Hexane Fraction Research Articles

Antidiarrheal Effect of 80% Methanol Extract and Fractions of the Roasted Seed of Coffea arabica Linn (Rubiaceae) in Swiss Albino Mice

Background Globally in 2019, diarrhea was the second leading cause of mortality in children, accounting for more than half a million under-five deaths yearly. Several societies use Coffea arabica Linn for the treatment of diarrhea. However, its use is not scientifically validated. Objective The study was conducted to evaluate antidiarrheal activity of 80% methanol extract and solvent fractions of roasted seed of Coffea arabica Linn in mice. Methods Coffea arabica Linn seed was roasted, milled, extracted, and fractionated using hexane, ethyl acetate, and distilled water. Castor oil-induced diarrhea, enteropooling, and motility tests were conducted. Effects on onset, number of feces, weight of feces, fluid content, volume and weight of intestinal content, and motility were evaluated by administering 100 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg, and 400 mg/kg of each extract. Negative controls received 10 ml/kg of the vehicle, and positive controls received either loperamide (3 mg/kg) or atropine (1 mg/kg). Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's post hoc test. Results Ethyl acetate fraction at all tested doses significantly prolonged (p < 0.05) onset of diarrhea. The number and weight of feces were also reduced significantly by crude extract and ethyl acetate fraction. Reduction in fluid content was observed at 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg of the crude extract (p < 0.01) and aqueous fraction (p < 0.001) as well as all tested doses of ethyl acetate fraction (p < 0.001). Similarly, the crude extract, ethyl acetate fraction, and aqueous fraction showed a significant reduction in the volume and weight of intestinal content. At 400 mg/kg, the crude extract, hexane fraction, aqueous fraction, and all doses of ethyl acetate fraction showed significant antimotility activity. Conclusion The results of this study revealed that the roasted seed of Coffea arabica Linn has antidiarrheal activity.

Antioxidant Activity and Bioactive Compounds of Ethyl Acetate Fractions from Syzygium cumini Wood Stem

Syzygium cumini is one of the endemic plants in Indonesia that has the potential to be developed. The fruit was known to have potential as a diabetes drug. However, very few studies to determine the medicinal potential and identification of compounds of Syzygium cumini wood stem has never been studied before. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the antioxidant activity and content of compounds in Syzygium cumini wood stem ethyl acetate fraction. The crude ethanol extract was prepared from the wood stem powder of Syzygium cumini in ethanol using maceration. Furthermore, it was carried out by the liquid-liquid fractionation process using solvents of different polarity. Antioxidant activity of the crude extract, hexane fraction, and ethyl acetate fraction was determined by spectrophotometric methods using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH). Analysis of bioactive compounds by using Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC). Identification of compounds functional groups was carried out to support the results of TLC analysis by using Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR). Ethyl acetate fraction showed the highest antioxidant activity (IC50 13,62 µg/mL), followed by ethanol extract (IC50 19,64 µg/mL) and hexane fraction (IC50 61,25 µg/mL). The antioxidant activity of the acetate fraction was lower than that of ascorbic acid with an IC50 value of 2,85 µg/mL. However, this fraction has very strong antioxidant activity. The TLC analysis results showed that the sample was thought to contain an alkaloid, phenolic, flavonoid, and terpenoid. The assumption on agreement with FTIR analysis which showed functional groups were C-H, O-H, N-H, C=O, and C=C aromatics as constituents of these compounds.

Hexacosylidenecyclohexane inhibits enzymatic breakdown of dietary sugars and modulates glucose homeostasis

BackgroundThe quest for benign drug to treat diabetes and its complications is a major scientific search. The investigation evaluates the antidiabetic properties of hexacosylidenecyclohexane purified from Madhuca longifolia by advanced chromatographic approach. MethodsChloroform, methanol and hexane fractions were analysed by TLC and HPLC to isolate the active molecule followed with structure elucidation by LC-MS, FTIR, CHN and NMR spectroscopy. In vitro and in vivo antidiabetic methods were adopted to ascertain the potency of the active molecule. Drug-likeness and ADMET analysis of the molecule were carried out using Molinspiration, SwissADME, DruLiTo software, ADMETlab and admetSAR prediction tools. ResultsBioassay guided fractionation and purification of the crude extract resulted in 25 fractions; MBCF1 to MBCF25 (M. longifolia bark chloroform fraction). MBCF2 showed effective in vitro inhibition of aldose reductase, α-amylase and α-glucosidase with an IC50 value of 85, 30 and 21 µg/mL, respectively. The active molecule, hexacosylidenecyclohexane at a dose of 50 mg /kg b.w., reduced the blood glucose level to 239 from 340 mg /dL on day 14 (experimental period) and at 25 mg /kg b.w., from 348 to 277 mg /dL. It showed significant reversal of lipid profile and bile acids. Histopathological studies revealed the protective effect on cellular population and size of islets. Drug-likeness property was in the acceptable range with no toxic effect as predicted by ADMET analysis. ConclusionThe findings showed that, the active molecule hexacosylidenecyclohexane possesses potential antidiabetic effect with no toxic effect.

In Vitro Potential of the Acetone Leaf Extract and Fractions of Psychotria capensis (Eckl.) Vatke (Rubiaceae) to Combat Co-Infection of Tuberculosis and Helminthiasis.

Tuberculosis (TB) is a disease of global importance that affects millions of people. Approximately a quarter of the world’s population is currently infected with M. tuberculosis, and about 10% of those infected will develop into active disease, particularly immune compromised individuals. Helminthiasis is of global health importance, affecting over 2 billion people mostly in resource-poor countries. Co-infection with tuberculosis (TB) and helminths (worms) is an emerging global public health concern with both affecting about one-third of the global population. Chronic infection with helminths can result in impaired immune responses to TB as well as enhancing failure to TB therapy and BCG vaccination. Antimycobacterial and anthelmintic activities of the acetone extract and fractions of Psychotria capensis were evaluated, including their in vitro safety. In addition, the anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effect of the fractions and crude extract of P. capensis were assessed. Antimycobacterial activity of the extract and fractions was tested against four non-tuberculous mycobacteria (Mycobacterium smegmatis, M. fortuitum, M. aurum, M. bovis BCG) and pathogenic M. tuberculosis H37Rv while the Egg Hatch Assay (EHA) was used for the anthelmintic test on eggs of Haemonchus contortus. Cytotoxicity was determined against Vero kidney cells while in vitro immune modulation via cytokine production was determined on activated macrophages. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of the Psychotria capensis acetone extract and fractions ranged from 39 to 1,250 μg/ml with the crude extract and hexane fraction having the best MIC values (both 39 μg/ml). In the EHA, the inhibitory concentration (IC50) ranged from 160 to 630 μg/ml with the hexane fraction having the best activity. The hexane and chloroform fractions were relatively non-toxic with LC50 values of 290 and 248 μg/ml respectively, while the acetone crude extract (64 μg/ml) and n-butanol fraction (71 μg/ml) were moderately toxic. The SI values (LC50/MIC) ranged from 0.1 to 7.4 with the hexane fraction having the highest value against M. smegmatis (7.4). The hexane fraction had the best dual anthelmintic and antimycobacterial activity. This fraction had the best NO inhibitory activity and was the least cytotoxic, indicating that its activity was not due to general metabolic toxicity, with 96.54% cell viability. Pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-12p70 were upregulated while IL-10 expression was inhibited by the extracts. Compounds were detected using GC-MS analysis, and in both the crude acetone extract and the hexane fraction was the diterpene neophytadiene, which has anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activity. Finding alternative or complementary approaches to dealing with TB infections by, amongst other things, reducing the incidence of helminth infestations may lessen the burden of TB, contributing to slowing the spread of multi-drug resistance.

Facile preparation of CuO-Gd2Ti2O7 using Acmella uliginosa leaf extract for photocatalytic degradation of malachite green

CuO-Gd2Ti2O7 has been prepared in a two-phase system of polar precursor solution and non-polar hexane fraction of Acmella uliginosa leaf extract (AUE). The secondary metabolites in AUE have an essential role in the synthesis of CuO-Gd2Ti2O7. The optical bandgap value for CuO-Gd2Ti2O7 plummeted from 3.68 to 1.78 eV, compared to Gd2Ti2O7. The photocatalytic activity was investigated to degrade malachite green (MG) under visible light illumination. As a result, CuO-Gd2Ti2O7 showed the MG degradation percentage of 88.60% after 90 min of illumination, which was 1.9 times higher than the MG degradation percentage over Gd2Ti2O7. The improved photocatalytic activity could be ascribed to the narrower optical bandgap Gd2Ti2O7 after being decorated by CuO, which effectively works in the visible region. This research suggests a novel method to prepare CuO-Gd2Ti2O7 as a promising candidate with good photocatalytic activity for the degradation of malachite green under visible light illumination.

In vitro antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of Costus igneus leaf fractions

Costus igneus Nak is an ethnobotanical plant used in the management of several inflammatory and oxidative stress-related disorders. There is a need to scientifically validate its use in ethnomedicine. This study investigated the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of fractions from ethanol extract of C. igneus leaf using in vitro methods. Crude ethanol extract of C. igneus leaf was successively partitioned to obtain hexane, ethyl acetate, butanol and aqueous fractions. The fractions were screened for in vitro anti-inflammatory activity using erythrocyte membrane stabilization and inhibition of protein denaturation assays. In vitro antioxidant activity was carried out using 1-1-diphenyl, 2-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH), nitric oxide and hydrogen peroxide radical scavenging assays. Data were analyzed using GraphPad Prism 6.0 and p value was set at 0.05. The percentage yield of the crude ethanol extract of C. igneus leaf was 25.40%. The aqueous fraction (37.05%) had the highest percentage yield, followed by butanol fraction (34.33%), hexane fraction (16.58%) and the ethyl acetate fraction (12.04%). Anti-inflammatory studies showed that C. igneus butanol fraction (CIBF) had the highest erythrocyte membrane stabilizing effect (IC50 = 140.61 µg/mL) and highest percentage inhibition of protein denaturation (IC50 = 20.40 µg/mL) when compared to the hexane, ethyl acetate and aqueous fractions. Antioxidant study also showed that CIBF had the highest percentage inhibition of DPPH radicals (IC50 = 18.36 µg/mL), highest nitric oxide radical scavenging activity (IC50 = 67.26 µg/mL) and highest hydrogen peroxide radical scavenging activity (IC50 = 160.50 µg/mL) when compared to the hexane, ethyl acetate and aqueous fractions. The findings showed that CIBF demonstrated remarkable anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities in vitro. Key words: Costus igneus, Antioxidant, Anti-inflammatory, In vitro, Butanol fraction.

Isolation and Structure Determination of Stigmaterol from the Stem Bark of Lansium domesticum Corr. Cv. Kokossan

Indonesia is a tropical country with biodiversity and a source of natural compounds such as terpenoids, phenolic, flavonoids, and alkaloid groups. The steroid is one of the large groups of terpenoid compounds with various structures and bioactivities. The steroid was also commonly found in the Meliaceae family. One species of this family is Lansium domesticum Corr. which has been studied to have various activities from isolated compounds (limonoids, sesquiterpenoids, onoceranoids, cycloartanoids, and steroids) as well as from their extracts such as antidiarrheal, antimalarial, antimicrobial, antiinsecticide, antifeedant and were used as traditional medicine such as eye drops and scorpion stings. The n -hexane fraction from the bark of L. domesticum Cor. cv. Kokosan produced steroid compounds whose structure is determined by IR, 1 H-NMR, 13 C-NMR, and DEPT spectroscopy methods and compared with the literature. It was concluded that the steroid isolated was (22 E )-stigmasta-5,22-dien-3ol and was first isolated from this genus. This compound was inactive against MCF-7 breast cancer cells with an IC 50 value of 832.14 µM.

Antioxidant Activity of the Ethyl Acetate Fraction, N- Hexane Fraction from the Ethanol Extract of Black Garlic (Allium Sativum L.) using the 2,2- Diphenyl 1-Picrylhydrazyl (DPPH)

Garlic (Allium sativum L.) is a plant of the Amaryllydaceae family which is known to have potential as an antioxidant. Black garlic is a fermented product of heating garlic at 70-80°C with 70-80% humidity for 21 days. This study aims to test the antioxidant activity of the ethyl acetate fraction, n-hexane fraction and ethanol extract of black garlic. Black garlic was extracted using maceration method with 70% ethanol solvent and also using ethyl acetate and n-hexane solvents for fractinations. The results of the phytochemical test showed that the ethyl acetate fraction contained alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols and tannins; The N- hexane fraction contains steroid and terpenoid compounds; The ethanol extract contains alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, tannins, saponins, steroids and terpenoids. The antioxidant activity with the DPPH method obtained IC50 the ethyl acetate fraction, n-hexane fraction and ethanol extract respectively of 31.6818 µg/mL, 194.5385 µg/mL and 6.6000 µg/mL. The results showed that the ethanol extract and ethyl acetate fraction had very strong antioxidant activity, while the n-hexane fraction had weak antioxidant activity.

Samanea tubulosa Benth. (Fabaceae): Antinociceptive effect on acute pain in mice: K+ATP channel and opioid activity

Samanea tubulosa Benth. it has been widely used in traditional medicine to treat inflammatory processes. The present study aimed to investigate the antinociceptive effect and mechanism of action of the fractions obtained from the Samanea tubulosa pods in mice. The antinociceptive activity was evaluated in formalin, capsaicin and glutamate tests and the. The possible mechanisms of action involved in the antinociceptive effect of the hexane and ethyl acetate fraction in the opioid system, also the the K + ATP channels and the L-arigine pathways of nitric oxide were evaluated. The chemical characterization analysis revealed in the hexane fraction the presence of triterpenes such as lupenone and lupeol. In the glutamate test, the hexane and ethyl acetate fractions showed antinociceptive activity at the dose of 12.5 and 25 mg kg-1. The antinociception produced by the hexane and ethyl acetate fractions was significantly reversed by naloxone, indicating that the fractions act through the opioid pathway. Antinociceptive response of the ethyl acetate fraction was blocked by glibenclamide, indicating that this fraction acts via the K + ATP channels activation. It is concluded that the fractions under study exert antinociceptive activity possibly related to the opioid route and through K+ ATP channels activation.

Samanea tubulosa Benth. (Fabaceae): Antinociceptive effect on acute pain in mice: K+ATP channel and opioid activity.

Samanea tubulosa Benth. it has been widely used in traditional medicine to treat inflammatory processes. The present study aimed to investigate the antinociceptive effect and mechanism of action of the fractions obtained from the Samanea tubulosa pods in mice. The antinociceptive activity was evaluated in formalin, capsaicin and glutamate tests and the. The possible mechanisms of action involved in the antinociceptive effect of the hexane and ethyl acetate fraction in the opioid system, also the the K + ATP channels and the L-arigine pathways of nitric oxide were evaluated. The chemical characterization analysis revealed in the hexane fraction the presence of triterpenes such as lupenone and lupeol. In the glutamate test, the hexane and ethyl acetate fractions showed antinociceptive activity at the dose of 12.5 and 25 mg kg-1. The antinociception produced by the hexane and ethyl acetate fractions was significantly reversed by naloxone, indicating that the fractions act through the opioid pathway. Antinociceptive response of the ethyl acetate fraction was blocked by glibenclamide, indicating that this fraction acts via the K + ATP channels activation. It is concluded that the fractions under study exert antinociceptive activity possibly related to the opioid route and through K+ ATP channels activation.

Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, thrombolytic, and cytotoxic activities of Gynura nepalensis DC. and isolation of its steroid constituents

The study was aimed at phytochemical profiling of Gynura nepalensis DC. as well as assessment of possible antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, thrombolytic, and cytotoxic activities of its fractions named hexane (HSF), dichloromethane (DCMSF), ethyl acetate (EASF) and aqueous (AQSF) soluble fractions through in vitro assays. Chromatographic fractionation and purification followed by 1H NMR spectral analysis afforded two sterols named β-sitosterol and stigmasterol, which appears to be a first-time reporting from the species. In the free radical scavenging assay, both DCMSF and EASF exhibited prominent antioxidant activities which was further reinforced by their comparatively greater phenolic content. In membrane stabilizing test, prominent inhibitions of hemolysis as exerted by EASF, AQSF, and DCMSF, were evident of their significant anti-inflammatory activities, compared to aspirin. With respect to streptokinase, HSF and DCMSF demonstrated moderate thrombolytic properties, whereas in the cytotoxicity study, only HSF illustrated prominent cytotoxic properties. In conclusion, the results are suggestive of the presence of bioactive molecules within the fractions capable of exerting potent pharmacological activities.

Anti-tumour and Anti-inflammatory Effects of Fractions of Annona muricata leaf-extract on dimethylbenzanthracene-induced mammary tumours in Wistar rats

The major challenge concerning tumours and cancers is that they currently do not have a cure. The side effects from the available treatment options have made research gravitate towards phytotherapy. Annona muricata is one of the highly recommended plants due to its usage albeit in crude form in treating several diseases especially, tumours and cancer inclusive. However, the fraction of its extracts responsible for these effects, is still unknown. This study was designed to investigate the anti-tumour and anti-inflammatory effects of Hexane, ethyl-acetate, butanol and aqueous fractions of A. muricata leaves in dimethylbenzanthracene-induced (DMBA) mammary tumours. Forty-two female Wistar rats were divided into 7 groups of 6 animals each. Group 1 was Control and were on basal diet; Groups 2 to 7 were tumour-induced with 0.05mg/g DMBA subcutaneously with soy oil as vehicle. Group 2 was untreated; Group 3 was treated with doxorubicin (0.0125mg/g); Groups 4 to 7 were treated orally with the four fractions respectively at 12.5mg/g for 14 days. Data obtained were subjected to Analysis of Variance using Bonferroni post-hoc test. P&lt;0.05 was taken as statistically significant. Annona muricata fractions reduced the TNF-α and CRP concentrations which were elevated in response to tumour induction, with the butanol fraction having the highest reduction potential, with a value of 0.02 ± 0.08 and 0.15 ± 0.04 respectively. However, these reductions were not statistically significant across all treatment groups. This study shows that all four fractions of A. muricata are potent inhibitors of inflammation, particularly in DMBA-induced mammary tumours. However, the butanol fraction proves to be the most potent in altering the process of inflammation via the TNF-α and the CRP signalling pathways. Key words: Tumour, Cancer, Annona muricata, dimethylbenzanthracene, doxorubicin.

Synthesis and characterization of favored transition metal ions using Datura metel seed extracts and its better antimicrobial activity

Many plant genera are used as remedies for a variety of illnesses, making them important sources of powerful medications. The purpose of this study was to determine whether Datura metel's metal ions and ethanol and chloroform extracts have any antibacterial effects against various illnesses. Among the microbes are Aeromonaus Hydrophyllae, Erwinia Caratovara, Fusarium Oxysporum, Pseudomonas syringae, and Streptococcus Pyogenes. Datura metel aerial seed extracts in methanol and their metal ions were investigated for their antibacterial properties. The efficacy of the extracts against Gram (+) bacteria was dose-dependent. The antifungal effects of Datura metel L. hexane, chloroform, acetone, and methanolic fractions were studied using pathogenic Aspergillus species. The chloroform fraction was discovered to have antifungal effects. Using the Soxhlet method, the equivalent extracts of hexane, chloroform, and methanol were produced. The antibacterial effects of organic solvent extracts were investigated on a range of test species, including bacteria and fungus, using the agar well diffusion method. XRD identifies the metal ions and polycrystalline structure of the Datura metel. The amount of metal ion reduction is calculated using UV absorption spectra. The structural characteristics of the datura metel extract and its ions were ascertained using the SEM and IR morphologies. Datura metel can be used to treat infectious diseases brought on by pathogenic bacteria resistant to antibiotics. The focus of this research is to compare and contrast the phytochemical screening, antioxidant, and antibacterial activity of various metals doped with D. metel extract.

Fouquieria splendens: A source of phenolic compounds with antioxidant and antiproliferative potential

Fouquieria splendens commonly named "ocotillo", is a native plant from Mexico, used in folk medicine against different illnesses. However, scientific evidence about its biological activities is limited. The objective of this study was to determine phenolic composition, antioxidant and antiproliferative effect of F. splendens . Amethanolic extract from F. splendens leaves extract ( F. splendens extract) was obtained and fractioned by liquid-liquid partition, obtaining hexane, ethyl acetate, and residual fractions. Phenolic compounds were determined by the Folin Ciocalteu method, and the phenolic profile was assessed by UPLC-DAD. Antioxidant activity was determined by DPPH, TEAC, ORAC, and FRAP assays. Antiproliferative activity was performed by MTT assay against C33-A and HeLa cell lines. The ethyl acetate fraction exhibited the highest ( p < 0.0001) amount of phenolic compounds (479.9 mg GAE/g) and the predominant compounds were gallic acid ( 25.949 mg/g), ellagic acid ( 17.439 mg/g), and kaempferol-3-β-glucoside ( 7.336 mg/g). Similarly, ethyl acetate fraction exhibited the highest ( p < 0.0001) antioxidant potential (DPPH: 2430.1 µmol TE/g; TEAC: 60.4 µmol TE/g; ORAC: 4948.4 µmol TE/g; FRAP: 7803 µmol Fe(II)/g). An antiproliferative assay evidenced that the F. splendens extract was the most effective ( p < 0.0002) to inhibit proliferation of cervical cancer cell lines, particularly HPV negative cells (C33-A IC 50 : 9.06 µg/mL; HeLa IC 50 : 74.7 µg/mL). The results showed a promissory biological potential of F. splendens , associated with phenolic compounds, besides the first report on the identification of some phenolic compounds in this plant.

INHIBITORY ACTIVITY, METABOLITE CONTENTS DETERMINATION, AND IN SILICO PREDICTION OF PARSLEY LEAVES FRACTION (Petrocelinum crispum MILL) AS ANTIFUNGAL AGENT OF Malassezia furfur

Petrocelinum crispum leaves have Furocoumarin as an antimicrobial agent. In this present research, we examine the inhibitory activity of Parsley leaves fractions against Malassezia furfur by disc diffusion paper methods, determine the metabolite contents by LC-MS, and predict the biological activity and toxicity by in silico PASS Prediction. The inhibitory activity of both ethyl acetate and hexane fractions gave medium inhibition at concentrations of 0.15g/ml and 0.3g/ml, respectively. The metabolite contents were revealed by LC-MS, and the PASS prediction showed that the metabolite compounds identified have good biological activity and the xanthotoxin compound has shown nontoxic effects on the skin surface. Concluded that the ethyl acetate fraction showed better inhibition on the growth of Malassezia furfur by moderate category. The stigmastan-3,6-dione and aviprin metabolites were considered the most important metabolites on inhibitory activity predict by PASS prediction, and the xanthotoxin was considered important because of the non-toxic effects

A Morinda royoc Root Extract and Fractions Exhibit Antigiardial Activity without Affecting Cell Viability.

Background:The gastrointestinal parasite Giardia lamblia causes giardiasis. Its treatment with standard drugs produces side effects and improper treatment can generate resistant strains. New antigiardial compounds are needed. An analysis was done to identify the antigiardial activity of Morinda royoc, a plant used in traditional Mayan medicine to treat stomach and bowel pain. We aimed to assess the efficacy of M. royoc roots against G. lamblia and their effect on cells viability.Methods:A methanol extract was done of the root and then fractionated. The extract and fractions were tested in vitro on G. lamblia trophozoites and their effect on cell viability was quantified by flow cytometry. The active extract and fractions were analyzed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and high-performance liquid chromatography.Results:The hexane fraction exhibited potent activity against G. lamblia (IC50 = 0.08 μg/mL). Its principal component was an anthraquinone-type compound. None of the fractions were toxic to human promyelocytic leukemia, chronic myelogenous leukemia and human mononuclear cells.Conclusion:The medicinal plant M. royoc contains promising bioactive agents with antigiardial activity and deserves further research.

Neuroprotective Properties of Wild Medicinal Mushroom, Sanguinoderma rugosum (Agaricomycetes), Extracts against Glutamate-Induced Hippocampal Cells

Neurological diseases are increasingly recognized as a health burden worldwide, mainly affecting the elderly population. Sanguinoderma rugosum (=Amauroderma rugosum) is a wild medicinal mushroom traditionally used to alleviate inflammation and prevent seizures. The present study aimed to investigate the neuroprotective and neurorescue effects as well as the possible mechanisms of S. rugosum extracts on glutamate-induced HT-22 mouse hippocampal neuronal cells. The mycelia of S. rugosum were subjected to submerged liquid fermentation followed by solvent extraction and fractionation. The neurotoxicity, neuroprotective, and neurorescue activities of S. rugosum extracts were assessed via the MTT viability assay at 24 and 48 h. The effects of S. rugosum extracts on glutamate-induced oxidative stress and cell death were investigated through flow cytometry. Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis was conducted to identify the bioactive compounds in the S. rugosum hexane fraction (SR-HF). All extracts were noncytotoxic toward HT-22 cells. Pretreatment with S. rugosum ethanolic extract (SR-EE; 12.5 μg/mL) or SR-HF (100 μg/mL) markedly (P < 0.05) improved the loss of cell viability and attenuated the accumulation of reactive oxygen species production. Pretreatment with SR-HF was also demonstrated to inhibit glutamate-induced cell death. The MTT assay showed that all extracts generally rescued glutamate-induced HT-22 cells at 24 and 48 h. The GC/MS analysis revealed the existence of 11 bioactive components in SR-HF, with linoleic acid, ergosterol, and ethyl linoleate being the main chemical constituents. The current findings suggest that SR-HF could be used as a potential therapeutic intervention to ameliorate oxidative stress and neuroinflammation.

Uji Aktivitas Antikoagulan Ekstrak Daun Ciplukan (Physalis Angulata L) Secara Invitro

Ciplukan leaf (Physalis angulata L) is empirically used as a hypercoagulation drug. The content of flavonoid secondary metabolites has potential as an anticoagulant. This study aims to determine the yield of ciplukan leaf extract and fraction, the content of secondary metabolites, and its activity as an anticoagulant. The method used in testing anticoagulant activity is Lee White and blood smear. Ciplukan leaves was extracted by maceration method using 70% ethanol solvent. The test samples for the extract and fraction of ciplukan leaves were made in 3 variations of concentration, that is 0.1%; 0.5%; and 1%. The results of ciplukan leaf extract, n hexane fraction, ethyl acetate and distilled water fraction were 14.284%; 12.9%; 10%; and 19.5%. The results of the phytochemical screening test of 70% ethanol extract contain secondary metabolites of flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, phenols, saponins, steroids, triterpenoids. n?hexane fraction contains alkaloids, steroids and triterpenoids. The ethyl acetate fraction contains flavonoids, phenols and tannins. While the distilled water fraction contains flavonoids, phenols, tannins and saponins. Based on the test results of the Lee White method, extracts and fractions of ciplukan leaves have anticoagulant activity where blood clots do not occur after 2 hours of observation. In the blood smear method, the blood cells are round and not clustered. The best test sample concentration is at a concentration of 1%. The anticoagulant activity of the positive control was better than that of the ciplukan leaf extract and fraction.

Assessment of Phytochemicals, Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities of Aqueous Ethanol Extract and Fractions of Azadirachta indica Stem Bark

In this study, the aqueous ethanol extract of Azadirachta indica stem bark was obtained by Soxhlet extraction and partitioned into different solvents. The extract and fractions were then assessed for their phytochemical contents, antioxidant, and antimicrobial activities. The results showed that saponins, flavonoids, phenol, and tannins were present in all the samples. Also, the ethanol extract had the highest flavonoid (281.15 mgQE/g), phenolic (714.82 mgGAE/g), and tannin (156.54 mgTAE/g) contents, as well as the highest DPPH scavenging activity (95.71%) and total reducing power (1.27). However, among the fractions, butanol fraction showed the highest contents of flavonoids (235.20 mgQE/g), phenolics (413.42 mgGAE/g) and the highest DPPH scavenging activity (93.87 %) while the highest tannin content (86.90 mgTAE/g) and total reducing power (1.06) was observed in the ethyl acetate fraction. The lowest concentration of flavonoid (34.60 mgQE/g) and lowest antioxidant activity was obtained for the hexane fraction while lowest contents of phenolics (102.32 mgGAE/g) and tannins (41.21 mgTAE/g) were both observed in the water-soluble fraction. The most active fraction against both Staphylococcus aureus and Enterobacter cloacae was ethyl acetate. Meanwhile, the ethanol extract, hexane fraction, and water-soluble fractions showed the highest activity against Candida albicans, Salmonella typhi, and Escherichia coli, respectively. This research reveals that the stem bark of Azadirachta indica contains notable antioxidant and antimicrobial properties, making it a promising source for developing potent therapeutic drugs and functional foods.

In vitro Anti-ulcer potential of Raphanus sativus L. seeds

Background: Raphanus sativus L. is an indigenous plant that is traditionally used to treat peptic ulcer. Objective: This study assessed anti- Helicobacter pylori, antioxidant, and anti-urease activities of R. sativus seeds. Methods: this study targeted in-vitro model. The antioxidant activity of the methanol extract and n-butanol, aqueous, n- hexane and chloroform fractions of R. sativus seeds was determined using DPPH. Moreover, the inhibitory effects of the extract and fractions on the activity of urease and antibacterial activity against Helicobacter pylori were also evaluated. Results: The crude extract as well as its derived n-butanol fraction exhibited higher (IC50: 45 and 31 µg/mL respectively) DPPH inhibition activity and inhibition of urease (IC50: 75.0 and 55.9 µg/mL respectively) while aqueous extract inhibited H. pylori strongly (MIC50: 15 µg/mL). Conclusion: Collectively, our data show that R. sativus extract and fractions possess antioxidant, anti- H. pylori and anti-urease potential. The traditional uses of R. sativus as anti-ulcer, might be due to its anti-urease activity.