Geographical Environment Research Articles

Study on Factors Contributing to Severity of Ship Collision Accidents in the Yangtze River Estuary

Abstract The Yangtze River estuary in China is characterized by a complex maritime geographical environment and presents significant challenges to ship maneuvering and control, thereby increasing the risk of ship collision accidents. Based on the 2013–2022 shipwreck investigation report published by Shanghai and Zhejiang Maritime Safety Administration, this paper analyzes the primary factors responsible for ship collision accidents severity in the Yangtze River estuary from four aspects, namely ship, environment, human, and management. Utilizing accident severity as the dependent variable and 24 factors, including ship type, gross tonnage, wind speed, and operational errors, as independent variables, the study employed a stepwise regression approach to filter the variables. Subsequently, an ordered probit regression model was constructed based on the ten most influential variables, followed by a marginal effect analysis. The findings indicate that a ship's gross tonnage, wind speed, ocean current speed, offshore distance, and day/night conditions significantly influence the likelihood of different accident levels. Specifically, wind speed, offshore distance, and ocean current speed have a negative impact on minor and general accidents while positively affecting major and severe accidents. Gross tonnage and daytime/nighttime have a positive impact on minor and general accidents but negatively impact major and severe accidents. Moreover, general accidents exhibit the most pronounced marginal effect for each explanatory variable. The findings can help the shipping authorities to identify the causes of ship collision accidents and take effective measures to reduce such accidents, thereby enhancing the safety of ship navigation in the area.

Psychometric Properties of a Short Academic Motivation Scale (SAMS) in Medical Students.

Background: Medical education represents a complex field of study, influenced by various psychological, demographic, and contextual factors. Academic motivation, essential for educational success, has been linked to critical decisions in medical careers and can be modulated by contextual elements such as socioeconomic and geographical environments. The theory of self-determination has provided a solid framework for understanding the multidimensional nature of motivation. Objective: To evaluate the psychometric properties of a Spanish version of the Short Scale of Academic Motivation among Peruvian medical students. Methods: Using an instrumental design, the factorial structure, reliability, and gender invariance of the SAMS-S were assessed. A confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was conducted to validate the scale's structure based on seven dimensions. Additionally, reliability was assessed through Cronbach's alpha coefficient and omega coefficient, and gender invariance was determined through multi-group confirmatory factor analysis. Results: The Peruvian version of the SAMS-S showed a good fit in the CFA with satisfactory goodness-of-fit indices. However, challenges in discriminant validity among certain dimensions were detected, suggesting the presence of a second-order factor. The proposed second-order model yielded an adequate fit (χ2 = 198.26, df = 70, CFI = 0.92, TLI = 0.90, RMSEA = 0.08 [90% CI: 0.07-0.1], SRMR = 0.07), validating the factorial structure of the SAMS-S. The scale's reliability and its subscales were within acceptable ranges. Furthermore, the gender invariance of the SAMS-S was confirmed at all levels, from configural to strict. Conclusions: The second-order model of the SAMS-S presents as a valid and reliable tool for measuring academic motivation among medical students in Peru. Its robustness and adaptability make it relevant for future research in similar educational contexts and can serve as a basis for interventions aimed at improving academic motivation in this specific group.

SCHeMoS -- Smart Cow Health Monitoring System: An IoT based Cow Hoof Detection and Healthcare Alert System by Using LSTM Network

Human life and existence are intertwined with a few domestic animals. One of the most important animals of this kind is the cow. Cows play a vital role in daily activities. Most of the people in India consume cow’s milk as one of their major nutrients. Monitoring the health of a cow’s everyday life is quite challenging. After infertility and mastitis, lameness is typically ranked as the third most economically significant health issue in dairy herds.Lameness are caused due to genetics, lack in nutrition i.e. a diet deficient in essential nutrients such as biotin, which can lead to hoof problems. Due to geographical environments like cows kept in wet, muddy conditions are more likely to develop hoof problems. This investigation analyses the typical characteristics of cow behavior, and a Smart Cow Health Monitoring System (ScHeMoS) using IoT is proposed to identify the cow’s health through the data obtained from Internet of Things (IoT) sensors, including position, body temperature, stability, acceleration, and animal feed. IoT is combined with Deep learning (DL) technique to monitor and diagnose animal health. We used the Long Short Term Memory (LSTM) network to predict cow lameness by capturing the body temperature and other parameters, which will aid in predicting their illness. The accelerometer values are stored so that it will further help to determine which cow is lame and which is pregnant or regular and could be intimated to the care takers in the farms. We utilised a self collected dataset to perform the investigation. By implementing this system, we achieved 92.45\% accuracy and 0.92 as F1 score.

ПРИРОДНЫЕ ПРЕДПОСЫЛКИ ФОРМИРОВАНИЯ РЕКРЕАЦИОННОГО КОМПЛЕКСА НА ТЕРРИТОРИИ ПРИГОРОДНОЙ ЗОНЫ Г. ТАМБОВА

The article considers the recreational potential of the territory of the suburban zone of the city of Tambov, as well as a set of natural factors and properties of this geographical environment, favorable for the formation and development of recreational complex. The physical and geographical position, natural conditions, relief, hydrography, climate and vegetation cover of the territory are analyzed, and natural resources for recreation and tourism are estimated. The main directions and opportunities for the development of the recreational complex, including the organization of ecological trails, the creation of recreation areas, the development of sports tourism and infrastructure have been identified.

A novel framework for urban flood risk assessment: Multiple perspectives and causal analysis

Risk assessment and adaptation have become key focuses in the examination of urban flooding risk. In recent decades, global climate change has resulted in a high incidence of extreme weather events, notably flooding. This study introduces a spatial multi-indicator model developed for assessing flood risk at the urban agglomeration scale. A crucial addition to the model is the incorporation of an adaptive capacity within the IPCC risk framework. The model systematically considers various flood risk indicators related to the economic, social, and geographic environments of the central and southern Liaoning urban agglomeration (CSLN). It generates a spatial distribution map of integrated flood risk for multiple scenario combinations. Furthermore, the intricate relationship between different risk indicators and flood risk was analyzed using correlation analysis and the Light Gradient Boosting Machine model (Light GBM). The findings reveal notable variations in flood risk under different scenarios. The inclusion of vulnerability indicators increased flood risk by 33 %, while the subsequent inclusion of adaptive indicators decreased flood risk by 45 %. Dense populations and assets contribute to high flood risk, while adaptive capacity significantly mitigates urban flood risk. The framework adopted in this paper can be applied to other areas where urban agglomeration-scale flood risk assessment is needed, and can contribute to advancing scientific research on flood forecasting and mitigation.

Geometric morphometric analyses of Micropterigidae lineages (Lepidoptera) with two new species from mid-Cretaceous amber of northern Myanmar

A new genus with two new species of Micropterigidae, Terncladus lunatus Han, Zhang et Ren gen. et sp. nov. and Terncladus halonatus Han, Zhang et Ren sp. nov., are erected based on three well-preserved specimens in Late Cretaceous Kachin amber. The new genus can be identified by hind wing with veins Sc unforked, no trace of free R, and Rs three-branched. Furthermore, we applied Geometric Morphometric Analyses (GMA) to study 26 species with well-preserved forewings of Micropterigidae and presented the results for the first time. The GMA results confirmed the classification of the new genus and shed light on the differences and diagnoses of the five monophyletic lineages of Micropterigidae. By comparing the geographical distribution and climatic environment characteristics of Micropterigidae in different geological periods, Micropterigidae have a relatively conservative adaptability to the environment during the evolutionary process.

Traceability of Guizhou green tea production areas based on multi‐element characteristics combined with biochemical components

SummaryThe unique geographical environment of Guizhou has created the unique quality characteristics of green tea. To distinguish green tea from different regions in Guizhou, and provide a theoretical basis for origin traceability and quality evaluation for producers and consumers, this article analysed 12 mineral elements, 2 stable isotopes and 3 biochemical components in green tea samples from different regions in Guizhou, and combined with analysis of variance (ANOVA), principal component analysis (PCA), linear discriminant analysis (LDA) and orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS–DA), the possibility of identifying and distinguishing the origin of green tea in Guizhou was studied. The results show that LDA has the highest discriminant accuracy, which can reach 93.3%. In addition, the data showed that Ca, Zn, Mn, Cr, Pb, As and caffeine were important variables to distinguish green tea samples from different regions of Guizhou.

Does the "Belt and Road Initiative" benefit the environment? Insight from analysis of intra-industry trade in environment goods.

The expansion of the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) has raised a wide range of concerns about its environmental impact. Therefore, from the perspective of environmental impacts, this study used the two-way fixed effect staggered differences in differences (TWFE Staggered DID) method to examine the impact of the BRI on the Environment Goods (EGs) intra-industry trade (IIT) between China and other Belt and Road (B&R) countries, including a sample of 191 countries, covering the period from 2010 to 2019 for eliminating the impact of COVID-19 and the financial crisis in 2008 and 2009. Because only 135 countries signed a Memorandum of Understanding between 2010 and 2019, this study treated these B&R countries as the study group, and the other 73 countries (non-B&R countries) as the control group. This study described EGs using the 54 6-digit code Environment Goods in Harmonized Commodity Description and Coding System listed in the "APEC LIST OF ENVIRONMENT GOODS" published by the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation in 2012, and used the intra-industry trade index proposed by Grubel and Lloyd in 1971 to measuring dependent variable. The research results indicated that the BRI has significantly promoted bilateral EGs IIT. The mechanism test implied that, in addition to direct impacts, the BRI also has indirect impacts by boosting the energy restructuring of B&R countries. These results prove that the BRI has positive impacts on the environment. The heterogeneity test showed that there is a heterogeneous impact depending on the type of IIT, product categorization, B&R countries' income levels, and geographic environment. This study not only gives theoretical and empirical evidence of the positive environmental impacts of the BRI, but also provides practical guidance for the development of EGS IIT between China and B&R countries, thereby contributing to global carbon emissions reduction and environmental governance to some degree.

Щодо підвищення точності аналітичних та чисельних методів геодезичних та картометричних операцій

Purpose of this work is to determine and justify the use of analytical and numerical geodetic and cartometric methods on the reference ellipsoid, as well as their calculation accuracy in the geographic information environment. Methodology. The research compiled a register of geodetic and cartometric methods used in geodetic practice and implemented in modern geographic information systems. Standard tools in GIS often use approximate numerical methods, which affects the accuracy of models of geospatial objects in the GIS environment. Therefore, we have analysed and established for each operation of geodetic and cartometric methods a mathematical model that determines a particular cartometric property with maximum accuracy either by analytical or numerical methods with the number of terms in the binomial series of 6 or more. Results. The author proposed 10 operations of the geodetic method and 3 operations of the cartometric method, for which mathematical models and their accuracy were established and substantiated with their corresponding implementation in the MATLAB v. R2018a. The defined list of geodetic and cartometric operations made it possible to move away from the classification of distance lengths that influenced the further use of certain surfaces (map projection plane, sphere, spheroid, or reference ellipsoid) and mathematical models of operations. The presented mathematical models allow performing the relevant geodetic and cartometric methods with maximum accuracy using modern computer technologies. The mathematical models of geodetic and cartometric methods are investigated, which have practically no limitations for achieving the required accuracy, especially for large and ultra-large distances. The scientific novelty of the research is to define and justify a clear list of mathematical models of numerical and analytical geodetic and cartometric methods instead of cartometric methods on the map and standard methods of instrumental GIS; using the surface of the reference ellipsoid, and not just cartographic projections, spheroid or sphere. The practical significance of the research lies in the use of numerical and analytical geodetic and cartometric methods that significantly increase the accuracy of operations in these works, as well as in the creation/updating of digital topographic maps, navigation and route planning, etc. The research results can be concluded that well-founded mathematical models will ensure an increase in the accuracy of computational operations taking into account the curvature of the Earth in all sectors and areas of the economy, which will affect the quality of accounting and monitoring of relevant objects, integration and geospatial analysis of heterogeneous geospatial data, improve the quality (topological consistency) of geospatial data, etc

2018–2022年青海省主要湖泊蓄水量时空变化数据集

Qinghai Province is an important ecological function area, which is located in the inland of Northwest China. Qinghai Province is abundant in the total amount of water resource, but the spatial-temporal distribution of water resource in Qinghai Province is extremely uneven. Moreover, due to the factors such as climate and geographical environment, most lakes lack monitoring for a long time. As a significant carrier of surface water resource, lakes are important indicators for studying the impact of climate change and human activities on the water cycle process. The domestic GF-1 and GF-6 satellites have the ability to observe the earth repeatedly for a period of 2 days by collaborating, thus the surface water area can be obtained at high frequency. A high-precision surface water level can be acquired by ICESat-2, which has centimeter-level height measurement accuracy. The water area derived from GF-1/6 and water level derived from ICESat-2 were adopted to build the models for monitoring spatial-temporal variation of water storage of lakes in Qinghai Province. We developed a dataset of spatial-temporal variation of lake water storage in Qinghai Province during 2018–2022 via the models. The monitoring accuracy of the dataset had been verified with an overall accuracy better than 93%, which meets the needs of remote sensing monitoring of spatial-temporal variation of lake water storage. The dataset contains a total of 60 monthly storage variation of 33 lakes an area of more than 30 km2 in Qinghai Province during 2018–2022. These lakes are mainly distributed in the west, north and southeast of Qinghai Province. The dataset can provide basic data support for lake, hydrological and climate change process monitoring, dynamic evaluation of water resources, and optimization of water resources management and scheduling in Qinghai Province.

지역축제 발전 방향성 연구

Local festivals are reproduced or newly realized through various artistic expressions based on historical facts or geographical environment. These festivals based on localism provide a special experience for local residents and tourists, as well as an opportunity to raise pride in historical consciousness and traditional culture.
 To this end, events and performances for various experiences are an opportunity to awaken the interest and theme consciousness of the festival again. However, the reality of the local festival is that it is a onetime event in which the identity is lost due to the competitive overheating phenomenon or the unique meaning disappears. Now the festival is a space for education and learning to enjoy and learn in the space of simply enjoying amusement, and it is necessary to develop it into a complex community space where everyone can sympathize with the fusion of traditional culture and modern culture. To this end, it is necessary to find the possibility of development of traditional values of the region, to develop local customized contents using cultural heritage and artists, and to present various cultural products combined with tourism and festival contents through specialization projects considering regional connection.

‘I can hear the wind and feel it touch me on the nose’: The search for agency of the environment in the dialogue between human and nature. The case of Austin, TX

This study explores specific relationships between humans and nature and seeks an extended ‘social construction of nature’ in the direction of place agency. The research assumes that place can be in agented action and a reciprocal relationship with human and non-human beings. The study’s main aim is to identify whether, from the perspective of contemporary city users, a partnership with the biotic and geographical environment is possible both within and outside the city. From this aim arises a research question: Does an inhabitant of a large city realize the possibility of a dialogue involving an ‘exchange of meanings’ between two entities of interaction that are often highly different (human and non-human beings)? The research uses a questionnaire survey (to recognize general quantitative opinion) and in-depth interviews with selected respondents (to look for deeper explanations). Results show that some urban respondents can see some environmental elements (in and out of the city) as agents and can describe the relationship human-environment in case of a reciprocal action called dialogue.

상업시설 입지요인의 풍수적 해석

A Study on the Interpretation of Feng shui Factors in the Commercial Facility Location Analysis - Focused on the Multiple Auctions in Jung-gu, Seoul -Using the multiple auctions in Jung-gu, Seoul as a focal point, this study aims to analyze the interpretation of environmental factors in the location analysis of commercial facilities. The research focuses on the study of commercial facility locations, specifically in terms of their relationship with environmental factors.The research methodology includes the following steps: 1. Data Collection - Collect data related to commercial facility locations in Jung-gu, Seoul, particularly those obtained through multiple auctions. - Gather data on environmental factors such as geographic characteristics, natural environment (landscape, water, mountains, etc.), and geographical location. 2. Data Preprocessing - Preprocess the collected data to transform it into a suitable format for analysis - Cleanse the data and extract relevant variables for the study. 3. Environmental Factors Analysis: - Utilize Geographic Information Systems (GIS) to analyze the environmental factors related to commercial facility locations. - Conduct spatial analysis to identify patterns and relationships between commercial facilities and environmental factors. 4. Interpretation and Evaluation - Interpret the results of the analysis to gain insights into the interpretation of environmental factors in cmmercial facility location analysis - Evaluate the significance and impact of environmental factors on commercial facility locations in Jung-gu, Seoul. 5. Conclusion and Recommendations:Summarize the findings and draw conclusions based on the interpretation of environmental factors in commercial facility location analysis - Provide recommendations for future decision-making processes regarding commercial facility locations, taking into account the identified environmental factors. By conducting this study, we aim to contribute to the understanding and interpretation of environmental factors in the location analysis of commercial facilities, specifically focusing on the multiple auctions in Jung-gu, Seoul.

Intraoral Soft Tissue Lesions in 6-Year-Old Schoolchildren in Regions of Southern Ecuador: An Epidemiological Study.

Oral Mucosal Lesions (OMLs) are conditions of the oral mucosa that cause alterations in their presentation and pain in the affected patient, highlighting their importance for study. The aim of this research is to determine the prevalence of oral lesions in the Ecuadorian Austro. Descriptive statistics were used to associate variables, yielding statistically significant findings based on oral lesions, sex, and geographical environment. This study was conducted under the appropriate bioethical permissions. The results obtained correspond to the prevalence of lesions by province. Morona Santiago displays a rate of 17% for abscesses, surpassing the provinces of Azuay (13.50%) and Cañar (10.67%). However, gingivitis for pathology, Azuay stands out with 13.17%, while Cañar and Morona Santiago present 10.50% and 8.33%, respectively. There is also a predominant occurrence of abscesses in rural areas (41.17%) compared to urban ones (26.33%). Regarding sex, girls show a higher percentage of abscesses (41.17%) compared to boys who have a clear tendency to present GUM lesions (22.33%). The data indicates that in the studied provinces, geographical environment and sex are key variables to understand the distribution of oral lesions. These findings encourage us to continue pursuing this type of research, which contributes to improving the quality of life for children.

Unveiling Torrential Flood Dynamics: A Comprehensive Study of Spatio-Temporal Patterns in the Šumadija Region, Serbia

This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of flood frequency and a spatio-temporal characterization of historical torrential floods in the Šumadija region using water discharge datasets and documented events. A chronology of 344 recorded torrential flood events, spanning from 1929 to 2020, illustrates the region’s vulnerability, with a death toll exceeding 43. The study defines the intra-annual primary and secondary peaks of torrential flood occurrences and explains their spatial distribution. Furthermore, the identification of suitable probability distribution functions underscores the necessity of tailored approaches for effective flood risk management in this diverse geographical environment. The study employed Flood Frequency Analysis (FFA) and goodness-of-fit tests, including the Kolmogorov–Smirnov (K-S) and Cramér–von Mises (CvM) tests, to assess the frequency and magnitude of flood events and evaluate diverse distribution functions. The main results include the identification of suitable probability distribution functions for each river within the region, emphasizing the need for tailored approaches in flood risk management. Additionally, discharge values for various return periods offer crucial insights for informed decision-making in flood risk management and infrastructure planning.

Statics Analysis of a New Type of Wheeled Wind Crane

Under the background of the goal of "carbon peak, carbon neutrality", China's wind power development gradually transfers from the three northern regions to the central and eastern parts of the south, wind power installed capacity continues to increase, wind turbine height and single capacity continue to improve, while facing complex geographical environments such as mountains, forest areas, fish ponds, farmland, the functional demand for wind turbine hoisting equipment is increasing day by day. Due to the backwardness of China's metal material manufacturing technology and large wind power crane detection technology, the fatigue life of wind power crane is unpredictable, often in dangerous working conditions and negative loads, resulting in boom fatigue damage, which has a significant impact on personnel safety and national and company economic losses. Today, the demand for wind power has increased greatly, and the wind motor has changed from the previous slow speed, small wind blades and light weight to the single machine capacity is getting larger and larger, the blades are getting longer and longer, the tower height is getting higher and higher, and the lifting parts are getting heavier and heavier. This has created the characteristics of high, large and heavy wind turbines today. Therefore, the traditional wind turbine hoisting equipment has been unable to meet the needs of wind power construction, such as the all-ground crane high cost, weak wind resistance; Crawler crane lifting weight and lifting height is insufficient, and the site required for installation and demolition is large; The traditional tower crane needs to be attached to the tower barrel, which has low disassembly efficiency and great influence on the tower barrel, which seriously restricts the rapid development of wind power construction. Therefore, it is urgent to develop wind power cranes that can better adapt to complex geographical environments, ultra-high towers, and large megawatt units, while reducing installation costs and improving the safety and efficiency of hoisting, it is necessary to carry out mechanical analysis of wind power crane equipment. In order to ensure the reliable operation of the wind power crane, improve the utilization rate, extend the service life of the equipment, prevent potential production safety hazards, and reduce equipment maintenance costs, it is necessary to master its static performance through theoretical analysis and calculation, in order to propose and implement the design optimization and improvement program and the later use and maintenance measures. Due to overload, cracks, fatigue and corrosion, various failures caused by wind power cranes may reduce or lose their pre-designed functions and roles. Therefore, it is necessary to deeply analyze the static performance of the crane, find the largest dangerous force parts, eliminate potential safety hazards, and ensure its safe, stable and reliable operation, to monitor such complex structural parts is not only time-consuming, and may not be able to truly detect the safety hazards. In order to solve these problems, ANSYS (finite element analysis software) is used to analyze the theoretical stress of the 3D structure model, and the theoretical dangerous stress position of the structure is solved. Provide strong data support for the design and development of wind power crane industry in the later stage

CHARACTERISTICS OF THE LAND FUND OF NAKHCHIVAN AUTONOMOUS REPUBLIC

The article deals with the spread of agriculture and animal husbandry over vast territories, the transformation of natural landscapes, the formation of new economic areas with the development of productive forces, and the further multiplication of environmental impacts. We are talking about anthropogenic landscapes formed as a result of human economic activity, and about a number of dangers of these landscapes for life. We are talking about an increase in the area of the geographical environment, a continuous change in the natural land fund in an anthropogenic direction and that this change is due to an increase in the population and the share of the economy. It is about growing crops and ensuring the food needs of animals, as well as the need to meet the needs of people in agricultural and food products, and the importance of human land use in the field of agriculture. They talk about the rational and irrational use of nature by man and that, with rational use, the balance with nature is not disturbed. And with inefficient use, it is said that a person has taken away material goods and does not take any measures to maintain balance, as a result of which natural landscapes are transformed, the connection between natural complexes is disrupted. Based on the article, it can be said that agricultural activities and natural landscapes on the territory of Sharur, Babek, Kangerlinsky and Julfa districts have undergone a greater transformation.

Study on the differences and influencing factors of spatial distribution of population aging at township scale: a case study of township research units in Anshun City, China.

An aging population is one of the main features of China's current population structure, and it is a key area that needs attention to achieve high-quality population development. Because of its unique geographical environment, economic conditions, and sociocultural background, the study of population aging in the karst region of southwest China is particularly important. However, there is a lack of research exploring the regional differentiation of population aging and its influencing factors in the karst regions of southwest China. In light of this, we chose Anshun City, located in Guizhou Province's southwest area, as the case study area. We used the Lorenz curve and spatial autocorrelation to study the differences in the spatial distribution pattern of population aging and introduced multi-scale geographical weighted regression to explore its influencing factors. The results show that Anshun City's older people population proportion (OPP) is generally high with more than 7% of the older people there, making it part of an aging society. The OPP appeared high in the east and low in the west in spatial distribution; the older people population density (OPD) revealed a gradually increasing trend from south to north. At the township scale, both the OPP and the OPD showed significant spatial positive correlation, and the spatial agglomeration characteristics were obvious. OPD and OPP have a positive spatial correlation at the global level, and townships with similar OPP or OPD were spatially adjacent. The spatial distribution characteristics of population aging are the consequence of complex contributions such as natural, social, economic, and karst factors. Further, the spatial distribution pattern of aging is determined by a variety of influencing factors, which have different directions and intensities. Therefore, it is necessary to formulate and implement corresponding policies and strategies to deal with the aging problem in the future.

Development and field evaluation of a novel sugar bait device for controlling residential vector mosquitoes in Zhejiang Province, China.

Mosquito-borne diseases pose serious public health threats in Zhejiang Province, China, and vector control is believed to be the primary method for reducing transmission. Due to severe resistance problems, effective and sustainable methods without chemical insecticides are urgently required to control mosquito vectors. Attractive toxic sugar baits (ATSB) are newly developed methods to control mosquitoes in recent decades with the core element sugar bait, which was invented according to the sugar-feeding behavior of mosquitoes. In this study, we developed a Novel Sugar Bait Device (NSBD) trap by combining sugar bait and physical adhesive capture technology. The study aimed to evaluate the effect of the NSBD trap on controlling mosquitoes in residential environments and to identify the optimal sugar solution concentration in the sugar bait of the NSBD for real use. Four residential villages in Ningbo City with similar geographic environments and mosquito densities were selected for field trials in 2022. One village (site 1) was designated as the control group, and three villages (sites 2-4) served as the test groups to assess the effectiveness of NSBD traps with different sugar solution concentrations (6, 8, and 10%) in the sugar bait. Larval and adult mosquito densities were monitored monthly before and semi-monthly after the trials using the CDC light trap and larval pipette method. Before the trials, we monitored mosquito density for 3 months to confirm the baseline mosquito density among the four sites, and no statistical differences in adult and larval mosquitoes were found (adult, F = 3.047, p > 0.05; larvae, F = 0.436, p > 0.05). After the trials, all NCBD traps effectively controlled larval and adult mosquito densities, with the highest standard decrease rates of larval and adult mosquito densities at 57.80 and 86.31%, respectively, observed in site 4. The most suitable sugar solution concentration in the sugar bait was 10%. NSBD traps effectively controlled mosquitoes in residential environments during field trials. Without the use of insecticides, this may be a promising choice for mosquito vector control to prevent mosquito-borne diseases.

Formation Process and Spatial Representation of Tourist Destination Personality from the Perspective of Cultural Heritage: Application in Traditional Villages in Ancient Huizhou, China

Tourism destinations are cultural heritage and spatial landscape systems of organic coexistence between humans and the Earth, and are formed through the long historical evolution of a specific geographical environment. With the development of large-scale cultural and tourism projects and the construction of scenic areas, many tourist destinations face conflicts between people and the environment and the crisis of discontinuity in the landscape and the cultural context. The concept of tourist destination personality provides a perspective for studying the interaction between humans and the environment in tourist destinations. However, existing research has not delved into the mechanisms of temporal–spatial interaction and spatial representation of regional cultural heritage in regional systems. Therefore, from the perspectives of geography and urban–rural planning, this study selects traditional villages in ancient Huizhou as the research object and employs relevant theories from cultural ecology to construct a paradigm for analyzing the formation path of tourist destination personality based on a cultural core from a regional systemic perspective. Building on this, this study develops a coupling analysis framework for the “accumulation anchoring” of heritage landscape representation in traditional villages in ancient Huizhou based on a cognitive understanding of tourist destination heritage landscape and a ‘time–space’ interactive model. The research reveals that the formation of personality in traditional villages in ancient Huizhou centers around cultural cores such as production methods, social organizations, construction mechanisms, and social beliefs. It is driven by basic forces such as resource endowment vitality, a social structure driving force, and a historical choice regulatory force, with the logic of forming dominant functions and obtaining expected benefits such as the core. The spatial representation of traditional village heritage in ancient Huizhou exhibits a synergistic evolution mechanism between ‘culture and landscape’. The research process and conclusions provide a basic framework and methodological system for the study of tourist destination personality and heritage revitalization, expanding the understanding of the process of human–environment interaction and spatial patterns in tourist destinations.