Hexane Fraction Research Articles

Chemical Characterization and Leishmanicidal Activity In Vitro and In Silico of Natural Products Obtained from Leaves of Vernonanthura brasiliana (L.) H. Rob (Asteraceae).

Vernonanthura brasiliana (L.) H. Rob is a medicinal plant used for the treatment of several infections. This study aimed to evaluate the antileishmanial activity of V. brasiliana leaves using in vitro and in silico approaches. The chemical composition of V. brasiliana leaf extract was determined through liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). The inhibitory activity against Leishmania amazonensis promastigote was evaluated by the MTT method. In silico analysis was performed using Lanosterol 14alpha-demethylase (CYP51) as the target. The toxicity analysis was performed in RAW 264.7 cells and Tenebrio molitor larvae. LC-MS revealed the presence of 14 compounds in V. brasiliana crude extract, including flavonoids, flavones, sesquiterpene lactones, and quinic acids. Eriodictol (ΔGbind = -9.0), luteolin (ΔGbind = -8.7), and apigenin (ΔGbind = -8.6) obtained greater strength of molecular interaction with lanosterol demethylase in the molecular docking study. The hexane fraction of V. brasiliana showed the best leishmanicidal activity against L. amazonensis in vitro (IC50 12.44 ± 0.875 µg·mL-1) and low cytotoxicity in RAW 264.7 cells (CC50 314.89 µg·mL-1, SI = 25.30) and T. molitor larvae. However, the hexane fraction and Amphotericin-B had antagonistic interaction (FICI index ≥ 4.0). This study revealed that V. brasiliana and its metabolites are potential sources of lead compounds for drugs for leishmaniasis treatment.

Phytosterol Profile in Iraqi Lactuca serriola after Purification and Isolation by Combiflash and HPLC (Conference Paper )#

One of these plants utilized in traditional medicine is Lactuca seriolla Linn., which belongs to the Asteraceae family. It goes by a variety of common names in the world, including prickly lettuce, wild lettuce, jagged lettuce, and Kahu and khas. The work aimed to isolate and characterize some bioactive constituent(s) from the aerial part of Lactuca serriola utilizing Combiflash NEXTGEN and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Lactuca serriola (aerial part) was extracted with 80% ethanol, then fractionated with hexane. Then 250 mg of hexane extract was mixed with 4 g of silica gel and loaded in cartilage, then bounded to the gold column of combi flash using a solvent system comprised of ethyl acetate: n-hexane (10% ethyl acetate 90% hexane v/v) to elute the column. The fractions resulting were analyzed by thin layer chromatography and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). white needle-like crystalline substances were isolated via combi flash column chromatography. The isolated product was analyzed by thin layer chromatography and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). β-sitosterol (11 mg) and stigmasterol (7 mg) were obtained from 250 mg of hexane fraction.

Chemometric-Based Analysis of Metabolomics Studiesof Bioactive Fractions of Pleurotus osteratus and Their Correlation with In Vitro Anti-Cancer Activity.

Richness in nutrients with an ample of the myco-bioactive molecules makes Pleurotus osteratus preferential mushroom. In this paper, we conducted a preliminary study on bio-assay-guided fractionation of dichloromethane:ethanol crude extract(1:1, v/v) of P. osteratus (CD) against human breast cancer cell line (MDA-MB-231). Later, CD and its potent hexane (H) and ethyl acetate (EA) fraction were screened against a panel of a human cancer cell lines. H fraction possesses higher cytotoxicity followed by EA and CD. Literature review revealed that polyphenol and ergosterol are the biomarkers found in P. osteratus and could responsible for its cytotoxic potential. Accordingly, hyphenated liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS)-based polyphenol and ergosterol-targeted myco-metabolite profiling of CD, H, and EA fractions were carried out. Despite being significantly rich in polyphenol and ergosterol content, EA fraction showed moderate cytotoxicity. Considering this, liquid chromatography-hybrid quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-QTOF/MS)-based untargeted myco-metabolite profiling of CD, H and EA fractions was further conducted to identify a new biomarker. Tentatively, 20 myco-metabolites were identified, belonging to the class of steroids, alkaloid, terpenoid, fatty alcohol, and polyketide. The myco-metabolite variabilities among potent samples in correlation to their in vitro anti-cancer activity was explored using the different chemometric tools: principal component analysis (PCA), hierarchical clustering analysis (HCA), and partial least square (PLS). A probable synergistic action among identified myco-metabolites (betulin, solanocapsine, ophiobolin F, linoleoyl ethanolamide, (13R,14R)-7-labdene-13,14,15-triol, asterosterol, cholest-5-ene, (3b,6b,8a,12a)-8,12-epoxy-7(11)-eremophilene-6,8,12-trimethoxy-3-ol, beta-obscurine, myxalamid B, momordol, andavocadyne 4-acetate) may be responsible for the observedcytotoxicity potential of H fraction of P. osteratus.

Antiproliferative, antimicrobial, antiplasmodial, and oral acute toxicity of Ficus elastica Roxb. Ex Hornem lianas

Background: Ficus elastica is a plant used in traditional medicine for the treatment of allergies and skin infections. This study aimed to investigate the antimicrobial, antiplasmodial, and antiproliferative activities of the crude extract and fraction of F. elatica as well as the study of the in vivo oral acute toxicity of the most active fraction. Methods: The antimicrobial activity of the total extract and the different fractions was evaluated by the determination of the inhibition diameter using the agar well diffusion method on 3 Gram (+) bacteria, 4 Gram (-) bacteria, and 2 fungi, by the determination of MIC using the micro-dilution method only on the strains that showed sensitivity on the agar and by the determination of MMC on Muller Hinton agar. The evaluation of antimalarial activity was done on Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 cells by measuring the parasite lactate dehydrogenase (pLDH) activity using the mixture of Malstat and NBS/PES. Extracts were afterward evaluated for their antiproliferative effect on 2 human cell lines (human oligodendroglioma and breast cancer) and mouse melanoma using colorimetric MTT assay. The toxicity assessment of the most active fraction was performed in vivo according to the modified OECD 425 guidelines. Results: Total extract and different fractions were not active on different strains because the MICs values are > 1024 µg/mL. Dichloromethane and hexane fractions were bactericidal with a ratio CMM/CMI of 2 and the total extract would be bacteriostatic. The antimalarial activity showed that the hexane fraction reduced the viability of P. falciparum 3D7 cells by 61.4% with an IC50 value of 26.41 µg/mL. As for the antiproliferative activity, the dichloromethane fraction significantly inhibited different cell lines with IC50 values between 13 and 16.5 µg/mL. The toxicity study conducted on the hexane fraction, being the most active fraction, resulted in no apparent signs of toxicity and no death at doses of 2000 mg/kg bw and 5000 mg/kg bw over a period of 14 days. Conclusion: Methanolic crude extract of F. elastica lianas and its hexane as well as dichloromethane fractions possess low antibacterial activity. The dichloromethane fraction possesses antiproliferative activity while the hexane fraction possesses antiplasmodial activity and presented no signs of acute toxicity by the oral route. These results support the use of F. elastica in the treatment of several ailments such as skin infections.

Cosmeceutical Potentials of Equisetum debile Roxb. ex Vaucher Extracts

Trends in skin and hair treatments focus on natural products due to undesired effects of chemically synthetic ingredients. This study aims to investigate the cosmeceutical effects of Equisetum debile (horsetail) extracts relating to anti-hyperpigmentation via tyrosinase, anti-wrinkle formation via matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), and anti-androgenic alopecia via 5α-reductase. Ethanolic extracts were sequentially partitioned into semi-purified fractions hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, methanol, and methanol insoluble residue. The ethyl acetate fraction possessed the highest total phenolic content (39.24 ± 0.72 mg gallic acid/g), the strongest anti-tyrosinase activities (583.33 ± 23.59 mg kojic acid/g), and potent collagenase inhibitions (IC50 MMP-1 and MMP-2 of 0.82 ± 0.09 and 0.94 ± 0.11 mg/mL, respectively). All extracts showed considerable inhibitions of 5α-reductase ranging from 44.59 ± 0.40 to 83.07 ± 3.46% with the strongest activity from the dichloromethane fraction (1.48 ± 0.06 mg finasteride/g). In conclusion, E. debile extracts exhibit cosmeceutical potentials. This study suggests that the E. debile ethyl acetate fraction could be used as a promising ingredient to organically treat hyperpigmentation and delay the skin aging process. In addition, compared to the current recommended intake of finasteride (1 mg/day) for androgenic alopecia, the dichloromethane fraction is proposed as an alternative source to naturally remediate hair loss.

Chemical profile, antiproliferative and antibacterial activities and docking studies of essential oil and hexane fraction of hydrosol from fresh leaf of Plectranthus amboinicus (Lour.) Spreng.

Essential oils are commonly extracted from plants by hydrodistillation in which an aqueous phase called hydrosol is obtained. Like essential oil, this by-product of distillation can be a source of natural bioactive molecules with health benefits. This study aimed at the investigation of the chemical profile, antiproliferative and antibacterial activities of essential oil and hexane fraction of hydrosol from Plectrunthus amboinicus (family Lamiacease) fresh leaf cultivated in Sudan. Essential oil was obtained by hydrodistilation and hexane fraction (HF) was derived from hydrosol by liquid –liquid extraction. Results showed that the phenolic monoterpene thymol (72.9%) was the dominant component of the essential oil while the HF was characterized by the presence of long-chain (n-C29 to n-C68) alkanes (91.4%). The HF showed highest antiproliferative activity against the colon cancer HT29 (IC50 9.2 μg/mL) and HCT116 (IC50 7.7 μg/mL) cell lines. The essential oil exerted best antibacterial activity with highest inhibition (22.0–22.3 mm) and minimum inhibitory concentration (31 μg/mL) against the Gram positive bacteria Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus. In silico study showed that the major components of the oil displayed higher docking scores than those present in the HF suggesting an antagonistic effect by other molecules in the essential oil. In conclusion, beside the essential oil, the hydrosol possesses promising bioactive composition suggesting that it could be exploited for further therapeutic applications.

Chemical Composition and Use of <i>Momordica charantia</i> L. and <i>Hyptis spicigera</i> Lam. Extracts as Mosquito Larvicides and Insect Growth Regulators against Malarial Vector, <i>Anopheles gambiae</i> Giles

Background: Mosquitoes are responsible of numerous vector-borne diseases and among these diseases is malaria which takes away lives of thousands of people, especially children of under five, particularly in Africa. To reduce the mortality and economic burdens of this deadly disease, synthetic insecticide has been of use to control its main vector, Anopheles gambiae. Due to adverse effects caused by these conventional products on non-target organisms and the environment, plants have been of first choice as they proved their effectiveness against mosquitoes and are said to be eco-friendly and relatively safer. Therefore, the aim of this study was to screen the phytochemicals and determine the larvicidal and adult emergence exhibitory activities of Momordica charantia and Hyptis spicigera leaves extracts against Anopheles gambiae larvae. Methods: The WHO standard protocol for larvicidal activity and IGRs was followed up and concentrations from 500 - 2000 ppm for larvicidal and 500 - 1500 ppm for IGRs were set up. Results: There was the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, phenols, steroids, terpenoids and oils in Momordica charantia against alkaloids, taponins, tannins, phenols, steroids, terpenoids and oils in Hyptis spicigera. Methanol crude extract registered the lowest LC50 value of 270.6 ppm followed by ethyl acetate and hexane fractions recorded the LC50 of 742.1 and 756 ppm, respectively for larvicidal activity of Momordica charantia against LC50 of 760 and 867.5 ppm for hexane fraction and methanol crude extract, respectively for Hyptis spicigera. Methanol crude extract and hexane fraction of both plants as well as the ethyl acetate fraction of M. charantia registered greater emergence inhibition with IE50 values of 590.2, 842.3 and 982 ppm for methanol crude extract, hexane and ethyl acetate fractions of M. charantia, respectively against 901.7 and 873.2 for methanol crude extract and hexane fraction of H. spicigera, respectively. Conclusion: The toxicity and adult emergence inhibition may be associated with constituents in both plants that interfere with the normal neuronal, respiratory and endocrine systems functions.

Chemical Composition, Larvicidal and Adult Emergence Inhibition Activities of <i>Balanites aegyptiaca</i> Del. Seed and <i>Aristolochia albida</i> Duch. Root Extracts against Malaria Vector, <i>Anopheles gambiae</i> Giles

Background: Anopheles gambiae is enemy number one of mankind in Africa and particularly in Cameroon due to its ability of transmitting malaria which is the deadliest disease in this part of the world. Synthetic insecticides have been used to control malaria vectors but they have negative effects on non-target organisms and are environmentally unfriendly. Control of mosquitoes at larval stages using phytochemicals is currently the leading tool to reduce the mosquito population and so the reduction of malaria transmission rates. Therefore, the present study was to evaluate the phytochemical contents, larvicidal and adult emergence inhibition activities of Balanites aegyptiaca seed and Aristolochia albida root solvents extracts against Anopheles gambiae larvae. Methods: The World Health Organization standard protocols were followed for the different bioassays. Concentrations ranging from 500 - 2000 ppm for larvicidal and 500 - 1500 ppm for IGRs were used. Results: Both plants showed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, phenols, terpenoids and oils except the absence of phenols in Aristolochia albida. The larvicidal activity of Aristolochia albida extracts showed that hexane and methanol fractions were the most active killing relatively all exposed larvae with the LC50 values of 420.1 and 453 ppm, respectively. The same observation was made in hexane fraction from Balanites aegyptiaca (LC50 = 588 ppm). The insect growth inhibitory activity of Aristolochia albida extracts proved that hexane and methanol fractions relatively caused a 100% inhibition in the mosquito development, recording the EI50 values of 482.4 and 555.6 ppm, respectively. The same trend was observed with Balanites aegyptiaca hexane fraction registering better EI50 of 623.9 ppm. Conclusions: Our findings demonstrate that Balanites aegyptiaca seed and Aristolochia albida seed extracts are rich in phytochemicals capable of killing mosquito larvae and disrupting mosquito larval development. This could contribute to the control of mosquito populations and improved management of malaria.

Determination of Total Flavonoid Content from Ethanol Extract and Various Paliasa (Kleinhovia Hospita L.) Leaf Fractions on its Potential as an Antioxidant

Paliasa (Kleinhoivia hospita L.) is a plant of the Sterculiaceae family which is known to have potential as an antioxidant. This study aims to determine the total flavonoid content of ethanol extract and various fractions of paliasa leaves on their potential as antioxidants. Samples were macerated with 70% ethanol for 24 hours at room temperature. The ethanol extract obtained was then evaporated at 50 o C to produce a viscous extract which was then fractionated using n -hexane, dichloromethane and water as solvents. The content of chemical compounds from the ethanol extract of paliasa leaves are alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, phenols and tannins. The content of chemical compounds from the n -hexane fraction is tannins. The content of chemical compounds from the dichloromethane fraction are flavonoids, phenols and tannins. The content of chemical compounds from the water fraction are alkaloids, saponins, phenols and tannins. Tests for total flavonoid compounds found in the ethanol extract and dichloromethane fraction using rutin as a comparison at λ max 419 nm were 3.10% and 3.73%. Antioxidant activity testing using the 1,1-Diphenyl-2-Picrilhydrazil (DPPH ) method showed that the ethanol extract and fraction ( n -hexane, dichloromethane and water) had an IC of 50 166.55 µg/mL, 351.19 µg/mL, 85 .87 µg/mL, and 226.52 µg/mL, while gallic acid comparator has a very strong antioxidant activity with an IC50 value of 10.75 µg/mL

Chemical Profile and Biological Potential of Hornodermoporus martius (Agaricomycetes) from Paraguay.

To further knowledge of the biological activity of native neotropical fungal species, this study aimed to determine the chemical composition and microbiological activity of Hornodermoporus martius. Ethanol, hexane, diethyl ether, and ethyl acetate fractions and the water residue were analyzed and resulted in a total phenolic compound content between 13 and 63 mg of gallic acid equivalents per gram of crude extract. The total antioxidants ranged between 3 and 19 mg of ascorbic acid equivalents per gram of crude extract, and the percentage of antioxidant activity was determined to be between 6 and 25%. A preliminary profile of compounds is provided for the first time for the species; the results from the nonpolar fraction showcased the presence of saturated and unsaturated acids, fatty alcohol, sterols, and cis-vaccenic acid. Our findings also revealed antimicrobial properties from compounds within the hexane and diethyl ether fractions at concentrations of 1 mg mL-1, which inhibited the growth of certain gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. For the first time in academic literature, our work analyzed and documented the chemical characteristics and microbial properties of H. martius, suggesting potential for medicinal applications.

Cissus quadrangularis (Hexane Fraction) Inhibits RANK-L Induced Osteoclast Differentiation of Murine Macrophage RAW264.7 Cell Line

Cissus quadrangularis (Hexane Fraction) Inhibits RANK-L Induced Osteoclast Differentiation of Murine Macrophage RAW264.7 Cell Line

Increase in Effect of Citrus natsudaidai on Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor.

The increase in brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in the brain is beneficial for the treatment of depression, Alzheimer's disease (AD), and Parkinson's disease (PD); BDNF can cross the blood-brain barrier. Therefore, foods that elevate BDNF concentration in peripheral tissues may increase BDNF in the brain and thereby induce preventive and therapeutic effects against depression, AD, and PD. In this study, we aimed to determine whether Citrus natsudaidai extracts can increase BDNF concentration using the human kidney adenocarcinoma cell line ACHN, which has BDNF-producing and -secreting abilities. As test samples, methanol extracts of C. natsudaidai peel and pulp, and their n-hexane, ethyl acetate, n-butanol, and water fractions were prepared. The BDNF concentrations in culture medium of ACHN cells were assayed after 24 h cultivation in the presence of test samples. Compared with that of control (non-treated) cells, the BDNF concentration increased in the culture medium of ACHN cells treated with the methanol extract of C. natsudaidai peel and its hexane, butanol, and water fractions, as well as the butanol and water fractions of the pulp extract. Quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analysis revealed that ACHN cells treated with the butanol fractions of the peel and pulp extracts showed elevated levels of BDNF mRNA compared with those of non-treated cells. C. natsudaidai may increase BDNF concentration by acting on peripheral tissues and could be a medication for the prevention and treatment of depression, AD, and PD.

Antibacterial activity of hexane and methanol fractions of some selected plants against Klebsiella pneumoniae.

Besides adenovirus, pneumonia can also be caused by bacteria. One of the most common bacteria causing the pneumonia is Klebsiella pneumoniae. Currently, treatment by antibiotics has been widely used. Nevertheless, the increasing failure of existing antibiotics because of antibiotic resistance resulted by bacterial pathogens has become a serious problem to human health. Hence, there is a need for a new antibacterial potential agent against K. pneumoniae as an alternative treatment to the pneumonia to prevent the risk of a severe pneumonia for both healthy people and those already infected with the pneumonia. This study, therefore, investigated the antibacterial activity of some selected plants (Pandanus tectorius, Nypa fruticans, Sonneratia alba, Phaleria macrocarpa, Hibiscus tiliaceus, and Pongamia pinnata) against K. pneumoniae. In this study, samples were extracted successively by cold maceration using hexane and methanol. Antibacterial activity was determined by well and disc diffusion methods. Each fraction was prepared by two-fold dilutions from 20 mg/mL to 0.156 mg/mL. All data were analyzed in triplicate replication and presented as mean values ± standard deviation. Results showed that all methanol fractions of selected plants had antibacterial activity against K. pneumoniae, and well-diffusion method showed better antibacterial results compared to the agar well-diffusion method. The strongest activity was obtained by methanol fraction of S. alba leaf, followed by P. pinnata leaf, Nypa fruticans bark, H. tiliaceus leaf, P. macrocarpa leaf, and P. tectorius leaf with the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) value between 0.625 and 5.0 mg/mL. Phytochemical screening revealed that all methanol fractions were rich in flavonoid content, which could have contributed to their antibacterial activity.

Anti-hyperglycemic fraction from Alternanthera sessilis L. leaves gets elucidated following bioassay-guided isolation and mass spectrometry

The anecdotal use of Alternanthera sessilis L. as a relief for diabetes has been known in the Philippines for generations, and antidiabetic activity of similar varieties in other countries is likewise documented. However, the compounds responsible for this activity remain unclear. This study aims to isolate the anti-hyperglycemic fraction of local A. sessilis leaves and identify the compounds in this fraction. Methanol extract of A. sessilis leaves and its hexane, ethyl acetate (ASE), and water fractions were administered to alloxan-induced diabetic mice. ASE (250mg/kg) had the highest anti-hyperglycemic activity at 6-h post-treatment (25.81%±12.72%), with almost similar blood glucose reduction rate as metformin (30.13±3.75%, p=0.767). Repeated fractionation employing chromatographic separation techniques followed by in vivo anti-hyperglycemic assay yielded partially purified subfractions. A. sessilis ethyl acetate subfraction 4-2 (100mg/kg) displayed remarkable suppression of blood glucose rise in diabetic mice at 6-h post-treatment (26.45±3.75%, p<0.0001), with comparable activity with metformin (100mg/kg, 27.87±5.65%, p=0.652). Liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry showed eight distinct peaks, with four peaks annotated via the Traditional Chinese Medicine library and custom library for A. sessilis. Among these, luteolin, apigenin, ononin, and sophorabioside were identified as putative compounds responsible for the anti-hyperglycemic activity. This result provided basis for the reported anecdotal claims and potential utility of the local variety of A. sessilis leaves as sources of anti-hyperglycemic agents.

BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES OF EXTRACTS AND SECONDARY METABOLITE OF Macaranga mappa BARK AS AN ANTIDIABETIC BY α-GLUCOSIDASE INHIBITOR, ANTIOXIDANT, AND CYTOTOXICITY

The biological activities of extracts and isolated compounds of Macaranga mappa stem bark for antidiabetic herbal medicine, antioxidant, and cytotoxicity activities have been determined. The antidiabetic, antioxidant, and cytotoxicity activities of the sample were carried out by inhibition value of α-glucosidase, DPPH method, and brine shrimp larvae method, respectively. The initial methanol extract and its fractions have good activities against antidiabetics and antioxidants, except for the hexane fraction. The fractions with the highest activity for the antidiabetic and antioxidant tests were the water fraction IC50 6.654 ppm and the butanol fraction IC50 32.34 ppm, respectively. The toxicity test results with the BSLT method showed that all fractions were non-toxic LC50&gt;1000 ppm. The isolated compound from the ethyl acetate fraction was a coumarin derivative, namely scopoletin, with antidiabetic and antioxidant activities.

Toxicological evaluation of different solvent fractions of Waltheria indica linn. root in male wistar rats

Waltheria indica Linn. root (WILR) is a multipurpose medicinal plant with abundance of phytochemical compounds. The optimal solvents for extraction of a particular bioactive compound depends not only on the yield of the compound but also on the toxic effect of the solvent used. Therefore, this study was designed to evaluate the toxic effects of hexane, dichloromethane and ethyl acetate solvent fractions of WILR in male Wistar rats. Three doses (200, 500, or 1000 μg/kg BW) of hexane, dichlorometh ane and ethyl acetate solvent fractions of WILR were used. Male Wistar rats (n=5) were administered with 200, 500, or 1000 μg/kg of hexane, dichloromethane, and ethyl acetate soluble extracts of WILR, while control received distilled water, daily for 15 days. The rats were thereafter sacrificed, blood samples were collected and serum separated. Haematological serum biochemical parameters were determined according to standard procedure. The result showed non-significant effect on relative organ weight and haematological parameters while the serum ALT was significantly increased by administration of hexane, dichloromethane, and ethyl acetate soluble extracts of WILR. Blood Urea Nitrogen was also increased significantly (p &lt; 0.05) at 200 and 500 μg/kg of hexane and dichloromethane respectively. The ethyl acetate and hexane fraction also caused severe periportal cellular infiltration in the liver while the hexane fraction caused glomerular necrosis. The hexane, dichloromethane and ethyl acetate soluble extracts of (WILR) have adverse effect on the integrity liver and kidney. Hence, these extracts should be used with caution in patient with hepatic and renal impairment.

Toxicological evaluation of different solvent fractions of Waltheria indica linn. root in male wistar rats

Waltheria indica Linn. root (WILR) is a multipurpose medicinal plant with abundance of phytochemical compounds. The optimal solvents for extraction of a particular bioactive compound depends not only on the yield of the compound but also on the toxic effect of the solvent used. Therefore, this study was designed to evaluate the toxic effects of hexane, dichloromethane and ethyl acetate solvent fractions of WILR in male Wistar rats. Three doses (200, 500, or 1000 μg/kg BW) of hexane, dichlorometh ane and ethyl acetate solvent fractions of WILR were used. Male Wistar rats (n=5) were administered with 200, 500, or 1000 μg/kg of hexane, dichloromethane, and ethyl acetate soluble extracts of WILR, while control received distilled water, daily for 15 days. The rats were thereafter sacrificed, blood samples were collected and serum separated. Haematological serum biochemical parameters were determined according to standard procedure. The result showed non-significant effect on relative organ weight and haematological parameters while the serum ALT was significantly increased by administration of hexane, dichloromethane, and ethyl acetate soluble extracts of WILR. Blood Urea Nitrogen was also increased significantly (p &lt; 0.05) at 200 and 500 μg/kg of hexane and dichloromethane respectively. The ethyl acetate and hexane fraction also caused severe periportal cellular infiltration in the liver while the hexane fraction caused glomerular necrosis. The hexane, dichloromethane and ethyl acetate soluble extracts of (WILR) have adverse effect on the integrity liver and kidney. Hence, these extracts should be used with caution in patient with hepatic and renal impairment.

Anti-migration, anti-proliferative, and pro-apoptotic effects on cancer cell line HCT116 using sponge extracts from Lugait, Misamis Oriental, Philippines

Sponge samples coded KL-03P, KL-12P, KL-15P, KL-16P, and KL-18NP collected from Lugait, Misamis Oriental, Philippines were subjected to fractionation resulting in hexane (H), dichloromethane (D), and aqueous (A) fractions of each sponge. They were subsequently subjected to anti-migration, anti-proliferative, and pro-apoptotic activity testing using the Scratch Wound assay, the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5- diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, and the Caspase Glo 3/7 assay, respectively. Fractions KL-03P (D), KL-12P (D), KL-16P H) and KL18NP (D) showed anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic effects against HCT116 at 30-ppm concentration. Cell shrinkage and noticeable fragmentations indicative of apoptosis were apparent among these fractions based on MTT final snaps. But among these active fractions, the unprecedented abilities of KL-18NP (D) were very notable across assays conducted. This fraction showcased the inhibition of cell migration, which gave a signal for potentially reduced oncogenicity or metastatic capability of HCT116. The negative percentage of wound healing exhibited by this fraction is a manifestation of its cytotoxicity effect. Very remarkably, KL-18NP (D) has a similar degree of responses across the positive controls, respectively. Hence, there is a significant negative relationship between the negative control versus KL-18NP (D) in terms of its anti-migratory and anti-proliferative properties, p&lt;0.05. Additionally, there is a significant positive relationship between the negative control and KL-18NP (D) when it comes to its pro-apoptotic capability, p&lt;0.05. These results make KL-18NP (D) a bioactive hit as an anti-cancer agent source. Confirmatory techniques, structure determination, and target identification methods will further ascertain its mechanism of action as well as the identification of its cellular targets.

Phytochemical analysis, antioxidant, and antibacterial activities of Cyperus rotundus L. rhizomes

Cyperus rotundus L. is a ubiquitous weed, commonly found in tropical, subtropical, and temperate regions around the world, belonging to the Cyperaceae family. This slender, erect, perennial sedge propagates through a fibrous root system, enabling it to thrive in diverse habitats. The rhizomes initially appear black, transitioning to a darker shade as they mature. This plant is a traditional medicinal herb renowned for treating stomach ailments, nausea, vomiting, intestinal parasites, food poisoning, indigestion, and bowel irritation. Phytochemical screening of the ethanolic crude extract of C. rotundus L. rhizomes was conducted, revealing the presence of flavonoids, polyphenols, terpenoids, tannins, steroids, carbohydrates, and fixed oils. The total phenolic content was measured at 51.48 ± 1.77 mg GAE/g, 159.63 ± 2.28 mg GAE/g, and 17.90 ± 2.64 mg GAE/g in the ethanolic crude extract, ethyl acetate, and hexane fractions, respectively. Similarly, the total flavonoid content in the ethanolic crude extract, ethyl acetate, and hexane fractions was determined as (21.00 ± 1.51), (118.07 ± 5.06), and (10.67 ± 2.53) mg GAE/g, respectively. The ethyl acetate fraction of C. rotundus L. rhizomes exhibited significant antioxidant activity with an IC50 value of 27.11 ± 1.46 µg/mL. Furthermore, the ethanolic crude extract of C. rotundus L. rhizomes displayed effective antibacterial activity against gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus, with a zone of inhibition (ZOI) of 8 mm.

Antibacterial, Antidiabetic, and Toxicity Effects of Two Brown Algae: Sargassum buxifolium and Padina gymnospora

Seaweed has a variety or biological activities, including antibacterial, antioxidant, antidiabetic, and anti-inflammatory ones. Mexico has great macroalgae diversity, with nearly 1700 species; therefore, in this research two seaweeds from Mexico, Sargassum buxifolium and Padina gymnospora, were investigated for their antibacterial, antidiabetic, and toxic potential; and to understand their phytochemical components both were subjected to various extractions. Only the hexanic fraction was active, and the presence of fatty acids was detected. The two algal extracts showed interesting antimicrobial properties, which mostly inhibited the growth of Gram-positive bacteria (E. faecalis, S. aureus, and S. epidermidis). The α-glucosidase activity was estimated for checking the antidiabetic capacity; S. buxifolium had best α-glucosidase inhibition compared with P. gymnospora. For toxicity, the hexanic extracts administered orally as nontoxic in the treated mice. These results suggest that the two algae have potential as resources for the development of antimicrobial agents.