Hand Drawing Research Articles

Evaluating Students’ Need in Using Computer Aided Software in Landscape Design Course

Landscape design is one of a course offered in Landscape Programme in higher level education institutions in Malaysia. The objective of this paper is to study and to evaluate students’ need in using computer aided software in landscape design course in Community College in Malaysia. As a well-known fact, landscape design is a course about drawings and most of the teaching techniques involve hand drawing. Hand drawing class seems to be a problem when it comes to the advanced use of technologies nowadays. The emergence of computer aided software in landscape design course appears to provide convenience to students in this course. Furthermore, there are long-term impacts regarding the literacy of using the software after the students finished their college. The survey involves interviews and questionnaires. Questions for interviews were closed questions whereas a set of questionnaire was distributed to 50 respondents involving three (3) Community College in Malaysia which offered Landscape Programme. Findings of the study showed that most of the students think that using computer aided software is convenience and they are significantly need to use the software in landscape design course.

Art via Architecture ‘Lukisan Kajian’ Style in Hybrid Model ‘A+AGPD’: Observation ‘Garisan stroke line’ (gSLine)

This research explores production styles stroke line and pen hatching effects of free hand drawing in 3 dimensional 3(D) illustration drawing called lukisan kajian. The purpose of the study is to compare line hatching effects ‘Garisan stroke line’ (gSLine) between the Art painting drawing with Architecture Graphic Presentation Drawing. Limitation of respondents from the artist's artistic and architectural illustration painter who actively produce illustration 3(D) drawing and reference art book at Malaysian. SIX experts respondents were used as limitation of the study. Issues ‘free hand’ drawing that is not proportion or ‘kejung’ among students of art and architecture ‘under-graduate’ often discussed in journals within and outside Malaysia started in 2007 to 2014. This qualitative research using a phenomenological study design with methodology through triangulation of observation, visual recordings and literature review. Phenomenon (gSLine) was analysed based on the elements of art: line, shape, form, texture and color in creating 3 (D) illustrations lukisan kajian in free hand drawing style. The findings in the literature, find artistic work known as lukisan pengkaryaan. The paintings drawing by artist illustration graphics architecture, graphics known as lukisan perekaan. The findings of the SIX respondents found that there are three differences (gSLine) between the two disciplines of visual art which in the proportion (visualization), emotion (emosi) and aesthetic (estetik) which are summarized as (dVEE). Research findings found that 4 difference in the quality of the line drawings lukisan perekaan. The findings of the study were collected in order to produce a hybrid model of researchers ‘Art + Architecture Graphic Presentation Drawing’ (A + AGPD). The study used case study in order to production model process (gSLine) in explaining the ‘how’ a 3 (D) illustration lukisan kajian (dVEE) can be produced.Architectural Graphics Presentation Drawing(AGPD): Free hand drawing in architectural style by using the medium dry like wet ink pen or felt-tip pen charcoal pencil or water color tools.Lukisan Kajian’ or Study drawing. According to (Richard Box,Denis John-Naylor,Carole Massey 2012) study drawings is a type of drawings to study the shape of the object for research purposes. Custom drawings objects study examines the subject of plants and natural forms. Research will also explore the concept intensity of color and 3 (D) form with color tone of the concentration for the purpose of explaining the objects that are in the foreground or background setting in the middle of the back.

Sistema de control y supervisión de un compresor de aire utilizando dispositivos móviles con sistema operativo Android y protocolo de comunicación Bluetooth

El articulo sintetiza el trabajo desarrollado al interior del grupo Macryp que consistió en el diseñó e implementación de un sistema de control y supervisión para un compresor de aire por medio de dispositivos móviles con sistema operativo Android, utilizando el protocolo de comunicación inalámbrica bluetooth. Permitiendo abordar temáticas relacionadas con los sistemas de telecontrol y aportando a usos industriales con tecnologías abiertas y flexibles. La tendencia global se está centrando en la evolución tecnológica de dispositivos móviles donde existen aplicaciones en la medicina, biología y otras ciencias que vienen realizando apropiación del conocimiento en su campo laboral, por esta razón para el desarrollo de este proyecto se trabajo bajo la metodología de proyecto factible y se apropio de un tema global en un contexto local. Las variables supervisadas y controlados fueron temperatura, presión de aire, velocidad, corriente, voltaje y potencia. Controlando los parámetros de Encendido y apagado de la maquina eléctrica, cambio de giro del motor, potencia y presión máxima acumulada en el tanque de almacenamiento del compresor.

Hand drawing of pencil electrodes on paper platforms for contactless conductivity detection of inorganic cations in human tear samples using electrophoresis chips.

This paper describes for the first time the fabrication of pencil drawn electrodes (PDE) on paper platforms for capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detection (C(4) D) on electrophoresis microchips. PDE-C(4) D devices were attached on PMMA electrophoresis chips and used for detection of K(+) and Na(+) in human tear samples. PDE-C(4) D devices were produced on office paper and chromatographic paper platforms and their performance were thoroughly investigated using a model mixture containing K(+) , Na(+) , and Li(+) . In comparison with chromatographic paper, PDE-C(4) D fabricated on office paper has exhibited better performance due to its higher electrical conductivity. Furthermore, the detector response was similar to that recorded with electrodes prepared with copper adhesive tape. The fabrication of PDE-C(4) D on office paper has offered great advantages including extremely low cost (< $ 0.004 per unit), reduced fabrication time (< 5 min), and minimal instrumentation (pencil and paper). The proposed electrodes demonstrated excellent analytical performance with good reproducibility. For an inter-PDE comparison (n = 7), the RSD values for migration time, peak area, and separation efficiency were lower than 2.5, 10.5, and 14%, respectively. The LOD's achieved for K(+) , Na(+) , and Li(+) were 4.9, 6.8, and 9.0 μM, respectively. The clinical feasibility of the proposed approach was successfully demonstrated with the quantitative analysis of K(+) and Na(+) in tear samples. The concentration levels found for K(+) and Na(+) were, respectively, 20.8 ± 0.1 mM and 101.2 ± 0.1 mM for sample #1, and 20.4 ± 0.1 mM and 111.4 ± 0.1 mM for sample #2.

Architectural Drawing - An Animate Field

Architectural drawing is changing because architects today draw with computers. Due to this change digital diagrams employed by computational architectural practices are often emphasized as powerful structures of control and organisation in the design process. But there are also diagrams, which do not follow computational logic worth paying attention to. In the following I will investigate one such other kind of diagram, a sketch diagram, which has a play-like capacity where rules can be invented and changed as you go. In that way, sketch diagrams are related to steered indeterminacy and authorial ways of directing behaviour of artefacts and living things without controlling this behaviour completely. I analyse a musical composition by John Cage as an example of a sketch diagram, and then hypothesize that orthogonal, architectural drawing can work in similar ways. Thereby I hope to point out important affordance of architectural drawing as a ¬hybrid between the openness of hand-sketching and the rule-basedness of diagramming, an affordance which might be useful in the migrational zone of current architectural drawing where traditional hand drawing techniques and computer drawing techniques are being combined with each other.

The Location of Computer Aided Drawing and Hand Drawing on Design and Presentation in the Interior Design Education

There are many different definitions and approaches about the concept of design. According to most researches; design is a problem solving process and some researchers reported that it is decision making process and according to others it is a process of trial and error. But the most basic definition; design is think and reflect it to the paper. The goal of design education is; make students which original and critical thinking, have aesthetic perception and creative individuals. Accordingly this in the disciplinary that gives design education must develop through the direction of creativity of education approach. Design is a process and in this process and a fact that cannot be ignored is the presence of two different methods in the presentation. The aim is examination of two different implementation methods and reveals new findings about interior design and presentation process. The study is evaluation of first, second, third, and fourth class student's hand and computer drawing in the design and presentation process. The aim is determine and compare the method's easy aspects, hard aspects, similarities and differences. The study was supported by surveys to be applied to the students.

HEI–LO Model: A Grounded Theory Approach to Assess Digital Drawing Tools

This paper compares the efficacy of four digital drawing tools—mouse, iPad, Wacom Cintiq, and Bamboo1—when measured by user perception of technical and esthetic quality outcomes. The tools were assessed through the experiences of 20 senior–level undergraduate students majoring in interior design. The results indicate the mouse was preferred overall, contradicting previous studies showing students’ preference for digital drawing tablets. However, as we show, drawing is an affordance–based interaction that is influenced by participants’ prior experience with both hand and digital drawing tools. We therefore propose a grounded–theory model underscoring the importance of hand–eye–interface (HEI) and layout and orientation (LO) in supporting successful introduction of any new drawing tool. Further implications of the HEI–LO model suggest facilitating learning with multiple opportunities to use a wide range of tools to embed experiences in long–term memory, strengthen learned conventions, and promote positive affordances for both hand and digital media.

A Critical Look at the Digital Technologies in Architectural Education: When, where, and how?

In the past decade, architectural education has seen an increasing amount of digital technologies being involved in the design studio curricula. Following the trends in the profession, these various technologies of computer aided drafting, enumerating, modeling, and analysis became not only key pedagogical nodes in the design studio, but also started to shape the overall curricular structure of architectural education as they also needed to be implemented as support courses in order to compensate the learning curves and the number of software available to architects. These digital technologies range from one end of simple drafting, conventional three dimensional modeling, and more sophisticated animation of buildings with a computer, to the other end of inventing new tectonic and spatial geometries using parametric computations. In this context, it will be unrealistic to argue against teaching and using digital technologies in architectural education. When one thinks how the profession has evolved in the past decade, it is necessary to embrace these tools in the architectural curriculum. However, a discussion that has not been clearly resolved is when, where, and how these digital tools are thought and used in the architectural education. My paper argues that the conventional tools of hand drawing, physical modeling, and hand making should be embraced in the foundational levels, and the digital tools should be introduced after developing a certain set of skills of one-to-one physical making where a sense of tectonic resolution, scale, and spatial experience is cultivated as a basis of architectural thinking with digital tools. In what follows, I will discuss this viewpoint through examples from architectural design studio education in the United States and in Turkey.

Two-Dimensional Rubber-Hand Illusion: The Dorian Gray Hand Illusion.

The rubber-hand illusion provides a window into body representation and consciousness. It has been found that body-ownership extended to numerous hand-like objects. Interestingly, the vast majority of these objects were three-dimensional. We adopted this paradigm by using hand drawings to investigate whether rubber-hand illusion could be extended to two-dimensional hand samples, and we measured skin conductance responses and behavioural variables. The fact that this illusion extended to two-dimensional stimuli reveals the dominant role of top-down information on visual perception for body representation and consciousness.

図・絵を描く：Back to the Future？

図・絵を描く：Back to the Future？

"To Design" or "To Draw": Two Different Verbs, Two Different Abilities, One Result

The paper aims to put forward an etymological and neurological difference between ‘designing’ and ‘drawing’. Taking into account the theory of the left and right side of the brain, it explains how ‘to design’ and ‘to draw’ belong to different abilities. This difference is crucial to the understanding of space and form; geometry. The paper considers the use of hand drawing and physical model making as crucial to comprehend the essence of design. Design is taken as the cognitive, thinking experience not an end result. Technical drawing however is a mathematical procedure thus can be done without the understanding of how to design, the result. It will follow to explain the importance of the design process as a hand drawn/modelled tool in the first years of a design related degree. It will also challenge quick and easy CAD programmes like Sketch-up. Finally, the paper will try to compare the ideas of other scholars in the fields of design, art and architecture with our own experience. Whereas keeping to the premises of a pedagogical approach of learning by doing, in which cognitive and personal learning is expected and enhanced, theoretical and critical understanding will balance the relation of both: the creative and the rational; ‘to design’ and ‘to draw’.

Prehistoric bedrock features: recent advances in 3D characterization and geometrical analyses

Bedrock features such as hewn mortars, cupmarks and cupules are known around the world. In the Levant they first appear in Natufian sites (ca. 15,500–11,500 Cal BP), in large numbers and a wide variety. Traditional archaeological documentation was commonly limited to hand drawing and general photography. In order to better document these features and provide a high-resolution analysis platform, we hereby introduce a protocol based on photogrammetry, 3D modeling and geometrical characterization even of the deepest features. As case studies, we analyze a deep narrow mortar and a bowl-like mortar from the Natufian site of Raqefet Cave, Mt. Carmel, Israel. Using 20 images per feature was sufficient to create a 3D model for each, with a millimeter level of accuracy. We then characterized each by measurements of volume, shape, vertical and horizontal reflective symmetries. The method offers quick and affordable in-field archaeological recording apparatus, facilitating the derivation of high-resolution 3D models. Using the method provides new avenues for bedrock features documentation and analyses, both on intra- and inter-site levels.

Intermediate Stage Build of Sheet Metal in Progressive Die Design

Intermediate stage build of Multi-station progressive die is to get intermediate configuration of every station and blank by unfolding product configuration reversely. It needs complicated hand computation and drawing to design intermediate stage with traditional method. In this paper, NX PDW module is used to finish the work. According to the shape of sheet metal, parts are simply classified into three types, and for different type of sheet metal part, different method to unfold the product configuration is discussed. The process of building intermediate stage with PDW is intuitive, timesaving, and also easy to modify.

Microsoft Word Application in Sports Drawing

In some sports teaching materials or teaching, often there will be some pictures, its performance can be all kinds of sports action, may be the arrangement of the queue formation, it is possible that a variety of stadium (e.g., football field, basketball court, volleyball court, etc.), the information displayed in the graphic way, can give a person the sense with image, concrete, compared with the language description, pictures can let students or teachers to understand more, and better learning all kinds of sports knowledge. In sports drawing, past is hand draw, but the way to form a single, and the low efficiency of drawing; Along with the rapid development of computer technology, software, tools, begins to be applied to teaching, such as Microsoft Word is used in the drawing, it to a certain extent, improve the efficiency and quality of sports drawing. In view of this, the article will be the concept of sports drawing is discussed and the requirements and characteristics, and points out that the use of Microsoft Word in the athletic drawing software.

Famous lines in history: Blaschko lines.

The lines of Blaschko describe a linear pattern of distribution of various congenital, nevoid, andacquiredskindisorderswith their suspectedembryological origins not yet well understood. These lines were painstakingly and thoroughly documented first by German dermatologist AlfredBlaschko.Blaschkowas the sonof aphysician andwasborn in 1858 in Freienwalde and died in 1922 in Berlin. He was a private practitioner in Berlin, where his dermatologic interests ranged from dermatitis herpetiformis, leprosy, and, later in his career, occupational skin diseases to social hygiene and venereal diseases. Blaschko studied the distribution of various nevoid disorders, such as epidermal and sebaceous nevi, aswell as acquired disorders, such as linear psoriasis, eczema, lichen planus, lichen simplex chronicus, and scleroderma. He transposed the pattern of these lesions in more than 140 patients onto dolls and statues and eventually produced complete illustrations of his famous lines all over thebody.His findingswere published in 1901 as a supplement to the Proceedings of the German Dermatological Society’smeeting held inBreslau that year. Thepublication included 26 pages of hand drawings, the first 9 of which were illustrations of herpes zoster. Although we now know that zoster follows the distributionof cutaneousdermatomesandnotBlaschko lines, the2distributions were commonly confused at the time. In 1902, Blaschko helped in the founding of the German Society for the Fight against Venereal Diseases alongwith Albert Neisser, a leading expert in venereology and the discoverer of theNeisseria gonorrhoeae bacterium. He served as general secretary for the organization and led efforts to educate the public regarding venereal diseases by distributing pamphlets and leaflets, organizing lectures all over the country, offering seminars for teachers, and lobbying for sex education in classes. After reviewingBlaschko’swritingsduringthis time,RobertJackson,who in 1976 published a detailed review of Blaschko’s seminal findings, suggests hewas perhaps among the first advocates of thewomen’s liberationmovement. For instance, inanaddress in 1903Blaschkoargued that the best form of prophylaxis against venereal disease was improvement of the economic condition of women, which would only be possible in agenuinely freeanddemocratic state. In 1913, he counteredprevious legislative efforts to ban advertising for contraceptives by calling these efforts extremely dangerous, and championed the “recommendationofprophylacticsuntil thewholepopulation is fully informed from the onset of puberty.” Clearly,Blaschko’s legacy isas impressive forhisdiligentworkasadermatologistandeminenteyeforpatternrecognitionasit isforhiscourageous championing of social health reforms at the turn of the 20th century.

Hand-Painted Curve Fitting Method Based on NURBS Curve

In hand-drawn graphics modeling method, the input to the system free hand draw curve is the first step in modeling. Effective fitting the curve of the input is the key to modeling effect is good or bad. For noise, free shape features of hand-painted curve, presents a method of using NURBS curve fitting of hand-painted curves. Experiments show that using NURBS hand-drawn curve fitting, the fitting effect is good, easy to modify, for later use of curve, not only can be used in hand-painted curve modeling system, can also be applied to the mainstream way of WIMP modeling system.

An Ecological Observation on Inland water Ecosystem in Erbil –Iraq Kurdistan with particular reference to blue green algae Glaucospira

Regular sampling for six months from January to July 2012 were taken in small, shallow, perennial, standing ponds near the Greater Zab River, Gwer district, Erbil. A variety of physicochemical parameters were determined. Air and water temperature were falling between 15.2 - 34.7 ? C and 15.5 and 26.5 ?C. The waters are neutral (pH 7.38-8.27), hard, alkaline, salty, high in TDS and EC (892-966?S/cm, and rich in nutrients (NO3: 2.1-4.1mg/l, PO4: 0.33-0.62 mg / l , SO4: 24.7-80.2 mg / l ). The attention fixed on a filamentous blue- green algae Glaucospira Lagerheim, 1982) which is new to Iraqi flora. It is a filament (trichome), solitary, pale or yellowish blue – green, without sheath, Screw like coiled, motile, some of them are actively motile. In this study nine species were identified, classified and described with their original and hand drawing, photo vis.; Glaucospira sp.: syn. Spirulina abreviata Lemm. ex Kleb. and Lemm. , G. agilissima Lag., G. laxissima G.S.West syn.: Spirulina laxissima f. major Des., Glaucospira sp. syn.: Spirulina tenuior Lag.,Glaucospira sp. Syn.: Spirulina corakiana Playf., Glaucospira sp.syn.: Sprulina nodosa Scham. Glaucospira sp. syn.: Spilurina baltica Mart.,Glaucospira sp. Syn.: Spirulina magnifica Cop. And Glaucospira sp. syn.: Spirulina subtilissima Mostly they are from Spiralina Turpin ex Gomont.

An Ecological Observation on Inland water Ecosystem in Erbil –Iraq Kurdistan with particular reference to blue green algae Glaucospira

Regular sampling for six months from January to July 2012 were taken in small, shallow, perennial, standing ponds near the Greater Zab River, Gwer district, Erbil. A variety of physicochemical parameters were determined. Air and water temperature were falling between 15.2 - 34.7 ? C and 15.5 and 26.5 ?C. The waters are neutral (pH 7.38-8.27), hard, alkaline, salty, high in TDS and EC (892-966?S/cm, and rich in nutrients (NO3: 2.1-4.1mg/l, PO4: 0.33-0.62 mg / l , SO4: 24.7-80.2 mg / l ). The attention fixed on a filamentous blue- green algae Glaucospira Lagerheim, 1982) which is new to Iraqi flora. It is a filament (trichome), solitary, pale or yellowish blue – green, without sheath, Screw like coiled, motile, some of them are actively motile. In this study nine species were identified, classified and described with their original and hand drawing, photo vis.; Glaucospira sp.: syn. Spirulina abreviata Lemm. ex Kleb. and Lemm. , G. agilissima Lag., G. laxissima G.S.West syn.: Spirulina laxissima f. major Des., Glaucospira sp. syn.: Spirulina tenuior Lag.,Glaucospira sp. Syn.: Spirulina corakiana Playf., Glaucospira sp.syn.: Sprulina nodosa Scham. Glaucospira sp. syn.: Spilurina baltica Mart.,Glaucospira sp. Syn.: Spirulina magnifica Cop. And Glaucospira sp. syn.: Spirulina subtilissima Mostly they are from Spiralina Turpin ex Gomont.

The Place of Hand Drawing and Computer Aided Design in Interior Design Education

People have to live indoors. Whilst designing the livable interiors, providing suitable functions for these places is gaining importance. In order to design interiors which can give good service, it is necessary to have well-educated interior architects. At this point, the importance of education is an undeniable fact. One of the most important developments, especially in recent years, was the introduction of computers in the design process and the emergence of the concept of computer aided design. This study focuses on the process of finding a solution composed of three-dimensional sketches and modelling. It involved the students who had completed 2 years of education and had started only the 3rd class. The solution phase analyzes the methods used for two-dimensional hand drawing and computer drawing compared with and three-dimensional narrative.

High-throughput image analysis of tumor spheroids: a user-friendly software application to measure the size of spheroids automatically and accurately.

The increasing number of applications of three-dimensional (3D) tumor spheroids as an in vitro model for drug discovery requires their adaptation to large-scale screening formats in every step of a drug screen, including large-scale image analysis. Currently there is no ready-to-use and free image analysis software to meet this large-scale format. Most existing methods involve manually drawing the length and width of the imaged 3D spheroids, which is a tedious and time-consuming process. This study presents a high-throughput image analysis software application – SpheroidSizer, which measures the major and minor axial length of the imaged 3D tumor spheroids automatically and accurately; calculates the volume of each individual 3D tumor spheroid; then outputs the results in two different forms in spreadsheets for easy manipulations in the subsequent data analysis. The main advantage of this software is its powerful image analysis application that is adapted for large numbers of images. It provides high-throughput computation and quality-control workflow. The estimated time to process 1,000 images is about 15 min on a minimally configured laptop, or around 1 min on a multi-core performance workstation. The graphical user interface (GUI) is also designed for easy quality control, and users can manually override the computer results. The key method used in this software is adapted from the active contour algorithm, also known as Snakes, which is especially suitable for images with uneven illumination and noisy background that often plagues automated imaging processing in high-throughput screens. The complimentary “Manual Initialize” and “Hand Draw” tools provide the flexibility to SpheroidSizer in dealing with various types of spheroids and diverse quality images. This high-throughput image analysis software remarkably reduces labor and speeds up the analysis process. Implementing this software is beneficial for 3D tumor spheroids to become a routine in vitro model for drug screens in industry and academia.