Geranyl Isovalerate Research Articles

Chemical composition of organic extracts of Phyla nodiflora L. in Syria by GC-MS

IntroductionPhyla nodiflora L. is a perennial herbaceous plant belonging to the Verbenaceae family. It is widely used as an herbal drink to treat many diseases. It has antioxidant, antifungal and anti-inflammatory properties. In traditional medicine, it is used to treat skin infections. However, there is little information on the chemical composition of organic plant extracts. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the chemical composition of organic extracts of P. nodiflora L. MethodsIn this study, organic extracts were prepared using a continuous Soxhlet extractor and four different solvents with increasing polarity from nonpolar to polar solvents (petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and isopropanol) to ensure the possibility of extracting a wide range of compounds. GC‒MS analysis was performed to determine the chemical constituents of the organic extracts. ResultsNineteen compounds were identified in the petroleum ether (Et) extract, 14 in the chloroform (Ch) extract, 18 in the ethyl acetate (Ea) extract and 15 in the isopropanol (Is) extract. The most important compounds in the Et extract were 1,1-diethoxyethane (33.9 %) and nonadecane (19.9 %). The most important compound in the Ch extract was octacosane (37.4 %). The most important compounds in the Ea extract were 3-hydroxy-dodecanoic acid (17.7 %) and geranyl isovalerate (15.5 %). The most important compound in the Is extract was behenic acid alcohol (18.6 %). The chemical structures of the major compounds were confirmed by mass spectrometry by studying their fragmentation mechanism and comparing the molecular weights of the resulting fragments with the molecular weights of the peaks present in each mass spectrum. ConclusionsThe results of this study show that the dominant compounds in nonpolar extracts (petroleum ether and chloroform) are hydrocarbons, ethers, epoxides, and silicon compounds, while the dominant compounds in moderately polar extracts (ethyl acetate and isopropanol) are alcohols, carbonyl compounds, and oxygenated terpenes.

Evaluation of Antimicrobial Potential of Endophytic Fungi and GC-MS Metabolic Profiling of Cephalosporium sp., and Fusarium moniliforme

From last few decades, microbes gained special attention residing inside plant tissues, now called endophyte. Studies proved that these microbes are able to produce biologically active metabolites and effective candidates against various pathogens. Endophytic fungi are a source of natural therapeutic products. Therefore, endophytic Fusarium species are isolated from different plants. These endophytic Fusarium species showed a potential against common laboratory bacteria (Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhimurium and Bacillus subtilis). Fusarium moniliforme and Cephalosporium sp., were further selected to isolate compounds by GC-MS techniques. The mycelial extract of Cephalosporium sp., and oily fraction of filtrates of F. moniliforme revealed the presence of several therapeutic compounds based on the peak areas, molecular weights, Rt (retention times) and m/z (mass fragmentations). The major bioactive metabolites identified from these fungi are Cholest-22-ene-21-ol, 3,5-dehydro-6-methoxy-pivalate, Salicylamide, 1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid, Geranyl isovalerate, and diisooctyl ester, and reported to possess antibacterial, antioxidant, nematicidal, and antifungal potential. These results will lead to further in-depth research into the potential cause of plants endophytes interactions. The wide application of fungal origin bio products offers an effective prospect for discovering novel therapeutic agents in order to combat infectious agents as well as agricultural pests.

Effects of solid-state fermentation with Bacillus subtilis LK-1 on the volatile profile, catechins composition and antioxidant activity of dark teas.

In this study, the solid-state fermentation (SSF) of dark tea was carried out using Bacillus subtilis LK-1, which was isolated from Fu brick tea (FBT). The effects of SSF with B. subtilis on volatile organic compounds (VOCs), non-volatile metabolites, and antioxidant activities of dark tea was investigated. A total of 45 VOCs were identified, primarily consisting of ketones (18), hydrocarbons (8), aldehydes (7), and alcohols (6). Following fermentation, the content of key odor active substances such as linalool, β-ionone, and 3,5-octadiene-2-one significantly increased, resulting in an enhanced floral and fruity aroma of dark tea. Furthermore, new flavor substances like geranyl isovalerate and decanal were produced during SSF, enriching the aroma profile of dark tea. Non-ester catechins demonstrated a drastic increase, while ester catechins remarkably decreased after SSF. Furthermore, SSF led to a slight decrease in the total polyphenols content and antioxidant activity of dark tea. There is a close relationship between VOCs and the main non-volatile metabolites during SSF. Overall, this study highlighted the great impact of SSF with B. subtilis on the metabolites of dark tea and provided valuable insights into the role of bacteria in shaping the metabolite profile of FBT.

Typical Aroma of Merlot Dry Red Wine from Eastern Foothill of Helan Mountain in Ningxia, China.

Aroma is an important aspect of wine quality and consumer appreciation. The volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and olfactory profiles of Merlot dry red wines from the Eastern Foothill of Helan Mountain (EFHM) were analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and quantitative descriptive analysis. The results showed that Merlot wines from EFHM were characterized by intense flavors of drupe and tropical fruits compared with the Gansu region. Nineteen VOCs were defined as essential compounds contributing to the aroma characteristics of the Merlot wines through gas chromatography-olfactometry/mass spectrometry and odor activity value analysis. Predominantly, geranyl isovalerate, which contributed to the herbal odors of the Merlot wines, was detected in the grape wine of EFHM for the first time. The addition experiment revealed that geranyl isovalerate influenced the aroma quality of wine by increasing herbal odors and enhancing the olfactory intensities of tropical fruits. These results are helpful for further understanding the aroma of Merlot wines from EFHM and improving the quality of wine aromas.

Supercritical fluid-assisted extraction of hop cone residue from craft breweries

This study aimed to use supercritical fluid-assisted extraction in hop cone residue from craft breweries and define the best extraction parameters. Yield, compounds extracted, in vitro chemical and cell-based antioxidant activities, and antimicrobial and cytotoxic potentials were evaluated. The variables studied were temperature (40–60 °C), pressure (10–20 MPa), and ethanol percentage as co-solvent (5–10%) using a Taguchi experimental design (11 runs). The extracts showed inhibitory action towards Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, mainly Proteus mirabilis and Enterococcus faecalis (MICs = 5–10 mg/mL). Furthermore, up to the maximum tested concentration (400 μg/mL), the extracts showed no hepatotoxicity on a healthy porcine liver cell line (PLP2), indicating safety for food and pharmacological applications. Lower temperatures (40 °C), pressures (10 MPa), and ethanol percentages (5%) resulted in higher concentrations of some compounds (alpha-copaene, γ-elemene, γ-muurolene, α-muurolene, caryophyllene oxide) and higher antioxidant activity in cell-based assays, but lower yields. At the same time, lower temperatures (40 °C) and pressures (10 MPa) but higher ethanol percentages (10%) resulted in higher concentrations of other compounds (nerolidyl acetate, linalyl isobutyrate, α-acorenol, and geranyl isovalerate) and increased antioxidant activity in chemical systems. Our results support that the hop cone residue can be used to obtain supercritical fluid-assisted extracts with biological potentialities that might virtually be upcycled into multifunctional ingredients for the food and pharmacological industries. Using 40 °C, 10 MPa, and 5 or 10% ethanol percentage as process parameters is advisable.

Field Evaluations of Three Botanically Inspired Repellents Against the Blacklegged Tick, Ixodes scapularis (Acari: Ixodidae).

Three compounds synthetically-derived from botanicals sources, ethyl perillyl carbonate, geranyl isovalerate, and citronellyl cyclobutane carboxylate, were tested for repellent activity against Ixodes scapularis Say in a field trial. Tick drags were treated with the compounds or with N, N-diethyl-m-toluamide (DEET) at high (0.25 mg/cm2) or low (0.16 mg/cm2) concentrations. Negative controls included untreated drags and drags treated with acetone, the carrier for all repellents. Freshly treated drags (within 20 min) were used to collect I. scapularis ticks at a county park in Wisconsin. To assess effectiveness, we measured tick encounter rates, detachment rate, and time to detachment. None of the repellent treatments, including DEET, resulted in significantly fewer encounters compared to both control treatments. However, the percentage of ticks that detached within 3 min was significantly higher on drags treated with repellents compared to controls. DEET was the most effective, repelling 69.7-87% of ticks by 3 min, but the effectiveness of the three test compounds was still high, with 42-87% of ticks detaching by 3 min. For time to detachment, there were no significant differences between DEET and the three test compounds. We conclude that these synthetically-derived repellents were effective against I. scapularis in a field trial and could be viable alternatives to DEET.

Exogenous Paclobutrazol Reinforces the Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Properties of Lavender (Lavandula officinalis L.) Oil through Modulating Its Composition of Oxygenated Terpenes.

Plant growth regulators can affect the primary and secondary metabolites of various plant species. However, the effect of paclobutrazol (PBZ) on the composition of lavender oil, especially related to the terpenoid pathway, is still unclear in literatures. In this study, the effect of PBZ as a foliar spray (0.200, 400 and 600 ppm) on the vegetative growth, phytochemical content, and both antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of lavender oil were investigated. The results indicated that all examined PBZ treatments led to a significant (p ≤ 0.05) decrease in growth parameters compared to the untreated plants. Meanwhile, the yield of essential oil was significantly decreased by the treatment of PBZ at 200 ppm compared to the control. In contrast, applied-PBZ significantly enhanced the chlorophyll content and displayed a marked change in the composition of the essential oil. This change included an obvious and significant increase in 3-carene, eucalyptol, γ–terpinene, α-pinocarvone, caryophyllene, β-vetivenene, β-santalol, ledol, geranyl isovalerate, farnesol, caryophyllene oxide, and phytol percentage. Generally, the highest significant values were achieved by the treatment of 400 ppm compared to the other treatments. Furthermore, this treatment showed the highest free radical scavenging activity against DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) by 13% over the control. Additionally, to determine the antimicrobial activities of the extracted oil, each treatment was examined against two strains of Gram positive bacteria (S. aureus and B. cereus), two strains of Gram negative bacteria (S. enteritidis and E. coli), and two fungal species (C. albicans and A. niger) represent the yeast modal and filamentous fungus, respectively. The findings demonstrated that all examined species were more sensitive to the oil that was extracted from lavender plants, treated with 400 ppm PBZ, compared to the other concentrations.

Determination of the chemical composition and antioxidant, anticancer, and antibacterial properties of essential oil of Pulicaria crispa from Saudi Arabia

Essential oils obtained from plants play critical roles in food and medicine. In this study, the phytochemical composition of Pulicaria crispa essential oil, and its antibacterial, antioxidant and anticancer properties were determined in vitro. The essential oil was extracted from the aerial parts of P. crispa through hydro-distillation using a Clevenger-type apparatus, and it was analyzed with GC-MS. The most dominant chemical constituents of the essential oil were sesquiterpenes (78.26%). The higher constituents were β-caryophyllene oxide (33.97%), modephene (23.34%), geranyl propionate (6.32%), geranyl isovalerate (6.74%), 4-cadinadiene (5%), humulene (4.05%), and β-caryophyllene (2.73%). The essential oil exhibited DPPH radical activity, and it exerted antibacterial effect against gram positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. However, it had no antibacterial effect on gram negative bacteria (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Shigella sonnei, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli). The P. crispa essential oil produced significant cytotoxic effects against Hep-G2, MCF-7, Coca-2, and HT-29 ​cells. The oil was most toxic to Hep-G2 cells, based on its IC20 and IC50 values. These results indicate that the essential oil from P. crispa has potent biological properties which can be useful in the food and pharmaceutical industries.

MOLECULAR MODELLING STUDIES AND LARVICIDAL POTENTIAL OF PHE (POLYHERBAL EXTRACT) OF SELECTED INDIAN MEDICINAL HERBS

The present study attempts to investigate the larvicidal activity of methanolic extract of PHP (Poly Herbal Powder) of selected Indian Medicinal herbs against blood-feeding mosquito larvae namely Aedes aegypti, Anopheles stephensi, and Culex quinquefasciatus. The major compounds from the methanolic extract of PHP were identified through GCMC analysis. Molecular modeling studies were examined to predict the binding interactions of major compounds with a sterol carrier protein (SCP-2). The results obtained from larvicidal activity demonstrated that the methanolic extract of PHP exhibits appreciable LC50 against A.stephensi and C.quinquefasciatus (LC50: 453.30 & 462.17 ppm). Furthermore, molecular docking studies revealed two bioactive compounds namely Geranyl isovalerate (-8.0 K.cal/mol) and Marmelosin (-7.6 K.cal/mol) with greater binding affinity with SCP-2 receptor as compared to positive control Temephos (-6.8 K.cal/mol).

Evaluation of the Anticancer Properties of Geranyl Isovalerate, an Active Ingredient of Argyreia nervosa Extract in Colorectal Cancer Cells.

Chemotherapy is a general treatment procedure for cancer. The diversity in cancer incidence and the failure of therapy due to chemoresistance lead to increased cancer-related deaths. Therefore, new drugs with fewer secondary complications targeting diverse pathways are the need of the hour. Geranyl isovalerate (GIV), one of the active ingredients of ethyl acetate fraction of Argyreia nervosa is routinely used as a food flavoring agent. In this study, we found that GIV also exhibits anticancer activity when tested against the HCT116 cell line. It influenced the viability of the cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner. We examined whether GIV could induce oxidative stress and affect the mitochondrial membrane potential, thereby leading to apoptosis induction. Moreover, GIV could suppress the expression of antiapoptotic genes, such as BCl2 and PARP, and induce the expression of proapoptotic genes, such as Caspase 3 and 9. This is the first study demonstrating the anticancer activity of GIV and providing evidence for its mechanism of action. In conclusion, this study proposes GIV as a potential lead or supplementary molecule in treating and preventing colorectal cancer (CRC). Based on our findings, we conclude that GIV may be a viable lead or supplementary molecule for treating and preventing CRC.

Study of Phytochemicals of Melilotus indicus and Alpha‐Amylase and Lipase Inhibitory Activities of Its Methanolic Extract and Fractions in Different Solvents

AbstractMelilotus indicus is used for food and medicinal purposes. The present study aimed to explore its phytochemicals and antidiabetic and anti‐obesity potential. Methanolic extract (ME) of the dried, ground herb, obtained by the Soxhlet method, was fractionated into hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, 1‐butanolic and aqueous fractions. Chromatographic techniques were used for further fractionation. The compounds identified by GC‐MS included 3‐O‐methyl‐D‐glucose, 3‐hydroxyspirost‐8‐en‐11‐one, 1‐phenanthrenecarboxylic acid‐tetradecahydro‐7‐(2‐methoxy‐2‐oxoethylidene)‐1,4a,8‐triethyl‐9‐oxo‐methylester, 3‐(1‐methylhept‐1‐enyl)‐5‐methyl‐2,5‐dihydrofuran‐2‐one, squalene, phytol, 4‐(4‐hydroxy‐2,6,6‐trimethyl‐7‐oxabicyclo[4.1.0]hept‐1‐yl‐3‐buten‐2‐one, 2,4‐bis(1,1‐dimethylethyl)phenol, geranyl isovalerate and thymol. The ME and its fractions displayed porcine pancreatic alpha‐amylase inhibitory activity higher than Acarbose. Interestingly, they promoted the lipase activity showing opposite trend to that Orlistat. The plant may be used to control diabetes and in the in the promotion of lipase action.

Screening of Bioactive Compounds of Ricinus communis Using GC-MS and FTIR and Evaluation of its Antibacterial and Antifungal Activity

The objectives of this study were detection of the secondary metabolite products and evaluation antibacterial and antifungal activity. Bioactives are chemical compounds often referred to as secondary metabolites. Sixteen bioactive compounds were identified in the methanolic extract of Ricinus communis. The identification of bioactive chemical compounds is based on the peak area, retention time molecular weight and molecular formula. GC-MS analysis of Ricinus communis revealed the existence of the1, 2, 3, 4-Butanetetrol, [S-(R*, R*)]-, Ribitol, 3-Ethoxy-1, 2-propanediol, DL-Arabinose, p-Dioxane-2, 3-diol, D-Limonene, Dodecanoic acid, 3-hydroxy-, Methyl 6-oxoheptanoate, Dithiocarbamate, S-methyl-, N-(2-methyl-3-oxobutyl)-, (5β)Pregnane-3, 20β-diol, 14α, 18α-[4-methyl-3-oxo-(1-oxa-4-, 3-(N, N-Dimethllaurylammonio)propanesulfonate, Cetene, Gibberellic acid, Geranyl isovalerate, Phenol, 4-(1, 1, 3, 3-tetramethylbutyl)-, Picrotoxinin, and α-N-Normethadol. The FTIR analysis of Ricinus communis leaves proved the presence of alkanes, and alkyl halide, Amine, Aldehyde, and Alkane which shows major peaks at 781.17, 875.68, 923.90, 1018.41, 1240.23, 1319.31, 1361.74, 1361.74, 2357.01, 2850.79 and 2920.23. Clinical pathogens were selected for antibacterial activity namely, Pseudomonas eurogenosa, Klebsiella pneumonia, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Proteus mirabili. Ricinus communis has maximum zone against Klebsiella pneumonia (5.000±0.19)

Analysis of Secondary Metabolites Released by Pseudomonas fluorescens Using GC-MS Technique and Determination of Its Anti-Fungal Activity

Pseudomonas fluorescens is a common gram-negative, rod-shaped bacterium [1]. It belongs to the Pseudomonas genus. The objectives of this study were analysis of the secondary metabolite products and evaluation antimicrobial activity. Twenty four bioactive compounds were identified in the methanolic extract of Pseudomonas fluorescens. GC-MS analysis of Pseudomonas fluorescens revealed the existence of the cis-5, 8, 11, 14, 17-Eicosapentaenoic acid, 12, 15-Octadecadiynoic acid, methyl ester, 7-epi-cis-sesquisabinene hydrate, α-D-Glucopyranoside, O-α-D-glucopyranosyl, Acetamide, N-methyl-N-[4-[2-acetoxymethyl-1-pyrrol, Acetamide, N-methyl-N-[4-[2-fluoromethyl-1-pyrrolid, Phen-1, 4-diol, 2, 3-dimethyl-5-trifluoromethyl, Geranyl isovalerate, Quinazoline, 4-methyl, Pentetic acid, trans-13-Octadecenoic acid, 9-Hexadecenoic acid, 13-Hexyloxacyclotridecan-2-one, 7-Methyl-Z-tetradecen-1-ol acetate, cis-13-Eicosenoic acid, Didemin B, Hexadecanoic acid, 1-(hydroxymethyl)-1, 2-ethaned, and Ethyl iso-allocholate. Cassia angustifolia (Crude) was very highly active (6.007±0.20) mm against Pseudomonas fluorescens. The results of anti-fungal activity produced by Pseudomonas fluorescens showed that the volatile compounds were highly effective to suppress the growth of Trichoderma horzianum (5.019±0.18). Pseudomonas fluorescens produce many important secondary metabolites with high biological activities.

Bioactive Compounds Investigation From Methanol Bark Extract of Pterocarpus marsupium Using GC-MS Analysis

Introduction: Medicinal plants still represent untapped sources of novel compounds with potential therapeutic effects for mitigating human maladies.Pterocarpus marsupium, commonly known as Bijasal, is a well-known drug in ayurvedic system of medicine. Materials and methods: The dried bark powder of P.marsupium was extracted by Soxhlet with methanol and analyzed by gas chromatography, while the mass spectra data of the compounds found in the extract was matched with the data available at National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) library. Results: The results of the GC-MS analysis provide different peaksdetermining the presence of 10 major phytocomponents, that are 1-Penten-3-one,1-(2,6,6-trimethyl-1-cyclohexen-1-yl)-; Geranyl isovalerate; 2-Pentadecanone,6, 10, 14-trimethyl;Cyclopropaneoctanal, 2-octyl-; Octadecanoic acid;10-Octadecanoic acid, methyl ester; Heptadecanoic acid, 16-methyl,-methyl ester; Phytol; 4,8,12,16-Tetramethyl heptadecan-4-olide; Dasycarpidan-1-methanol, acetate with different therapeutic activities. Conclusion: The presence of these bioactive compounds justifies that the Pterocarpus marsupiumcan offer a base for using this compound as herbal alternative for the synthesis and development of new drug to treat various infectious diseases. However, isolation of individual phytochemical constituents might be useful to formulate a new novel drug.

English

The aims of this study were the analysis of the secondary metabolites and evaluation of the antibacterial and antifungal activity of Alternaria alternata . Twenty six bioactive compounds were identified in methanolic extract of Alternaria alternata . The identification of bioactive chemical compounds is based on the peak area, retention time molecular weight and molecular formula. GC-MS analysis of A. alternata revealed the existence of the α-acetyl L-serine, 2(5H)-furanone, 6-oxabicyclo[ 3.1.0]hexan-3-one, D-glucose,6-O-α-D GALACTOPYRANOSYL, DL-arabinose, ƹ-N-fommyl-Llysine, 2-[4-(2-hydroxyethyl) 1-piperazineethanesulfonic acid) (HEPES), thrietol, 2-O-heptyl, 2-deoxy-2- fluoro-1,6-anhydro s-d-glucopyranose, d-ribo-hexos-3-ulose, Α-D-glucopyranoside, O-α-Dglucopyranosyl-( 1.fwdarw.3)-s-D-fru, maltose, 4H-pyran-4-one,2,3-dihydro-3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl, desulphosinigrin, uric acid, midazole-4-carboxylic acid, 2-fluoro-1-methoxymethyl-ethyl ester, geranyl isovalerate, 1-nitro-s-d-arabinofuranose, tetraacetate, glycyl-D-asparagine, α-D-xylofuranose, cyclic 1,2:3,5-bis(butylboronate), estra -1,3,5(10)-trien-17s-ol, glucobrassicin, N-2,4-Dnp-L-arginine, dasycarpidan-1-methanol, acetate(ester) and 5alpha androstane-3,17-monooxime. The fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis of A. alternata proved the presence of aromatic rings, aliphatic fluoro compounds, tetiary amine, C-N stretch, ammonium ions, organic nitrate, methylene-CH. asym, and normal polymeric O-H stretch which shows major peaks at 711.73, 846.57, 873.75, 1026.13, 1149.57, 1205.51, 1238.30, 1409.96, 1631.78, 2517.10, 2854.65, 2924.09, 3059.75 and 3271.27. A. alternate had maximum zone formation (5.04 ± 0.29) mm against Klebsiella pneumonia . Keywords: Alternaria alternata , bioactive compounds, gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GCMS), fourier transform infrared (FTIR)

Diurnal Variation of Essential of the Oil Components of Pycnocycla spinosa Decne. ex Boiss

Pycnocycla spinosa Decne. ex Boiss is an aromatic plant which showed relaxant effects on isolated ileum contractions and antidiarrheal activity. Thirty four components have been extracted from P. spinosa essential oil, of which several major constituents were found to show seasonal variation. The aim of this work is to evaluate the diurnal variation of its oil constituents during specific hours of the day. The Pycnocycla spinosa samples were collected at different times of the day. The hydro-distilled aerial parts oils of collected P. spinosa were analyzed by GC and GC/MS. Fourteen monoterpenoid and nine sesquiterpenoid components were identified, of which the fluctuating constituents were p-cymene, trans-β-ocimene, β-citronellol, citronellyl pentanoate, geranyl isovalerate, α-humulene, caryophyllen oxide, α-cadinol, and α-eudesmol. The content of p-cymene in the essential oil in different daily times varied from 0.16 to 4.19%, and the geranyl isovalerate 7.75 -23.99%. Essential oils with different qualities can be obtained according to the harvest time of the plant in a day.

Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of the essential oil of Linum pubescens growing wild in Jordan

The volatile constituents of the aerial flowering parts of Linum pubescens were collected by hydro-distillation and analysed by GC and GC/MS. Analysis allowed the identification of 68 components of which, geranyl isovalerate (18.93%), lauric acid (12.07%), germacrene D (10.61%), decanoic acid (8.07%), 6,10,14-trimethyl-2-pentadecanone (5.02%) and 1-hexanol (4.99%) were detected as major constituents. The isolated essential oil of the plant exhibited high antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive bacteria (Bacillus cereus ATCC11778, Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212 and Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 2923) and showed moderate antimicrobial activity against Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 13048 and Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC 10031).

Chemical composition of endemic Centaurea austro-anatolica and studies of its antimicrobial activity against multi-resistant bacteria

Hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate and ethanolic extracts of the aerial parts of Centaurea austro-anatolica Hub.-Mor. (Asteraceae) were evaluated against microorganisms, including multiresistant bacteria, using a paper disc diffusion method. The chloroform extract exhibited significant antibacterial activity toward all bacteria tested. The chemical composition of the chloroform extract was determined by gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The major compounds of the extract were caryophyllene oxide (21.32 %), spathulenol (10.86 %), n-tricosanol (9.58 %) and geranyl isovalerate (8.71 %).

Biological Activity and Composition of the Essential Oil of Tetrataenium Nephrophyllum (Apiaceae) from Iran

The aerial parts of Tetrataenium nephrophyllum were collected at the flowering stage, hydrodistilled, and the essential oil was analyzed by GC and GC-MS. Forty components accounting for 97.9% of the total oil were identified. Germacrene D (38.5%), 2-ethylhexyl acetate (11.2%), n-octyl 2-methylbutanoate (9.2%) and geranyl isovalerate (8.3%) were the major constituents. Sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (51.3%) and aliphatic esters (40.4%) were found to be the main group of compounds. The antimicrobial activity of the essential oil of T. nephrophyllum was determined against seven Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria (Bacillus subtilis, Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus, S. epidermidis, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumoniae), as well as three fungi (Candida albicans, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Aspergillus niger). The bioassay showed that the oil exhibited moderate to high antimicrobial activity.

Essential Oil Composition of Pineapple-Weed (Matricaria discoidea DC.) Grown in Canada

The chemical composition of the essential oil from aerial parts of Matricaria discoidea DC. (Asteraceae) grown in Alberta, Canada, was analyzed by GC/FID and GC/MS. Thirty-six compounds were identified, accounting for 86.7% of the oil composition. The major constituents were myrcene (28.5%), (E)-β-farnesene (23.4%), germacrene D (6.8%), geranyl isovalerate (6.4%) and (Z)-en-yn-dicycloether (8.1%). The oil yield obtained by hydrodistillation was 0.1% (w/w) on dry weight basis.