Group Iv Research Articles

Value of Gamma-Glutamyl Transpeptidase for Diagnosis of Biliary Atresia by Correlation With Age.

The aim of the study was to analyze the value of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) for distinguishing biliary atresia (BA) from non-BA for patients suspected of having neonatal obstructive jaundice by correlation with age. From January 2003 to March 2014, cholangiography and/or surgical exploration were undertaken in 1469 patients with suspicion of having neonatal obstructive jaundice. A total of 1338 patients were diagnosed with BA intraoperatively. Preoperative medical records were compared between BA and non-BA patients. Preoperative levels of total bilirubin, direct bilirubin, and GGT were significantly higher in the BA group (P < 0.05), whereas the non-BA group had higher alkaline phosphatase levels (P = 0.0003). The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of total bilirubin, direct bilirubin, GGT, and alkaline phosphatase was 0.584, 0.614, 0.843, and 0.398, respectively. In all age groups (i: 31-60 days; ii: 61-90 days; iii: 91-120 days; iv: ≥121 days), BA groups had higher GGT levels (in IU/L) (i: 725.3 ± 549.9; ii: 927.0 ± 679.8; iii: 1114.3 ± 823.1; iv: 767.5 ± 666.7). The level of GGT in patients with BA younger than 30 days was 834.2 ± 475.3 IU/L. GGT levels had the highest diagnostic value (0.869) in group ii (61-90 days) and the lowest diagnosis value (0.712) in group iv (≥121 days). At a cutoff of >303 IU/L in group ii (61-90 days), GGT had 82.8% sensitivity and 81.6% specificity for the discrimination of BA. GGT levels contribute to the diagnosis of BA before 120 days. Age must be considered if using GGT levels as a diagnostic test for BA.

A Comparison of the Efficacy of a Primerless Orthodontic Bonding Adhesive as Compared to Conventional Materials: an Invitro Study

Abstract Introduction: Light cured composite resins have become the method of choice in orthodontic bonding procedures worldwide. In recent years, a new primerless orthodontic bonding composite, Heloisit with good bond strength, fluoride release and an advantage of not requiring use of a primer has been introduced. Aims: To compare the bonding characteristics of commonly available self and light cured adhesives with primerless system. Materials and Methods: One hundred twenty extracted human premolar teeth were mounted on similar sized aluminium blocks and were divided into four groups of thirty teeth each. All teeth were bonded with four different bonding systems Group i) Light Cured Primerless orthodontic Composite (Heliosit®, Ivoclar Vivadent, Schaan, Liechtenstein), Group ii) Light Cured Composite Resin (Transbond XT®, 3M Unitek), Group iii) Light Cured GIC (GC Fuji Ortho LC®, GC Corp.), Group iv) Self Cured Composite Resin (Rely-A-Bond®, Reliance, Inc., Illinois, USA) using metallic premolar first premolar brackets (0.022” Ortho Organizers). These were evaluated for shear bond strength using an Instron testing machine. Surface characteristics after debonding were studied under scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and evaluated using the adhesive remnant index (AR Index). Results: Shear bond strength (SBS) of primerless orthodontic light cured Heliosit® composite was clinically significant and adequate for clinical use. It lies intermediate to Transbond XT light-cured composite and Light Cured GIC. The least bond strength was shown by Rely-a-Bond® self-cured composite resin. Conclusions: Heliosit® light cured primerless orthodontic composite can be used for everyday clinical use due to its ideal characteristics of sufficient bond strength and reduced chances of enamel damage at debonding. Additionally, it is primerless and saves valuable clinical time.

Estructura de la comunidad ictioplanctónica en la laguna de Tamiahua, Veracruz, México

Tamiahua Lagoon is the third largest lagoon in Mexico. In the last decade their 2 inlets have been dredged and their jetties re-built to maintain constant communication with the sea, allowing the free flow of species. Zooplankton samplings were performed in 22 stations during the months of February, May, August and November of 2011, with a standard net of 500 microns. Simultaneously, salinity and surface temperature were measured. Forty species belonging to 37 genera and 19 families of fish were determined. Lutjanus campechanus, Chasmodes bosquianus, Ctenogobius shufeldti, Microgobius thalassinus and Citharichthys arctifrons are new records for this lagoon. The dominant species were Anchoa mitchilli, Lagodon rhomboides, Membras martinica, Lupinoblennius nicholsi, Ctenogobius boleosoma and Brevoortia gunteri. In February the species richness (26) was the highest one due to the entry of marine species, while diversity was low (2.13) due to the abundance of L. rhomboides, A. mitchilli and B. gunteri, of the group iv in the dendrogram of association of larvae. The larval composition from the Tamiahua lagoon presented a similarity of 61% when compared to previous years, before the dredging of the Tampachichi inlet.

Patho-morphological studies on combined toxicity of pendimethalin and cadmium chloride and its amelioration in broiler chicks

The present study was carried out to elucidate the effects of pendimethalin and cadmium chloride on patho-morphological changes in various organs of broiler chicks and their amelioration by vitamin E, selenium and turmeric. Seventy two day old broiler chicks of either sex were randomly divided into six groups, viz groups I to VI, each comprising of 12 birds. Group I: control and given basal diet; Group II: Group I + cadmium chloride @ 500 ppm + pendimethalin @ 1000 ppm; Group III: Group I + cadmium chloride and pendimethalin each @1000 ppm; Group IV: Group II + vitamin E-Selenium @125 mg/kg; Group V: Group IV + Turmeric @ 0.5%; Group VI: Group IV + Turmeric @ 1%. Six birds from each group were sacrificed randomly at 21 and 42 days post exposure and their gross and microscopic alterations in liver, kidney, lungs, heart, gizzard, bursa and thymus were recorded. The main target organs affected were kidney, liver, heart, lung and bursa of Fabricius. Grossly, haemorrhages and fatty changes were observed in combined toxicity groups (500ppm and 1000ppm cadmiumchloride along with pendimethalin) and in the vitamin E-selenium alone group in the 6th week of toxicity. It is proposed that combined toxicity at higher concentration causes severe degenerative changes and ameliorative effects of vitamin E-selenium along with turmeric were meager. The ameliorative effect of turmeric was best observed in sub-acute toxicity of 21 days at 1% conc. Turmeric at 1% conc. did not show any reparative changes in chronic toxicity of 42 days.

Comparative evaluation of the efficacy of fluoride varnish and casein phosphopeptide - Amorphous calcium phosphate in reducing Streptococcus mutans counts in dental plaque of children: An in vivo study.

Aim:To assess the comparative efficacy of fluoride varnish and casein phosphopeptide–amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP–ACP) complex visa viz. Streptococcus mutans in plaque, and thereby the role that these two agents could play in the prevention of dental caries.Materials and Methods:A cluster sample of 120 caries inactive individuals belonging to moderate and high caries risk group were selected from 3–5-year-old age group based on the criteria given by Krassee and were randomized to four groups, namely, fluoride varnish – Group I, CPP–ACP complex – Group II, mixture of CPP–ACP complex –Gourp III, and fluoride and routine oral hygiene procedures as control – Group IV. The results thus obtained were analyzed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 16.Results:A statistically significant difference in the pre and post-application scores of S. mutans (P < 0.01) count was observed in all the groups with CPP–ACP plus fluoride group being the most proficient.Conclusion:Materials such as fluoride varnish, CPP–ACP, and CPP–ACP plus fluoride protects the tooth structure, preserving the integrity of primary dentition, with the most encouraging results being with CPP–ACP plus fluoride.

Neuroprotective effect of centella asiatica leaves extract on substantia Nigra neurons -a quantitative study in mice

Centella asiatica is a small medicinal herb, growing in damp soil. In Ayurvedic medicine, Centella asiatica is used extensively as brain tonic to enhance learning and memory power. In the present study, the neuroprotective role of Centella asiatica (CeA) leaf extract on substantia nigra neurons against stress induced neurodegeneration in mice was investigated. Mice were divided into four groups and treated as follows: (i) Normal control (NC) - remained undisturbed in the cage, (ii) Saline control (SC) - treated with saline, (iii) Stressed group (S) – remained in the restrainer for 6 hours/day for 6 weeks, (iv) Stress + Centella asiatica treated group (S+CeA) - stressed and received orally CeA leaf extract throughout the stress period (n=6 in all groups). After 6 weeks, brain was removed and processed for Golgi staining. Substantia nigra neurons were traced using camera lucida focused at 400X magnification. The concentric circle method of Sholl was used to quantify the dendrites. The results showed less number of dendritic branching points and dendritic intersections in stressed group. On the other hand, the number of dendritic branching points and dendritic intersections of substantia nigra neurons in group (iv) were significantly more. The results conclude that, oral intubation of centella asiatica leaves extract increased dendritic branching points and dendritic intersections of substantia nigra neurons. Keywords: Restraint stress, Substantia nigra, Dendritic branching points, Dendritic intersections

Efecto de la infusión de esmolol sobre la necesidad de anestesia en el intraoperatorio y analgesia, náuseas y vómito en el postoperatorio en un grupo de pacientes sometidos a la colecistectomía laparoscópica

PurposePostoperative pain and nausea/vomitting (PNV) are common in laparoscopic cholecystectomy patients. Sympatholytic agents might decrease requirements for intravenous or inhalation anesthetics and opioids. In this study we aimed to analyze effects of esmolol on intraoperative anesthetic-postoperative analgesic requirements, postoperative pain and PNV. MethodsSixty patients have been included. Propofol, remifentanil and vecuronium were used for induction. Study groups were as follows; i – Esmolol infusion was added to maintenance anesthetics (propofol and remifentanil), ii – Only propofol and remifentanil was used during maintenance, iii – Esmolol infusion was added to maintenance anesthetics (desflurane and remifentanil), iv – Only desflurane and remifentanil was used during maintenance. They have been followed up for 24h for PNV and analgesic requirements. Visual analog scale scores for pain was also been evaluated. ResultsVisual analog scale scores were significantly lowest in group i (P=0.001-0.028). PNV incidence was significantly lowest in group i (P=0.026). PNV incidence was also lower in group iii compared to group IV (P=0.032). Analgesic requirements were significantly lower in group I and was lower in group iii compared to group iv (P=0.005). Heart rates were significantly lower in esmolol groups (group i and iii) compared to their controls (P=0.001) however blood pressures were similar in all groups (P=0.594). Comparison of esmolol groups with controls revealed that there is a significant decrease in anesthetic and opioid requirements (P=0.024-0.03). ConclusionUsing esmolol during anesthetic maintenance significantly decreases anesthetic-analgesic requirements, postoperative pain and PNV.

The Effect of N. Acetylcysteine and Ginger on Acetic Acid Induced Colitis in Adult Male Albino Rat: Histological, Immunohistochemical and Morphometric Study

Background: Idiopathic Inflammatory bowel diseases remain chronic progressive major health problem with no effective line of treatment. The aim of this work is to study the protective effects of both N. acetylcysteine (NAC) and ginger in acetic acid induced colitis model. Material and methods: Fifty adult male Sprague Dawley albino rats were divided into five groups: control group (GI), group II (GII); acetic acid induced colitis group performed by giving 4% acetic acid intrarectally, group III (GIII); NAC treated rats from colitis, group IV (GIV); Ginger treated rats from colitis, and group V (GV); combined NAC and ginger treated rats from colitis. NAC and ginger were given by orogastric gavage. Histological and immunohistochemical studies using PCNA and i.NOS antibodies and morphometric analysis were performed. Results: Colitis model group (GII) showed extensive inflammatory degenerative changes including mucosal ulceration, sloughing of epithelial cells, decreased goblet cell number and inflammatory cellular infiltration with enhanced mucosal and submucosal fibrotic changes. Also, it showed decreased PCNA positive cells and increased inflammatory i.NOS immunoexpression. NAC mildly decreased the fibrotic changes, however, ginger clearly restored the structural degenerative changes with an obvious increase in PCNA and reduction of i.NOS immunoexpression. Moreover, the colitis group, treated with both NAC and ginger, revealed the best regenerative effects. Conclusion: Ginger showed superior protective effects than NAC as an anti-inflammmatory agent and a stimulant of epithelial regeneration.

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Objectives Preeclampsia (PE) and IUGR share common pathomechanisms. Recently, we reported on serum lipid concentrations in both conditions in the early-onset form of PE before 34 weeks of gestation (Pecks et al., 2012). Subtle changes of triglyceride concentrations were noticed in PE while a significant decrease in LDL levels was found in IUGR subjects when compared to a control group (CTRL). We now aimed to extend our lipid analysis within our cohort to gain a deeper understanding of lipid metabolism and its role in the pathogenesis of both diseases. Methods Serum of (i) PE, (ii) PE with IUGR, and (iii) normotensive IUGR each n = 10 was matched to a CTRL group (iv, n = 30). HDL, IDL, LDL, VLDL were isolated by sequential preparative ultracentrifugation. Esterified and non-esterified cholesterol, phospholipid, and triglyceride concentrations were determined in each fraction. Statistical analysis was done using 2-way ANOVA. Results No significant difference between the case groups and CTRL could be observed in the HDL fraction. In the IDL fraction triglyceride levels were higher in PE as compared to CTRL. Within the LDL fraction esterified and non-esterified cholesterol and phospholipid levels were lower in IUGR and IUGR + PE. Within the VLDL fraction triglycerides were higher in all three case groups as compared to CTRL (table). Conclusions Our results suggest a disturbed conversion of VLDL to LDL is involved in both IUGR and preeclampsia. Triglyceride metabolism appears to be most affected in preeclampsia whereas cholesterol metabolism is disturbed in IUGR irrespectively of additional preeclampsia. One has to carefully separate all three entities to avoid misinterpretation. Disclosures U. Pecks: None. B. Winkler: None. T. Goecke: None. N. Maass: None. C. Contini: None. K. Winkler: None.

Efectos de la dexmedetomidina en conjunto con el precondicionamiento isquémico remoto en la lesión de isquemia-reperfusión renal en ratones

Background and objectivesThe aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of remote ischemic preconditioning by brief ischemia of unilateral hind limb when combined with dexmedetomidine on renal ischemia-reperfusion injury by histopathology and active caspase-3 immunoreactivity in rats. Methods28 Wistar albino male rats were divided into 4 groups. Group I (Sham, n=7): laparotomy and renal pedicle dissection were performed at 65th minute of anesthesia and the rats were observed under anesthesia for 130min. Group II (ischemia-reperfusion, n=7): at 65th minute of anesthesia bilateral renal pedicles were clamped. After 60min ischemia 24h of reperfusion was performed. Group III (ischemia-reperfusion+dexmedetomidine, n=7): at the fifth minute of reperfusion (100μg/kg intra-peritoneal) dexmedetomidine was administered with ischemia-reperfusion group; reperfusion lasted 24h. Group IV (ischemia-reperfusion+remote ischemic preconditioning+dexmedetomidine, n=7): after laparotomy, three cycles of ischemic preconditioning (10min ischemia and 10min reperfusion) were applied to the left hind limb and after 5min with group iii. ResultsHistopathological injury scores and active caspase-3 immunoreactivity were significantly lower in the Sham group compared to the other groups. Histopathological injury scores in groups iii and iv were significantly lower than group ii (P=.03 and P=.05). Active caspase-3 immunoreactivity was significantly lower in the group iv than group ii (P=.01) and there was no significant difference between group ii and group iii (P=.06). ConclusionsPharmacologic conditioning with dexmedetomidine and remote ischemic preconditioning when combined with dexmedetomidine significantly decreases renal ischemia-reperfusion injury histomorphologically. Combined use of two methods prevents apoptosis via active caspase-3.

Peritoneal Potassium and pH Measurement in Early Diagnosis of Acute Mesenteric Ischemia in Rats.

Background:In contemporary practice, acute mesenteric ischemia (AMI) remains a serious cause of morbidity and mortality in abdominal emergencies.Objectives:We report the measurement of peritoneal fluid potassium and pH on a small series of rats that developed extensive AMI following the surgical ligation of superior mesenteric vessels and compare the results with control groups.Materials and Methods:A total of 32 rats were used in our study. They were divided into four groups with eight rats in each one and received following treatments: group I (G-I), 60-minute controls; group II (G-II), 120-minute controls; group III (G-III), 60-minute cases; and group IV (G-IV), 120-minute cases. In case groups, the small bowel mesenteric root was double-ligated and an arrow single-lumen central venous catheter was passed through the skin to the peritoneum. In control groups, the catheter was placed without any intervention. Postoperatively, peritoneal lavage was performed at 60 (G-I, G-III) and 120 minutes (G-II, G-IV).Results:The mean peritoneal potassium values were 1.3 ± 0.3, 1.97 ± 1.06, 2.14 ± 0.89, and 3.28 ± 0.66 mmol/L in G-I, G-II, G-III, and G-IV, respectively. There were significant differences between G-III and G-IV (P = 0.002), between G-I and G-III (P = 0.024), and between G-II and G-IV (P = 0.001). The mean values of peritoneal fluid pH were 7.1 ± 0.26, 6.82 ± 0.22, 6.66 ± 0.16, and 6.78 ± 0.04 in G-I, G-II, G-III, and G-IV, respectively, which indicated significant differences between G-I and G-III (P = 0.001) and between G-II and G-IV (P = 0.018). There was a significant correlation between peritoneal fluid potassium and intestine ischemic grade (F = 4.77, P = 0.048)ConclusionsOur findings show that for early detection of bowel ischemia, an evaluation of intraperitoneal potassium and pH was useful and with prolongation of ischemia, potassium changes were more significant.

Inhibition of form-deprivation myopia by a GABAAOr receptor antagonist, (1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridin-4-yl) methylphosphinic acid (TPMPA), in guinea pigs.

To investigate the effects of the relatively selective GABAAOr receptor antagonist (1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridin-4-yl) methylphosphinic acid (TPMPA) on form-deprivation myopia (FDM) in guinea pigs. A diffuser was applied monocularly to 30 guinea pigs from day 10 to 21. The animals were randomized to one of five treatment groups. The deprived eye received daily sub-conjunctival injections of 100 μl TPMPA at a concentration of (i) 0.03 %, ( ii) 0.3 %, or (iii) 1 %, a fourth group (iv) received saline injections, and another (v) no injections. The fellow eye was left untreated. An additional group received no treatment to either eye. Prior to and at the end of the treatment period, refraction and ocular biometry were performed. Visual deprivation produced relative myopia in all groups (treated versus untreated eyes, P < 0.05). The amount of myopia was significantly affected by the drug treatment (one-way ANOVA, P < 0.0001); myopia was less in deprived eyes receiving either 0.3 % or 1 % TPMPA (saline = -4.38 ± 0.57D, 0.3 % TPMPA = -3.00 ± 0.48D, P < 0.01; 1 % TPMPA = -0.88 ± 0.51D, P < 0.001). The degree of axial elongation was correspondingly less (saline = 0.13 ± 0.02 mm, 0.3 % TPMPA = 0.09 ± 0.01 mm, P < 0.01, 1 % TPMPA = 0.02 ± 0.01 mm, P < 0.001) as was the VC elongation (saline = 0.08 ± 0.01 mm, 0.3 % TPMPA = 0.05 ± 0.01 mm, P < 0.01, 1 % TPMPA = 0.01 ± 0.01 mm; P < 0.001). ACD and LT were not affected (one-way ANOVA, P > 0.05). One percent TPMPA was more effective at inhibiting myopia than 0.3 % (P < 0.01), and 0.03 % did not appreciably inhibit the myopia (0.03 % TPMPA versus saline, P > 0.05). Sub-conjunctival injections of TPMPA inhibit FDM in guinea pig models in a dose-dependent manner.

Soluble Cell Adhesion Molecules - Does Estimating sVCAM-1 and sICAM-1 Concentration Provide Additional Information About Cardiovascular Risk in Patients with Coronary Artery Disease?

Cell adhesion molecules (CAM) are thought to have agreat impact on endothelium functioning. Interaction between CAM and areceptor may lead to macrophage activation and the release of multiple enzymes such as elastases and colagenases. These enzymes can, in turn, play arole in atherosclerotic plaque destabilization and initiation of acute coronary syndrome (ACS). The main aim of this study was to assess the role of sVCAM-1 and sICAM-1 in the risk stratification of ACS. 63patients -mean age 62.7±9.5years (26women, 37men) -were included in the study. Patients were divided into two groups: I-patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) diagnosed by coronary angiography (n=45: 15women; 30men); and II -patients without apparent CAD in coronary angiography (n=18: 11women, 7men). In both groups, samples required for sVCAM-1 and sICAM-1 level measurements were collected before the angiography. Mean age, prevalence of arterial hypertension, diabetes mellitus and chronic kidney disease did not differ between the groups. Levels of sVCAM-1 and sICAM-1 were significantly higher in groupI (group Ivs. groupII: 850.3±337.9 vs. 675.9±178.8; p=0.02 and 737.2±353.5 vs. 428.5±157.3; p=0.001 respectively). ROC analysis revealed that there is significantly higher risk of ACS above the level of 700.15ng/mL for sVCAM-1 and407.8ng/mL for sICAM-1. The level of sVCAM-1 was also found to be an independent risk factor of NSTEMI, OR 1.003 (95% CI: 1.0007-1.004); p=0.007, but not of STEMI (p>0.05). Levels of sVCAM-1 and sICAM-1 were found to be negative predictors of acute coronary syndrome. Further studies should assess the relationship between sVCAM-1 and sICAM-1 levels and the survival of patients suffering from CAD.

Reflejo vestibulocervical y función motora gruesa en una población con parálisis cerebral

IntroductionWithin the postural control mechanism, the vestibulocollic reflex (VCR) is responsible for the positioning of the head in space. Although deficits in head control have been observed in individuals with cerebral palsy (CP), there are hardly any studies that specify the involvement of VCR in the level of motor function. For this reason, this study has aimed to associate the cervical muscle response obtained to vestibular stimulation with the level of gross motor function in a population with CP. MethodsMuscle activity of the cervical extensor group with anterior-posterior and lateral imbalances was recorded using the surface electromyography in 22 individuals with CP, classified according to the level of Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS). It was then compared with that obtained in sitting without destabilizations. ResultsIn subjects belonging to levels i, ii and iii of the GMFCS, no bilateral alterations of the cervical response to vestibular stimuli, regardless of whether they were lateral or anterior-posterior, were observed. Regarding level iv, bilateral alterations were found in the responses to anterior-posterior imbalances and for the level v, both for lateral and anterior-posterior were affected. ConclusionsBilateral alterations of VCR could be one of the main responsible factors of motor deficit in a large percentage of subjects with limited mobility (groups iv and v of the GMFCS). On the other hand, the unilateral alterations of VCR seem to affect the quality and independence of the gait but not the ability to carry it out.

Pre-emptif uygulanan intravenöz, spinal ve epidural morfinin erken postoperatif analjezi ve stres yanıt üzerine etkileri

In this study, it was aimed to determine the effects of preemptive intravenous, spinal and epidural morphine on analgesic consumption, and stress response in the early postoperative period. Sixty ASA I-II patients who were undergoing lower abdominal surgery were randomly divided into three groups. Group I patients were admisnistered 5 mg iv morphine 5 minutes before induction, Grup II patients were administered 0.5 mg of intrathecal morphine 5 minutes before induction, Group III patients were administered 5 mg epidural morphine 30 min before induction of anesthesia. Induction of anesthesia, was performed with 0.1 mg kg fentanyl and 4-7 mg kgthiopental sodium. For muscle relaxation 0.1 mg kg vecuronium were given. Anaesthesia was maintained with 1-2% sevoflurane and 50% NO. Pre and postoperative hemodynamic parameters, VAS (Visual Analog Pain Scale) scores, time to first analgesic requirement, total analgesic consumption were recorded. In addition, to evaluate the stress response blood samples were taken three times before the administration of preoperative medications, preoperative 30th minute, and postoperative and 2nd hour. In our study, postoperative VAS scores between groups was significantly different at all times for the iv group and the spinal group and iv group and epidural group (P<0.05). In terms of time to first analgesic requirement, total analgesic consumption of group iv and iv with a group of spinal epidural group and the difference between groups was significant (P<0.05). Operative in terms of prolactin and ACTH between groups was significantly different at all times for the iv group and the spinal group and iv group and epidural group (P<0.05). Cortisol, glucose, and insulin levels postoperatively for 2. hour intravenous group and the spinal epidural group and iv group and the difference between groups was significant (P<0.05). As a result of preemptive spinal and epidural morphine in relieving postoperative pain and suppress the stress response was found to be effective in group iv.

Surface change of root canal dentin after the use of irrigation activation protocols: Electron microscopy and an energy‐dispersive X‐ray microanalysis

This study evaluated the mineral contents of root-canal dentin after treatment with different irrigation activation protocols. One hundred and eight maxillary lateral incisor teeth were randomly divided into eight experimental groups and one control group. Root canals were prepared using ProTaper rotary files, with the exception of the Self-Adjusting File (SAF) group. Canals were irrigated with 2 mL of 5% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) at each instrument change, and received a final flush with 10 mL of 17% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and 10 mL of 5% NaOCl for 1 min. The control group was irrigated with distilled water. Group I (GI): Needle syringe irrigation; Group II (GII): NaviTip FX; Group III (GIII): CanalBrush; Group IV (GIV): Manual dynamic activation with gutta-percha; Group V (GV): Passive ultrasonic irrigation; Group VI (GVI): EndoActivator; Group VII (GVII): EndoVac; Group VIII (GVIII): SAF. The level of elemental composition was analyzed by a scanning electron microscopy and an energy-dispersive spectrometer (EDS) system. The results were then statistically analyzed by one-way ANOVA and Tukey tests. Ca/P ratio was changed after treatment with SAF and EndoActivator. The Ca, P, Mg, and S level changes were not statistically significant (P > 0.05). Final irrigation activation protocols did not alter the mineral level of root dentin surface.

Valor de la citrulina plasmática como biomarcador de función intestinal en el síndrome de intestino corto y en el trasplante intestinal

IntroductionCitrulline is a non-essential amino acid produced solely in the enterocyte. The aim of this study was to analyse the role of serum citrulline as a biomarker of enterocyte load in children with intestinal failure due to short bowel syndrome (SBS) and its relationship to enteral adaptation. Material and methodsPlasma citrulline concentration was determined by chromatography (normal value>15μmol/L) in 57 patients (age 0.5-18 years) admitted to our Intestinal Rehabilitation Unit with intestinal failure. Those who were dehydrated, with renal insufficiency, or other conditions able to modify the results were excluded. Patients were divided into 4 groups: group i: SBS totally dependent on parenteral nutrition (PN); group ii: SBS under mixed enteral-parenteral nutrition; group iii: IF weaned from PN after a rehabilitation period; group iv: small bowel transplanted patients weaned from PN and taking a normal diet. ResultsThe mean±SD plasma citrulline values were: group i (n=15): 7.1±4.1; group ii (n=11): 15.8±8.9; group iii (n=13): 20.6±7.5; group iv (n=25): 28.8±10.1. Values were significantly lower in group i in comparison with groups ii-iii-iv (P<.001), and in group ii in comparison with groups iii-iv (P<.001). A low citrulline was associated with remnant small bowel length (P<.001, r=0.85). In group iv citrulline levels decreased >50% in 3 patients who developed moderate-severe rejection, and in one patient who developed viral enteritis. Conclusions1. Plasma citrulline could be a sensitive and specific biomarker of the residual functional enterocyte load. 2. It is related to enteral feeding tolerance. 3. Its prognostic value in the process of intestinal adaptation and as a rejection marker in small bowel transplanted patients needs to be confirmed.

Aneurysm embolization with biologically active coils: an animal study

Objectives: Cellular adhesion on the surface of Guglielmi detachable coils (GDC) promotes accelerated occlusion of aneurysms. We hypothesized that coils coated with transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) will promote clot organization and endothelial or cellular proliferation to facilitate closure of large experimental aneurysms relative to uncoated GDC coils.Methods: GDC were inserted either uncoated, coated with albumin, coated with TGF-beta (500 μg/ml) or with VEGF (500 μg/ml) into the ligated common carotid artery of adult male wistar rats for 14 days. Twenty-four adult male Wistar rats (280–300 g) were divided into four groups (n = 6 per group). Subjects were killed 2 weeks after implantation and common carotid artery (CCA) segments were harvested and coils were removed. Arterial tissue was evaluated histopathologically.Results: Significant differences in the proportion of aneurysm luminal area (mm2) was shown among Group i (0·22±0·14 SD) and Group ii (0·16±0·8 SD) compared to Group iii (0·04±0·03 SD; P<0·05), and Group iv (0·02±0·02 SD; P<0·05) analyzed 2 weeks postoperatively. Light microscopy showed well organized fibrous tissue formation of epithelial cells and intimal hyperplasia around the coils when using the coated GDC’s (Group iii and Group iv).Conclusion: The result of this study suggests that the coated GDC with TGF-beta or VEGF appears beneficial in promoting endothelization, clot organization, and cellular tissue integration of the coils.

Biological Treatment of Textile Wastewater and Its Re-Use in Irrigation: Encouraging Water Efficiency and Sustainable Development

The present study focused on the isolation of potential bacteria from contaminated soil of textile industries and subsequent employment of those organisms in treatment of textile waste-water. Wastewater was treated by novel isolates and the biologically treated wastewater was used for the irrigation (phytotoxicity evaluation) of two important edible crop plants (Brassica nigra and Cyamopsis tetragonolobus). For this, plants were grouped as I, II, III and IV that received the tap water, raw effluent, chemically treated and biologically treated wastewater respectively. 46 bacterial isolates were obtained and optimization of parameters revealed that one strain, namely UBL-27 (Comamonas sp. UBL 27) decolorized the wastewater to a max. of 80% in static (anoxic) condition at pH 8 in 24 hours at 32oC. There was a remarkable performance in the germination percentage under biologically-treated wastewater to about 83.6% when compared to that of Control Group producing 92.9%. In contrast to this, the germination % was significantly too low (p≤0.05) in the other cases with the raw wastewater and chemically treated wastewater. The wastewater had marked effect on the growth of the Brassica nigra, the height of the plant was higher in the biologically treated effluent (11.2 ± 0.4 cm) and control group (12.1±0.2) than Group II (8.9±.17 cm) and Group III (9±0.2 cm). Weight of the plant was 1.95±0.35 g and 1.68±0.47 g in Group I and Group IV. It was significantly lower in case of Group II and Group III. In Cyamopsis tetragonolobus, heights of the plant among the four groups at the end of 80 days were 102.3±3.4, 52±7.6, 45.3±4.9 and 92.8±5 cm respectively. Similarly, no. of leaves/plant among the four groups was 49.2±3.2, 26.8±4.5, 32±2.4 and 47±4.5. Total yield of the plant under the experimental area for Group I was 3.15±0.09 kg while that of the Group IV was 2.92±0.09 kg. The yield was significantly lower in the Group II and III such as 1.67±0.17 kg and 2.06±0.22 kg respectively. To consolidate, the raw effluent has decreased the yield by more than 45% (p≤0.05) while that of the chemically treated group by more than 30%. Though, biologically treated wastewater may not be absolutely fit for drinking purposes or for recycling in dyeing processes, it is proved from this, that the eco-friendly alternative can be used for the irrigation purposes beside abatement of water and soil pollution.

Group iv complexes containing the benzotriazole phenoxide ligand as catalysts for the ring-opening polymerization of lactides, epoxides and as precatalysts for the polymerization of ethylene

A series of Ti(IV), Zr(IV) and Hf(IV) benzotriazole phenoxide (BTP) complexes were synthesized and characterized by various spectroscopic techniques, elemental analysis and X-ray crystallography. The monosubstituted Zr(IV) BTP complexes [(μ-L)Zr(O(i)Pr)3]2 1-3 [L = (C1)BTP-H (1), (TCl)BTP-H (2), (pent)BTP-H (3)] and tetrasubstituted Zr(IV), Hf(IV) complexes ZrL4 4-6 [L = (C1)BTP-H (4), (TCl)BTP-H (5), (pent)BTP-H (6)] and HfL4 7-9 [L = (C1)BTP-H (7), (TCl)BTP-H (8), (pent)BTP-H (9)] were prepared by the reaction of Zr(O(i)Pr)4·((i)PrOH) and Hf(O(t)Bu)4 in toluene with the respective ligands in different stoichiometric proportions. The reaction between BTP and TiCl4 and ZrCl4 and HfCl4 in a 2 : 1 stoichiometric reaction resulted in the formation of disubstituted group IV chloride complexes L2MCl2 10-12 [L = (C1)BTP-H, M = Ti, Zr and Hf]. The molecular structures of complexes 1, 4, 7, 10, 11, and 12 were determined by single-crystal X-ray studies. The X-ray structure of 1 reveals a dimeric Zr(IV) complex containing a Zr2O2 core bridged through the oxygen atoms of the phenoxide groups. Each Zr atom is distorted from an octahedral symmetry. These complexes were found to be active towards the ring-opening polymerization (ROP) of L-lactide (L-LA) and rac-lactide (rac-LA). Complex 1 produced highly heterotactic poly(lactic acid) (PLA) from rac-LA under melt conditions with narrow molecular weight distributions (MWDs) and well controlled number average molecular weights (M(n)). Additionally, epoxide polymerizations using rac-cyclohexene oxide (CHO), rac-propylene oxide (PO), and rac-styrene oxide (SO) were also carried out with these complexes. The yield and molecular weight of the polymer was found to increase with the extension of reaction time. Compounds 1-12 were activated by methylaluminoxane (MAO) and show good activity for ethylene polymerization and produced high molecular weight polyethylene.