Hand Drawing Research Articles

Low Cost Paper-based Electrochemical Sensing Platform for the Determination of Hydrogen Peroxide

A rapid, precise, low cost, selective and sensitive paper-based electrochemical device for the determination of H2O2 in milk is described here. Commercially available varnish and a simple hand drawing method were used to develop the hydrophobic pattern to generate a hydrophilic detection zone on the filter paper. The electrode system was fabricated on the detection zone in order to detect H2O2 electrochemically. A commercially available graphite pencil and conductive silver ink were used to fabricate the counter electrode and pseudo-reference electrode, respectively. A paste of Prussian blue (PB) modified graphite, unmodified graphite and phenol-formaldehyde polymer were used to fabricate a PB modified graphite working electrode on paper. This modified electrode showed electrocatalytic activity towards the reduction of H2O2 and it was successfully used for the chronoamperometric detection of H2O2 at 0 V vs Ag reference electrode in 0.1 mol l-1 phosphate buffer, buffered at pH 6.0 in 0.1 mol l-1 KCl. Under optimum conditions, the calibration curve for the H2O2 determination was linear from 5 to 50 mmol l-1 with a detection limit (LoD = x ̅ + 3SD) of 4.0 mmol l-1. In addition, the PB modified graphite electrode showed selectivity for H2O2 detection in the presence of ascorbic acid, sucrose and citric acid.

How to Analyze, Preserve, and Communicate Leonardo's Drawing? A Solution to Visualize in RTR Fine Art Graphics Established from “the Best Sense”

Original hand drawings by Leonardo are astonishing collections of knowledge, superb representations of the artist's way of working, which proves the technical and cultural peak of the Renaissance era. However, due to their delicate and fragile nature, they are hard to manipulate and compulsory to preserve. To overcome this problem we developed, in a 10-year-long research program, a complete workflow to produce a system able to replace, investigate, describe and communicate ancient fine drawings through what Leonardo calls “ the best sense ” (i.e., the view), the so-called ISLe ( InSightLeonardo ). The outcoming visualization app is targeted to a wide audience made of museum visitors and, most importantly, art historians, scholars, conservators, and restorers. This article describes a specific feature of the workflow: the appearance modeling with the aim of an accurate Real-Time Rendering (RTR) visualization. This development is based on the direct observation of five among the most known Leonardo da Vinci's drawings, spanning his entire activity as a draftsman, and it is the result of an accurate analysis of drawing materials used by Leonardo, in which peculiarities of materials are digitally reproduced at the various scales exploiting solutions that favor the accuracy of perceived reproduction instead of the fidelity to the physical model and their ability to be efficiently implemented over a standard GPU-accelerated RTR pipeline. Results of the development are exemplified on five of Leonardo's drawings and multiple evaluations of the results, subjective and objective, are illustrated, aiming to assess potential and critical issues of the application.

Going from Analogue to Digital: A Study of Documentation Methods during an Excavation of the Neolithic Flint Mines at Pilbladet, Sweden

The ‘digital turn’ in archaeology has resulted in documentation, analysis, visualization and repository requirements becoming increasingly digital in recent years. However, we are only at the beginning of understanding how the shift from analogue to digital affects archaeological interpretation, as attention has mainly been directed towards technological aspects. However, how archaeology is executed influences the production of archaeological knowledge, and additional research into digital practices and their consequences is needed. During the latest excavation in 2014 of the Neolithic flint mines of Södra Sallerup, in Malmö in southern Sweden, several recording methods were used to document the remains in plan, including hand drawing, digital mapping with GPS and digital photography using a camera mounted on a pole. The records were used to create both a digital plan as well as georeferenced orthophotos from a 3D model and from photomosaic. The aim was to produce a record comparable to previous documentation from decades of archaeological excavations of the flint mines in the area, as well as one that is up-to-date with today’s digital standards. The methods are described and their consequences for the archaeological results are discussed.

Sunspots Extraction in PMO Sunspot Drawings Based on Deep Learning

Sunspot numbers and sunspot areas are the most fundamental indices of long-term solar activity levels and the solar magnetic dynamo. This paper presents a deep-learning method for segmenting the components of sunspots in the Purple Mountain Astronomical Observatory (PMO) historical hand drawings spanning from 1954 to 2011. A total of 44568 samples were labeled as the following four types to build the training set and the test set at a ratio of 9:1. They are (1) pores without penumbrae, (2) spots with penumbrae, (3) umbrae within spots, and (4) holes within spots. A Hybrid Task Cascade Region-based Convolutional Neural Networks (HTC RCNN) is adopted; it is designed as three cascade stages adapted to increasingly higher Intersection over Unions to obtain increasing detector quality. The features of sunspots are extracted and fused by a backbone combining residual network 50 and a feature pyramid network. After training the network using the training set, the method is tested by the test set. The precision, recall, and mean Average Precision are 0.90, 0.90, and 0.89, respectively, indicating that the method has a satisfying performance. The components of each sunspot are extracted separately, yielding the numbers and areas of pores, spots, umbrae and penumbrae. Detailed data of the PMO drawings from 1954 to 2011 are shared in public (http://61.166.157.71/HTCSD.html). It is another piece of the puzzle of long-term solar activity cycles and solar magnetic dynamo research.

Survey on Hand Drawn Symbol Classification and Recognition

Due to this worldwide pandemic situation, there undergone a transformation in the education domain (schools, higher education, research, etc.,) into virtual throughout the world. It made several domains in education field challenging, where teaching-learning goes in an entire virtual manner. Subsequently, there is growing attention in making systems which can automatically recognize hand-drawn sketches. In contrast, many challenges persist with respect to accuracy of recognition, robustness to diverse drawing patterns, and capability to simplify amongst multiple domains. To tackle these issues, a different approach to hand drawn sketch recognition which emphasizes the diagrammatic appearance of the symbols is familiarized. This allows it to well handle the variety of visual variations observed in freehand drawings. A novel symbol classifier that is computationally efficient and invariant to change and local distortions is projected in few papers which reveals that this method surpasses performance on all domains evaluated in different works carried, including handwritten digits, and circuit symbols. Electric symbols are the basis of studies in electrical theory. The circuit diagram delivers many details regarding the system. Beneath any power-driven device there exists numerous electrical elements which do their individual functions, nowadays altogether the electrical package tools failed to efficiently transform the data spontaneously from the circuit diagram to a digital form. Henceforth, electrical engineers must by hand enter all data into PCs, and this procedure consumes time and gives errors with extreme possibility. Furthermore, when the diagram is drawn by hand, the problem gets still complicated for electrical analysis. Therefore, a unique method using Convolution Neural Network (CNN) plus other tactics are exploited in diverse types of literature to make a machine directly read the symbols from a hand-drawn image which is very much beneficial to solve this problem. This paper focuses on the detailed survey of methodologies introduced for automatic hand drawn sketch recognition. Particularly, the recognition procedure in CNN involves two steps: first is feature extraction using shape-based features, next the second step is a classification technique using CNN via a back-propagation algorithm which finally gave better recognition comparatively.

Computer Aided Drawing Programs in Interior Architecture Education

Interior architecture education has displayed much variability from the past to the present day. Additionally, computer-aided drawing systems have become an irreplaceable part of interior architecture education, as in all other design disciplines. The contribution of computers in education to the design process has created a process of, Hand drawing – Design – Design in computer environment – Product – Prototype. Currently, traditional drawing methods are used much less. Computer-aided drawing programs in universities display differences in terms of models and content. Additionally, the year and semester in which these lessons are taught are different in every university. In this context, this study deals with computer-aided drawing lessons in a total of 63 programs in 31 interior architecture departments and 32 interior architecture and environmental design departments in Turkey and the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus linked to the Council of Higher Education (YÖK) currently. This research was completed with the screening model. Data collection started in October 2020 and was completed at the end of 15 days. Screening was performed to learn which programs are taught in the programs in interior architecture and interior architecture and environmental design departments in different faculties. The software features of these programs were analyzed. The results of the study revealed the similarities of the different programs to each other.

Active Drawing of Mechanisms of Genetics and Molecular Biology as an Undergraduate Learning Tool

Many students navigate undergraduate biology courses through passive learning, relying on memorization techniques to study content. This may not be the most effective strategy for meaningful comprehension of multipart and unfamiliar or new concepts. Can instruction by engaging students in active drawing and diagramming be an effective learning strategy? This pedagogical design unites the minds of students in the classroom by encouraging participation and inquiry. Our strategy maximizes active drawing of the mechanisms of genetics and molecular biology during lecture and instructor-led collaborative drawing sessions. The goal is to increase student learning and success in undergraduate genetics coursework based on the fundamental concepts recommended by the Genetics Society of America. Topics are covered in three main sections - nature of genetic material and gene expression, transmission and genetic variation, and patterns of inheritance integrated with evolution and population genetics. Students are assigned pre-lecture concept questions with reading assignments and illustrative videos. In lecture, students are led in active stepwise drawing and discussion of concepts. Strategies include the reductionist point of view from theoretical and macroscopic down to molecular mechanisms. Concepts are related to modern research and human health and disease. Student learning is reinforced through weekly drawing and recitation group sessions led by lecture coordinators. Meaningful learning and level of comprehension is measured through concept inventory assessments and student feedback. Concept-based hand drawings serve as a learning tool for the genetics and molecular biology community.

Applying Computer Graphic Design Software in a Computer-Assisted Instruction Teaching Model of Makeup Design

Methods for teaching contemporary makeup design involve drawing on paper, which requires considerable time and is difficult to edit. To change the makeup color, one must redraw their entire makeup design again, which is both inefficient and not environmentally friendly. Furthermore, design drawings are difficult to preserve. However, computer graphic design has not been used in the teaching of makeup design drawing; instead, learners rely on knowledge from professors and the experience they accumulate through practicing drawing on paper. Computer graphic design software allows users to experiment with various color designs, lines, and shading options before finalizing their makeup design. Thus, this study sought to employ such technology to improve upon conventional hand drawing practice techniques. The experiment was divided into a preliminary experiment and main experiment, where a two-stage questionnaire was conducted. In the preliminary experiment, the researchers compared the time required to complete the hand-drawn and computer-drawn makeup designs. The results revealed that the hand-drawn designs required almost double time than computer-drawn designs to complete. Additionally, time-lapse photography was taken during the computer drawing process; the photos were used to explain—to participants in a digital drawing group in the main experiment—the digital drawing makeup design procedures and the required operation time. The first stage of the main experiment comprised a brush selection experiment. The participants, 39 students from a cosmetology department, completed a Likert-scale questionnaire. They also performed item analysis to discuss and select drawing tools from a graphic design software, which met the requirements for makeup design pertaining to the eyebrow, eyeshadow, eyeliner, blush, nose contour, and lips. The software allowed the students to experiment with different colors in their design and immediately displays the results. In the second stage, an experiment on optimizing brush arrangements was performed by 10 experts, all of whom were teachers from the department of cosmetology, had at least 5 years of teaching experience, and had obtained a Level B (advanced level) Beauty Technician Certificate. Data from a Likert-scale questionnaire were analyzed and narrative analysis was conducted to determine the rating and evaluation priorities for standards pertaining to the eyebrows, eyeshadow, eyeliners, blush, nose contour, and lips. The requirement for design symmetry was achieved by using the mirror function of the software. This function was useful: it enabled students to complete their makeup design in approximately half the time. This study transformed the conventional learning method through interdisciplinary integration, established novel and innovative teaching models, and provides crucial insights into future research on improving teaching practice.

Human versus computer vision in archaeological recording

As 3D scanning and photogrammetry are supplanting traditional illustration techniques with increasing speed, archaeologists and architectural historians have sounded alarms about what stands to be lost if hand drawing is altogether eliminated from fieldwork. This paper argues that the most direct threat is to a particular form of archaeological illustration which does not necessarily share the advantages attributed to other kinds of drawing. Recording by means of “technical drawing” communicates a collectively agreed interpretation of the ancient record, and its primary benefit is not stimulating creative thought but rather enhancing human observation. A review of two cases comparing the illustration of ancient Greek architecture through analogue and digital methods indicates that, in practice, both approaches draw attention away from the ancient subject and focus it on distracting protocols for the great majority of the time spent in the field. Even so, technical drawing requires protracted, in-person scrutiny of the subject, whereas 3D technologies pose a genuine risk of altogether eliminating meaningful human interpretation from the recording process. The greater efficiencies of digital techniques suggest a path forward, as time once allocated to tedious stages of technical drawing might be applied toward more thoughtful interpretive tasks. However, such measures must be deliberately integrated into a digital research program through planning around the very different cadences of the digital process.

Hand drawing as a tool to facilitate understanding in undergraduate human biology: a critical review of the literature and future perspectives

ABSTRACT Science and drawing have been paired for hundreds of years, and this synergy is still prevalent in research investigating the role of drawing for developing and assessing understanding. However, despite research at the primary and secondary levels of education, there is limited research on whether drawing facilitates learning at the undergraduate level, particularly in human biology. This subject is specifically important to focus on as it can be a core subject on some multidisciplinary programmes that do not require a science background at entry. The literature reviewed in this paper highlights that drawing tasks are well received by students and that they perceive the tasks to be helpful for their understanding. There is also some evidence that it might improve learning. However, this cannot be concluded with confidence due to some limitations with respect to comparison groups, including such a group being absent, using retrospective cohorts as a control, and not controlling for instruction between groups. Furthermore, some of the reported improvements in tests are practically very small. More work is warranted in this area as there is a risk that misconceptions can be passed on to students and between students using this type of teaching activity.

Efficient Lighting Design for Multiuse Architecture Studio Classroom using Dialux Evo 9

Both natural and artificial lighting plays an important role in everyday human activities. Natural lighting conditions are responsible for energy consumption in buildings, where lack of natural lighting can increase electricity consumption for artificial lighting. The architectural studio classroom at the Department of Architecture, Universitas Trisakti, requires sufficient illumination so that room users able to do hand drawing, digital drawing, and lecture activities comfortably. To achieve such visual comfort, illumination level of the dominant activity in the studio classroom has to meet the SNI 03-2396-2001 standards by using an effective and efficient natural and artificial lighting systems. In the green building criteria by the Green Building Council Indonesia, the minimum standard for the daylight area is 30% of the total space area. The purpose of this paper is to design a new lamp grouping of Universitas Trisakti’s Architectural Studio Room in order to reduce energy consumption for lighting while increase visual comfort. This study conducted using DIALux Evo 9. From the simulation results offered a more efficient lighting installation grouping.

Research with young children: Exploring the methodological advantages and challenges of using hand puppets and draw and tell

AbstractThis paper explores the methodological advantages and challenges of participatory tools used in research with young children in Ireland. Taking a child‐centred approach, hand puppets and ‘draw and tell’ helped elicit children's expressions and meanings. Both techniques assisted in shifting the power balance between children and researchers, encouraged dialogue, created a fun atmosphere and promoted children's participation. When children are given the space, opportunity and means, and with skilled facilitation, they can clearly share their perspectives and meanings. It is important that researchers and practitioners use techniques that will facilitate and maximise young children's competencies, agency and preferences.

Aesthetic Values of Free Drawing Style on Women Eveningwear Using Decorations Inspired by Marine

This research aims to study marine nature and identify its artistic and aesthetic characteristics, and then adapt those values ​​to serve the elements of designing women's evening wear, as well as make use of the features of this nature in creating decorative designs that are implemented in the style of free drawing on women's evening costumes. This is to open new horizons in designing women's evening wear, as well as contribute to the establishment of small projects based on the art of free hand drawing, which reduces unemployment and raises the national economy. In order to achieve the objectives of the research, the researcher relied on both the descriptive and analytical approach that dealt with describing the marine nature in order to identify its components and characteristics and then analyze it, and the applied study which consists in creating designs and decorations inspired by this nature. The sample of the study consisted of a group of referees of specialists in the field of clothing and textiles from among the faculty members who numbered (10), and a group of female consumers whose ages ranged from 25 to 40 years and their number (55). The research tools included a questionnaire assessing the decorations executed on the fabrics. In the style of free drawing for specialists and consumers, and a questionnaire evaluating the proposed designs for specialists and consumers. The results concluded with the creation of decorations and designs for evening clothes inspired by the marine nature, which were accepted by professionals and consumers, and the decoration was carried out in a free-drawing style, as well as the designs were analyzed and the materials and color groups were determined. The statistical results also showed that there are statistically significant differences between the proposed designs according to the opinions of specialists and consumers, and in light of the results of the study several recommendations were made, including the intensification of studies with various objectives in the field of fashion design by taking advantage of the marine nature, and adapting marine materials to produce accessories and jewelry used As complements to the marine-inspired designs.

Extreme Face Inpainting with Sketch-Guided Conditional GAN

Recovering badly damaged face images is a useful yet challenging task, especially in extreme cases where the masked or damaged region is very large. One of the major challenges is the ability of the system to generalize on faces outside the training dataset. We propose to tackle this extreme inpainting task with a conditional Generative Adversarial Network (GAN) that utilizes structural information, such as edges, as a prior condition. Edge information can be obtained from the partially masked image and a structurally similar image or a hand drawing. In our proposed conditional GAN, we pass the conditional input in every layer of the encoder while maintaining consistency in the distributions between the learned weights and the incoming conditional input. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our method with badly damaged face examples.

Use of wood waste from Amazonian tree species for the manufacture of products with regional identity

Based on the problem of the quantity of wood waste generated by the timber milling process in sawmills in the state of Amazonas and the possibility of manufacturing products using this material, the aim of this study was to develop a product with regional identity made from this wood waste. The research process involved analysis of cultural issues in the North Region of Brazil and the quantity and quality of wood waste present in the Wood Engineering and Artefacts Laboratory (LEAM/INPA). This wood was donated by the company Mil Madeireira, located in the municipality of Itacoatiara in the state of Amazonas. Assessment of the regional themes of northern Brazil found that animals are represented in many products. This is especially true for handicrafts, where artisans seek to represent animals typical of the region in carvings, paintings, sewing and other crafts. As a result, a mood board was created with images of the most popular animals in the North region. The product was developed from hand drawings and 3D modeling to check the relationship between the pieces. Later, a physical prototype was developed using sawmill waste from the species Peãozinho (Micrandropsis sclerorylum W. Rodr), Cardeiro (Scleronemoma micranthum) and Mandioqueira (Qualea paraenses), after their classification. Based on the quality and quantity of waste generated from milling, one of the proposed alternatives was a coffee table called Arara (Macaw). The coffee table consists of 5 (five) pieces: 4 (four) of wood and 1 (one) of glass. In search of satisfactory results, this idea arose based on two factors: the aesthetic and emotional appeal, and modularity. The product was generated from analysis of elements of the northern Brazilian regional identity and the classification of waste from milling of certified wood and forestry residues. It has been observed that much of the wood is discarded or is burned to generate energy. In addition to the amount of wood wasted, two other factors were also analyzed: the first is the possibility of generating value through the culture of the northern region, specifically that of the state of Amazonas, through the manufacturing of products, and the second is to leverage the production of the wood industry. The product is easy to construct and the process can be taught to third parties, since the technical details are presented so as to facilitate its large-scale production.

COMPUTER AIDED GRAPHIC COMMUNICATION COURSE MODEL SUITABLE FOR DISTANCE EDUCATION OF THE INTERIOR ARCHITECTURE DISCIPLINE

In line with the COVID-19 global pandemic measures, with the obligation to stay at home and continue university education online, serious problems have also been encountered regarding the online functioning of interior architecture departments and applied/technical courses in Turkey. The lack of studies on this subject in the literature reveals that there is a serious gap on the subject. In the Drawing courses, which are the backbone of interior architecture education, it has become necessary to develop an education model for digitally assisted teaching in a way that will not lag behind the abilities of traditional methods for the new generation that has born into the digital world. In this context; In the course setup developed for the online Technical Drawing-I course of the 2020-21 fall semester, Antalya Bilim University Department of Interior Architecture and Environmental Design; In the classroom environment, short video recordings were created for tutorial drawings and related mock ups on the whiteboard. These recordings were presented to the students on the YouTube platform. Learning is aimed with the opportunity to watch the videos repetitively, that are designed to show the drawings step by step which are the subject of the lesson. During the live / simultaneous lessons, the lesson taught with traditional drawing methods as a video on YouTube was explained over the CAD and these lessons were recorded and opened to the access of the students. It is aimed to increase the perception of the 3rd dimension by renders of the 3D object or space, where the students see the mock up and hand drawing in the YouTube video, for which the 2D drawing is made in the CAD.

The Application of Aesthetic Variables of Digital Glitch Art for Textile Printing Hanging Designs

We are living in the age recently everything is going to be digital in recent times, so it is not surprise to see the in the digital art, as today art has become another concept as a result of the use of modern programs and media, and this resulted in digital art in all its forms, which gave art the plastic potential that expresses the spirit of this era. Several computer-based drawing programs have appeared, similar to the Adobe series, which help produce high-quality graphics that are short for time and effort, as digital systems are introduced into the computer for processing and transformed into artistic designs, so it has become known as digital arts has emerged, which is the arts that use the computer in the production of works and take their resources From the scanner, which is a method by which a lot of information and data can be entered into the computer To process them and turn them into artistic designs and turn them into an image, such as photographs and Hand drawing. and then modify them, using the latest programs of what has become the talk about Modern Artists Talk about modern artists in the modern era, which led to the use of the latest plastic solutions in different artistic fields and different methods in one After the study, the research has found new solutions that are in line with the spirit of the times in which we live in order for these solutions to be a link between the two fields of art and technology and to confirm the creative interdependence and integration between textile printing design and modern digital technology, considering the design of printed textile hanging fabrics is one of the most important areas of application and making use of them functionally. And aesthetically pleasing, in creating contemporary designs for weaving pendants and drawing inspiration from the decorations of the Nubian house by applying variables of one of the modern forms of digital art, which is the art of Giltch

A Lightweight Processing Method for Hand-Drawn Pressure-Sensitive Trajectories Oriented Toward Web-Based 3D Modeling

Digital geometry processing of hand-drawn pressure-sensitive trajectories oriented toward Web-based three-dimensional (3D) modeling becomes attractive problem. Existing practices usually focus on converting raw trajectories into 3D stroke meshes with consistent line width, which the pressure information can not been fully utilized for denoising, simplification and reflecting realistic graphics of 3D stroke mesh. Also, there are little research on the high quality of trajectory with data transmission fluency and light weight in the Web environment. We propose a lightweight processing method for hand-drawn pressure-sensitive trajectories that is oriented toward Web-based 3D modeling. An angle-chord height united trajectory simplification (ACUTS) algorithm is proposed, in which the discrete points are simplified by comprehensively considering the angle deviation and chord height deviation with the sliding window mechanism. In addition, a lightweight reconstruction algorithm based on pressure -sensitivity for discrete points (LRPDP) is also proposed, in which the pressure value can be fully utilized for simplifying the redundant points while ensuring the reconstructed 3D stroke mesh more realistic. Besides, the experimental results show that compared to some other methods, we perform best in terms of data reduction using compression ratio and reduction percentages. We also perform best in terms of high accuracy of 3D stroke mesh using mean stochastic error distance, local maximum error and total length error. Although the insufficient utilization of the pressure-sensitive information limits our research to some extents, the significance of our research is to provide a new strategy to realize Web-based 3D modeling using hand drawing mode.

Wireless image transmission network: 3D modelling based on 2D hand drawing with sustainable computing

Nowadays, we can describe the world in a variety of ways, such as the original text description form, and then to the voice, image, video and other multimedia forms. All these make the methods of d...

Wireless image transmission network: 3D modelling based on 2D hand drawing with sustainable computing

Wireless image transmission network: 3D modelling based on 2D hand drawing with sustainable computing