes that ensure the stability of Russian world. Special attention is to be paid to education of the younger generations as bearers of traditional Russian values. The appeal to national musical culture meets the priorities of the state policy, reflected in the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation dated November 9, 2022 No. 809. Objective. The aim is to analyze the potential of Russian music of the 2nd half of the 20th century in introducing students to traditional Russian values and the peculiarities of its perception by modern schoolchildren. Results. The analysis of educational programmes and of the repertoire of music education in different types of educational organizations showed the need to introduce students to the national musical culture through perception of Russian music of the 2nd half of the 20th century. The educational potential of modern local musical works is revealed in the interiorization of traditional Russian values by students. Approaches to the design of programmes as well as to the selection of the repertoire for music education are developed. Conclusions. New challenges of the time create the need to update music education programmes in order to deepen students' acquaintance with the national musical culture. The perception of musical works should take place in both the historical and cultural and the modern context. Musical culture is a holistic phenomenon, a diverse hierarchical system of relations, including philosophical, aesthetic, and ethical foundations of the value attitude to musical art in various types of musical and creative activities. To make continuous musical education effective, it is necessary to appeal to modern musical culture. Immersion of students in the musical continuum of modern culture creates conditions in which not only the musical and creative development of students takes place more organically, but also the formation of the qualities of a true “man of culture”, spirituality, morality, and patriotism are developed. The basis of musical perception is the ability to hear and experience musical content as an artistic and figurative reflection of reality, which determines its powerful influence on personality. Music is designed to develop a sense of inner involvement in the spiritual culture of the native country.

Certain Problems of Researches of Caucasus Slavery as Holistic Phenomenon in Modern Russian-Speaking Historiography. Part II

The article is devoted to the analysis of modern Russian historiography of slavery in the Caucasus. The author comes to conclusion that the works describing Caucasian slavery in general are rather few, and they began to appear relatively recently (although there are many on private and local subjects of Caucasian slavery). Therefore, there is no unified picture of slavery in the Caucasus, and even assessments of its cruelty can differ dramatically. The second part of the article concerns social practices and periodization of Caucasian slavery. The article reveals that the spread of slavery and slave trade, perceived as a moral norm, formed new social practices, such as upbringing of beautiful girls as slaves, formation of a special institution of intermediaries in the exchange or ransom of captives, etc. Today such practices may seem noble or monstrous, but in reality, they have always been socio-economically justified. As for the periodization of the Caucasian slavery, the author clarified the concept of A. A. Cherkasov, V. G. Ivantsov, M. Shmigel and S. N. Bratanovskii, in accordance with which three periods of development of slavery in the Caucasus are distinguished: “insignificant development” (4th–15th centuries), “flourishing” (16th–18th centuries) and “fading” (19th century). This concept stands out for its objectivity and lack of politicization, but lacks clear criteria for identifying periods. The article shows that Caucasian slaves were a majority in some significant markets (Trebizond, Genoa) already in the 15th century, and prerequisites for the extinction of slavery in the Caucasus in its previous forms began to take shape from the 18th century.

Certain Problems of Researches of Slavery in the Caucasus as Holistic Phenomenon in Modern Russian-Speaking Historiography. Part I

The article is devoted to the analysis of modern Russian historiography of slavery in the Caucasus. The author comes to the conclusion that despite a heightened attention to local and individual cases, the works describing Caucasian slavery in general are rather few, and they have appeared relatively. Therefore, there is no unified comprehensive picture of slavery in the Caucasus, and even evaluation of its cruelty can differ dramatically. The first part of the article introduces terminological definition of Caucasian slavery and clarifies the context in which it should be studied. It shows that researchers usually don’t define the very concept of “slavery”, which leads to serious distortions: sometimes only one of the types of Caucasian slavery is termed “slavery”, whereas others are ignored; sometimes various forms of dependence are blended under one definition of “slavery”, etc. The author suggests that the term should be defined in the researches to avoid serious distortions of terminological and conceptual nature. As a context for the study of slavery, the author proposes using the history of the Black Sea slave trade locus. Russian influence in the region became predominant in the 19th century, and the main forms of Caucasian slavery were shaped under social conditions completely atypical of Russia. The very approach to slavery characteristic of the Caucasus was based on Mediterranean Islamic practices and cannot be properly understood outside of them. Finally, only in consideration of the relative mildness of certain forms of Mediterranean slavery can some Caucasian customs, such as selling one’s children into slavery, be understood.