Geographical Environment Research Articles

광양 동천하류역 3~6세기대 취락의 형성과 전개과정 연구

This article is a study on the process of settlements formation and development during the 3rd ~ 6th centuries in the down Dong-cheon area among the Gwangyang area, which is a regional area in the eastern part of Jeonnam.This region has been continuously yielding archaeological findings through recent ongoing excavations, necessitating further research utilizing both existing and newly acquired data. The historic sites over the down stream of Dong-cheon, Gwangyang region have been studied are 7 points and 10 locations. This place can be classified broadly into their features such as dwelling, mound, fortress, and production. This area is also where many foreign artifacts are concentrated. This is understood as the nature of the natural and geographic environment and the transitional zone of this area. Therefore, the above contents were reviewed, and the formation and development process of the Dong-cheon Stream downstream region in Gwangyang was examined by dividing them into Ⅰ~Ⅲ. In the 1nd period, natives broaden their residence to flatland in the 3rd centries and their housing culture and relics started to flow in and features as the transitional zone in the Mid-4th centries. It seemed that having grown while serving as a stopover for foreign relations, that to overcome the geographical limitation causing slow development, which located in boarder area of Mahan(馬韓) and Gaya(加耶). In the 2nd period, after early 5th cenries, the amount of Sogaya(小加耶) type relics have been appeared to overwhelmed to other political systems. Also their form of habitations had changed into a squre shape. Through the importing Mahan or Wae type relics, it can be seen as means of bridge in marine route connecting Baekje(百濟)-Mahan(馬韓)-Gaya(加耶)-Wae(倭) during this term. The down stream group of Dong-cheon, formed relationship between Sogaya(小加耶) more closely. It can be estimated by producing their own products and constructing mounded tomb of regional head’s tomb from fhe late 5th centries to early 6th centries, that indigenous forces had been increased. The eastern part of Jeonnam was designated as Imnasahyun(任那四縣), and it is certain that down stream of Dong-cheon were central settlement in Moru(牟婁). In the 3nd period, passing the first half of the 6th century, with the construction of Baekje(百濟) tombs and Maro Mountain Fortress, the downstream of Dong-cheon was included in the direct ruling system of Baekje's local administration, and it still remained as the central settlement of the Gwangyang region.

Development of a new intelligent instrument for visibility and turbulence meteorological environment parameters in traffic network

The number of transport network systems in the world is increasing and the transport network passes through different geographical environments, there is an urgent need to develop an environmental meteorological monitoring equipment for the transport network security. So, in this study, a new intelligent instrument for monitoring the visibility and turbulence meteorological environmental parameters (temperature, pressure, humidity, etc.) of traffic networks (IVMPT) is developed. The feasibility of simultaneous measurement of visibility, turbulence and various meteorological elements is verified. The atmospheric visibility is measured based on the extinction principle and the atmospheric turbulence in a certain range based on the light intensity scattering principle. The commercial Visibility instrument (DNQ2-1) and Micro-temperature Sensor are used to compare with our new instrument. The results show that the difference between the visibility and turbulence measurements and the comparison instrument is 3% and 8.4%, respectively. After comparative examination, the new instrument meets the design requirements. In addition to environmental meteorological monitoring applications in the transport network, the instrument provides a new scientific instrument for the study of aerosol-turbulence interactions in basic science issues.

Community gardens for inclusive urban planning in Padua (Italy): implementing a participatory spatial multicriteria decision-making analysis to explore the social meanings of urban agriculture

Urban agriculture is recognized as a worthy resource to support a growing population as well as to provide other positive effects on urban ecosystems and their citizens. In this context, community gardens are considered key topics in terms of food production and food security, in both developing and developed countries, as well as in terms of social inclusion and participation. The general aim of this study was to assess the main spatial criteria recognized and shared by stakeholders to identify suitable and inclusive areas for community gardens by testing and developing a participatory process. Because of its size, population, and urban fabric, Padua (northeast Italy) was selected as a representative and emblematic case study for mid-sized cities in Europe. The methodology was based on field surveys of key informants and spatial multicriteria decision-making analysis in the open-source geographic information system environment of QGIS. The results identified neighborhoods to be prioritized in the design of new community gardens according to three scenarios: the distance index, the social index, and the combination of the two (overall index). To conclude, this study highlighted the importance of adopting a decision-making methodology to support local policymakers and municipal agencies that are interested in implementing other community gardens in Padua. The case study and the methodology adopted could also serve as important guides for cities by providing step-by-step processes that can be directly applied.

Solid waste generation prediction model framework using socioeconomic and demographic factors with real-time MSW collection data.

This article proposes a framework for developing predictive models of end-of-life product flows, highlighting the importance of conducting thorough analyses before developing waste management and end-of-life product flow strategies. The framework emphasizes the importance of recognizing the nature and quality of the available data and finding a balance between model development time and detail requirements. It is designed to adapt to source material heterogeneity and address varying data availability scenarios, such as the presence or absence of radio frequency identification chips. A case study for the city of Gatineau is presented, showcasing the framework's application through agent-based simulation models in a geographic information systems environment. The study focuses on creating models of municipal solid waste generation based on socioeconomic and demographic factors and collection data to accurately predict the quantity and quality of waste streams, enabling municipalities to assess the environmental impact of their waste management strategies.

Improved response spectrum analysis procedure for an adaptive variable friction pendulum isolated structure considering frictional dependency

The effectiveness of the conventional friction pendulum isolator (FPI) is limited in complex geographical environments and unpredictable earthquake events due to its complex frictional properties and the requirement for a unified setup target. With a view to addressing the aforementioned issues, in conjunction with an adaptive variable friction pendulum isolator (AVFPI), a simple and practical mechanical model is proposed. After applying the mechanical model with a friction-dependent influence model, an improved response spectrum analysis procedure (IRS) is proposed for variable friction pendulum isolation systems. Notably, the proposed procedure allows for the consideration of the effects of variations in velocity, temperature, and pressure on the friction characteristics without the necessity for nonlinear response history analysis (NRHA). The procedure commences with obtaining a numerical model of friction dependency through friction material examinations, then proceeds to verifying the reliability of both the friction dependency and mechanical model through prototype tests of AVFPIs. The following study presents a proposed correction method that depends on random vibration theory to establish a functional relationship between the pseudo-velocity spectrum and the velocity spectrum. Additionally, an association is established between the peak velocity and the generation of frictional heat. Finally, the procedure is evaluated based on the results of an NRHA that takes friction dependence into account through a numerically variable friction pendulum isolation system. The results of the study indicate that the IRS provides a more accurate and secure assessment of the isolator displacement at various temperatures than the response spectrum method, which does not account for the influence of frictional dependency. The failure to consider the influence of friction dependency in high-temperature environments produces an underestimation of isolator slip displacement and a subsequent increase in failure rates. The Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) friction materials that are currently in widespread use exhibit a strong correlation with friction dependence and, as a consequence, cause relatively large displacements at temperatures that are both low and high. The results of this study present an opportunity to expand how response spectrum analysis techniques can be applied to friction pendulum isolation systems.

Spatiotemporal dynamic of soil erosion and the key factors impact processes over semi-arid catchments in Southwest China

The heterogeneity of geographic environments and vegetation types plays a crucial role in determining soil erosion patterns. Highlighting the influence of environmental factors and their gradient changes on soil erosion is key to effective control and management. In this study, conducted in the arid-hot valley area of the Jinsha River, one of the main sand-producing areas in the Yangtze River Basin, we considered the topographic factors and land cover and applied the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RULSE) with geographic information system (GIS) was applied to quantify the contribution and change pattern of different factors to soil erosion in the arid-hot valleys. Then, the spatial and temporal patterns of soil erosion in 2000 and 2015 were analyzed, showing erosion amount of 1812.96 t/(km2·a) and 1965.98 t/(km2·a), respectively. The increase in erosion was attributed to the frequency of heavy rainfall events. In terms of spatial distribution, strong soil erosion has been mainly observed in arid-hot basins, such as Yuanmou and Huaping. The soil erosion modulus (SEM) was closely connected to topographical elements, increasing incrementally with slope. High soil erosion areas were predominantly distributed across slopes between 18° and 36°. In contrast, SEM decreased gradually with increasing altitude, with strong erosion occurring primarily below 2000 m. SEM for different land use types followed this order: bare land > cultivated land > grassland > forest > paddy land. Based on the relationship between vegetation cover and soil erosion, the area could be roughly divided into three types of area by vegetation coverage: erosion control areas (30% vegetation coverage), erosion-vegetation transition areas (30–70%), and vegetation control areas (>70%). These results provide an essential reference for assessing soil erosion patterns and implementation of ecological vegetation restoration measures in arid-hot valleys.

Study on the Reform of Function Orientation of People’s Courts from the Perspective of Litigation Source Governance: Taking G Prefecture as an Example

To initiate the reform of the implementation management system and mechanism below the city (state) in GPrefecture, taking into account its unique geographical, political, and cultural context, the construction of a “four-in-one”modern work system is proposed. The success of this reform in remote minority areas depends on tailoring measures tolocal conditions. Customizing strategies to fit the specific geographic, political, and cultural environment of G Prefectureis crucial for ensuring the practical implementation and effectiveness of the two-level court function positioning reform inthese remote areas.

The impact of the geographical environment on the hydromorphological conditions of watercourses in southern Poland

Hydromorphological assessment of watercourses provides much valuable information about the riverbed and its immediate surroundings, including the influence of geographical environmental factors along with anthropogenic pressures in the catchment area. This paper presents diversity of hydromorphological conditions of 77 sections located on 39 watercourses in southern Poland in three European ecoregions: Eastern Plains, Central Plains and the Carpathians. The study was based on the Hydromorphological Index for Rivers (HIR) method and two sub-indices: Hydromorphological Diversity Score (HDS) and Hydromorphological Modification Score (HMS). Basic and multi-dimensional statistical analyses were performed to identify the main gradients of the geographical environment and the variables that contribute most to the total variability of HIR. The highest mean HIR values were recorded in the Carpathians ecoregion, then in the Central Plains and the lowest in the Eastern Plains, 0.70, 0.67 and 0.58, respectively. Significant differences were found between the Carpathians and Eastern Plains ecoregions in HIR values obtained. Hydromorphological differentiation is most influenced by altitude and geological type. The cluster analysis enabled two main groups of watercourses to be distinguished – the first one was dominated by variables showing HMS > HDS relationship, while the second one was dominated by HDS > HMS relationship. Multi-dimensional analysis provided additional information on the relationships between the variables and the sections studied. The greatest positive impact on the formation of the final HIR value had the variation of the riverbed slope and natural morphological elements of the bed bottom, while the greatest negative impact on HIR had the transformations observed in spot-check.

Peranan Program Tahfidz Al Qur’an dalam Pembentukan Perilaku Istiqomah Akhlak Terpuji Siswa di Muhammadiyah Boarding School (MBS)

Education plays a crucial role in building the character of students. Quran-based education has a positive influence on the spiritual and emotional development of children. Memorizing the Quran is a program introduced to produce a Hafidz, someone who preserves the memorization of the Quran. Maintaining this memorization requires the virtue of Istiqomah, which is one of the noble virtues. Muhammadiyah Boarding School (MBS) is one of the Islamic boarding schools that prioritizes the Quran Memorization Program and has produced many Hafidz. This research is conducted using a qualitative method with a case study approach. Data collection techniques include unstructured interviews, observations, and documentation. Data analysis is carried out through data transcription. The results of this research show that the Quran Memorization Program at MBS consists of Tahsin (Quranic pronunciation improvement) and Tahfidz (Quran memorization). Tahsin aims to improve Quranic recitation, while Tahfidz requires students to memorize one Juz (section) of the Quran within a year. Religious values are consistently incorporated into the Tahfidz program, which helps train discipline and obedience, fostering the virtue of Istiqomah. The Quran, with its numerous teachings on noble character traits, plays a significant role in this process. Additionally, guidance from the teachers and the students' growing spiritual awareness while delving deeper into the Quran contribute to their success.Supporting factors in achieving the program's goals include students' strong determination, a tranquil and comfortable geographical environment. However, there are also hindering factors, such as the lack of integration between the Tahfidz curriculum and the regular school curriculum, diverse student backgrounds, and time constraints due to the intensive schedule of the Islamic boarding school and general education priorities.

Diversification in subsistence pattern of animal resources in the Hengduan Mountains: Multi‐isotopic evidence of Yingpanshan and Guijiabao site (5300–4000 cal. BP), China

AbstractThe Hengduan Mountains are located on the southeastern edge of the Qinghai‐Tibet Plateau, where farmers began to settle 6000 years ago. Animal husbandry plays a significant role in the sustenance economies of agricultural civilizations. It is unclear how Neolithic people acquired animal resources in the Hengduan Mountains. We explore animal geographical origins and feeding practices using the strontium, carbon, and oxygen isotope composition of tooth enamel at the Guijiabao and Yingpanshan sites during the Neolithic Age in the Hengduan Mountains. Multi‐isotopic evidence demonstrates that animals originate from several different regions with diverse foods. Guijiabao domestic dogs and pigs with a mixed C3/C4 diet share a similarly broad dietary spectrum with humans as enclosed animals, but the other pigs are wild boars with a C3 diet, likely free‐range animals or directly captured as meat resources. Yingpanshan dogs and pigs are both domestic animals with a mixed C3/C4 or C4‐based diet, but pigs with different 87Sr/86Sr ratios are likely raised by dispersed feeding modes. The inhabitants had diverse approaches for obtaining animal resources, including husbandry, hunting, and exchange. Diverse animal subsistence patterns are closely related to the complex geographical environment, reflecting the adaptation of farmers living in the high mountain valley regions.

Feature-constrained automatic geometric deformation analysis method of bridge models toward digital twin

ABSTRACT It is very important to construct digital twin scenes, which can accurately describe the dynamically changing geographical environment and improve the level of refined management in bridge construction. This article proposes a feature constrained automatic diagnostic analysis method for geometric deformation of bridge digital twins. The geometric deformation feature library of bridge twins was first created to accurately describe structural relationships and behavior characteristics. Secondly, line surface feature constraints were used to extract geometric deformation information from bridge digital twins. Then, a geometric deformation diagnosis algorithm was designed based on an improved Hausdorff method. Finally, a case study was conducted to implement experimental analysis. The experimental results show that the method proposed in this paper can automatically extract the geometric morphology and rapidly calculate line and surface deformations for point cloud bridge digital twins. It achieves an efficiency improvement above 90% and with millimeter-level accuracy, which effectively enhances the diagnostic analysis capabilities for geographical digital twin models.

A remote sensing index for the detection of multi-type water quality anomalies in complex geographical environments

ABSTRACT Frequent water quality anomalies severely affect the ecological environment, hindering the protection, restoration, and sustainable use of inland freshwater ecosystems in Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) 15.1. Thus, there is an urgent need to conduct real-time monitoring and early warnings of various water quality anomalies. However, current remote sensing indices of water quality anomalies are aimed at only one specific water anomaly event in water regions, which makes it difficult to achieve high-precision and on-orbit detection of sudden water quality anomalies in complex geographical environments with the limited storage and computing resources of satellites. Therefore, this study proposed a remote sensing index for the detection of multi-type water quality anomalies in complex geographical environments by analyzing the spectral differences between different earth’s surfaces. The validation results indicated that the proposed index achieved satisfactory performance for the synchronous detection of most water quality anomalies and could be used directly in complex geographical environments to detect water anomalies. Overall, this study contributes to the realization of real-time water quality anomaly detection methods in complex geographical environments, which increases the possibility of on-orbit water quality anomaly detection.

Using Immersive Virtual Reality to Study Road-Crossing Sustainability in Fleeting Moments of Space and Time

Despite a history of year-by-year reduction in road-crossing harm and fatality in the United States, the trend reversed course in 2009 and road-crossing has grown more hazardous since. Within this tendency, there has been a marked uptick in risk to urban crossers who are neither children nor elderly. The age group in between these extremes represents a bulk of urban crossers, for whom theoretical explanations for crossing behavior that are focused on youth and senior crossing factors often do not apply. New insight is likely required to explain why the rate of crossing harm is growing for the 20–44 age group, but declining among the young and elderly. However, it is difficult to experiment with crossing scenarios in a real-world context, where significant dangers are present and for which the uniqueness of crossers and crossing sites is abundant. In this paper, we introduce an end-to-end system for examining crossing behavior using a unique combination of real human crossing behavior, made safe through the combination of agent-based models, motion capture, virtual geographic environments, and immersive technologies from virtual reality. We demonstrate that this combination of methods can be deployed to examine very high resolution and very high specificities of crossing scenarios and behaviors, with reach to individual crossers and their judgment over tiny windows of space and time. We demonstrate that the system can reproduce known effects from the theoretical literature and from existing case studies, while also generating huge swaths of empirical and diagnostically useful data on crossing actions, interactions, and reactions relative to fleeting events and phenomena of urban geography, traffic dynamics, and ambient pedestrian crowds. To prove the concept, we deploy the system to investigate crossing judgment behavior among the 20–44 age group.

Construction and characteristic analysis of landscape gene maps of traditional villages along ancient Qin-Shu roads, Western China

The landscape of traditional villages reflects specific geographical and cultural environments, with distinct regional cultural and living space characteristics. An exploration of the deep genetic core of traditional villages from the perspective of “cultural landscape genes” can help reveal the mechanism of historical evolution of regional settlements and provide a reference for maintaining the regional characteristics of traditional villages today. This study focuses on 23 nationally recognized traditional villages along the northern roads of the ancient Qin-Shu roads. The “landscape-gene” theory, centred on both artificial construction and cultural inheritance in traditional villages, was used to develop a method for identifying and extracting the northern roads of the ancient Qin-Shu roads landscape genes in “architecture culture”. Then, a genome of the cultural landscape of traditional villages was constructed. Six different dimensions with identified genes, including environmental layout, landscape, architectural landscape, material culture, behavioural culture and mentality culture, were analysed. The results showed the following: (1) the traditional villages on the northern roads of the ancient Qin–Shu roads have 8 genes in the constructed landscape, including ‘location layout mainly along mountains and ancient roads, supplemented by water and pictographic patterns’, ‘orderly, flexible and changeable spatial form’, ‘natural landscape surrounded by mountains and rivers, culture and scenery blend’, ‘water in the south and drought in the north’, ‘agricultural main forest auxiliary production landscape’, ‘single north section, complex south section courtyard layout’, ‘load-bearing diversity, good utilization of the gable building structure’, ‘combination of earth, stone and bamboo, recycled and reused building materials’ and ‘atmospheric regularity, exquisite and gorgeous building decoration’. (2) There were six cultural landscape genes, such as ‘strong personalities and regional customs’, ‘preference for flavourful and spicy foods, wine and meat’, which characterized material culture. ‘Romantic history and thrifty values’, and a ‘combination of elegance and vulgarity’ characterized behavioural culture. The mentality of the region was characterized by ‘Xiangtu and Shengxing’, ‘open and inclusive values’, and ‘varied’ beliefs. (3) Philosophical and cosmological underpinnings such as the ‘unity of heaven and humanity’ and the ‘yin-yang and five-element’ theory guide human settlements in traditional villages along the northern roads. This study aims to clarify the characteristics of cultural landscapes in traditional villages through the analysis of cultural landscape genes and a resulting mapped genome, which will provide a scientific basis for the sustainable development of cultural landscapes in traditional villages. Cultural genes can protect the inheritance of regional culture and provide a new perspective for the study of traditional villages along linear cultural heritage zones.

Rate of Beta-Lactam Resistance and Epidemiological Features of S. Aureus-Associated Bovine Mastitis in Cross-Bred Ethiopian Cows: Systematic Review.

Dairy cows get mastitis from a common infection called Staphylococcus aureus. Because of its broad distribution across diverse populations and capacity to acquire antibiotic resistance, this particular bacterial strain presents a serious threat to public health. The main goals of this study were to determine the beta-lactam resistance profile of S. aureus in Ethiopian dairy cows and to offer thorough epidemiological data. We employed manual searches, Web of Science, PubMed Central, and Google Scholar HINARI for electronic bibliographic data. Twenty-six epidemiological studies were included in this systematic review. Of these studies, 12 articles in Oromia, 4 articles in Addis Ababa, 4 articles in Southern Nations, Nationalities, and People's (SNNPRS), 3 articles in Tigray, and 3 articles in Amhara region. The average prevalence S. aureus were 34.3% in Oromia, 40.2% in Amhara, 39.5 in AA, 40% in Tigray and 21% in SNNPRS. The antimicrobial resistance rate of S. aureus, specifically in relation to beta-lactam drugs, exhibited an average estimation. Notably, penicillin resistance reached a rate of 75%, while amoxicillin resistance stood at 67%. Furthermore, it was determined that, when treating S. aureus, the resistance rates to ampicillin and cephalosporin were 50% and 57%, respectively. The results of this analysis have demonstrated a considerable rise in S. aureus prevalence and beta-lactam resistance within the Ethiopian geographic environment. This emphasizes the critical need for alternate therapeutic approaches and preventative measures in order to successfully lessen the disease's extensive spread and detrimental effects across the nation.

Investigation of Geographical Factors of National Power

National power as a geopolitical concept reflects a characteristic and collective trait of the people of a nation and at the same time, it is manifested as an individual trait in relation to a country and a government. When power is viewed in the form of a society or a nation, its general and overall power appears from the outcome of that society's abilities. In political geography, which examines the role of geographical environment factors in the power of nations, The role of each country in the national power does not depend only on the thoughts and opinions of the rulers of that government, but there are factors that increase or decrease the national power. To identify and measure the national power of a country, you cannot rely on one element alone; Rather, national power has various origins and principles that produce national power in a collective function. In other words, the main factors shaping the national power of countries are located in different fields. One of the main areas influencing national power is geographical factors. Therefore, geography has a special importance in examining and analyzing the national power of a country. While providing a detailed description of the geographical factors of national power, this article seeks to answer the question, which geographical factors are effective in the national power of countries, based on reliable library sources? The results of this research show the value of the geopolitical position, the size, shape, nature of the borders, and the structure of the land or unevenness in the national power of the countries.

The Entrepreneurial Process in a Remote Island Context: The Case of Madeira

This paper studies the entrepreneurial phenomenon on a remote island to assess the effects of the spatial location on the entrepreneurial process. A qualitative approach was adopted to conduct this research, through a multiple-case study of 8 entrepreneurs from the island of Madeira, an autonomous Portuguese region in the Atlantic. The primary goal of this study is to characterize the entrepreneurial process in remote islands. This study adopts Bygrave’s (2009) definition and model of the entrepreneurial process. The findings show that the geographical environment on remote islands influences most phases of the entrepreneurial process. The identification of business opportunities will vary greatly between sectors of activity. Additionally, island-based entrepreneurs were more motivated by push factors, which suggests that the entrepreneurial landscape in remote islands will be populated by necessity entrepreneurs. Moreover, findings also demonstrate that remote island entrepreneurs are more preoccupied with firm survival than they are with growth. Finally, this study also discusses the impact of advances in information technologies on the entrepreneurial process on small and remote islands.

Influence of geographical environment on retinol-binding protein reference values in Chinese men.

This study combined geographic factors to predict Chinese healthy male RBP reference values from a geographic perspective, with the aim of exploring the spatial distribution and regional differences in Chinese healthy male Retinol-Binding Protein(RBP) reference values, and then providing a theoretical basis for medical diagnosis of healthy male RBP reference values in different regions of China. Using the actual measured RBP values of 24,502 healthy men in 256 cities in China combined with 16 geographical factors as the base data, the spatial autocorrelation, correlation analysis and support vector machine were used to predict the RBP reference values of healthy men in 2322 cities in China, and to generate a spatial distribution map of the RBP reference values of healthy men in China. It was found that the spatial distribution of healthy male RBP reference values in China showed a trend of gradual increase from the first to the third terrain steps. Combined with the distribution map, it is suggested that the RBP reference values of healthy men in China should be divided into the low value zone of the first-level terrain step (25mg/L~40mg/L), the middle value zone of the second-level terrain step (40mg/L~45mg/L) and the high value zone of the third-level terrain step (45mg/L~52mg/L).

Deeply supervised network for airborne LiDAR tree classification incorporating dual attention mechanisms

ABSTRACT Accurately identifying tree species is crucial in digital forestry. Several airborne LiDAR-based classification frameworks have been proposed to facilitate work in this area, and they have achieved impressive results. These models range from the classification of characterization parameters based on feature engineering extraction to end-to-end classification based on deep learning. However, in practical applications, the loud feature noises of a single sample at varying vertical heights can cause misjudgment between intraspecific samples, thereby limiting classification accuracy. This may be exacerbated by the scanning conditions and geographic environment. To address this challenge, a deeply supervised tree classification network (DSTCN) is designed in this article, which introduced a height-intensity dual attention mechanism to deliver improved classification performance. DSTCN takes the histogram feature descriptors of each tree slice as the input vector and considers the features of each slice in combination with its height and intensity information, utilizing slice features with different information gains more effectively, and removing the accuracy limitations imposed by feature noise at varying vertical heights. Experimental results from the classification of seven tree species in a mixed forest in Baden-Württemberg, southwestern Germany indicate that DSTCN (MAF = 0.94, OA = 0.94, Kappa = 0.93, FISD = 0.02) outperforms the two commonly used methods, based on Point Net++ (MAF = 0.88, OA = 0.88, Kappa = 0.86, FISD = 0.08) and BP Net (MAF = 0.86, OA = 0.87, Kappa = 0.85, FISD = 0.06) respectively, in terms of accuracy, stability, and robustness. This method integrates feature engineering and deep network models to achieve precise and balanced classification outcomes of tree species. The simplified design enables efficient forestry decision-making and presents innovative ideas and a method for employing airborne LiDAR technology in tree species identification of large-scale multi-layer mixed stands.

Research on the estimation and spatial pattern of net tourism carbon emissions in the Yellow River Basin from 2009 to 2019.

Based on panel data and remote sensing data of cities in the Yellow River Basin in China from 2009 to 2019, and using the tourism carbon footprint and tourism carbon carrying capacity models, the tourism carbon emissions, tourism carbon carrying capacity, and net tourism carbon of 65 cities in the Yellow River Basin were calculated. The balance and dynamic changes in carbon emissions and carbon fixation of urban tourism in the past ten years were compared. The results show that (1) tourism carbon emissions in the Yellow River Basin are generally on the rise, along with a distribution characteristic of downstream > middle reaches > upstream with obvious characteristics of urban agglomeration centrality within the basin; (2) the carbon carrying capacity of tourism is higher than that of tourism. The growth of carbon emissions is relatively slow, showing a spatial distribution pattern of high in the west and low in the east, which is mainly related to the geographical environment and economic development of the city; (3) the tourism carbon emissions and tourism carbon carrying capacity in the upstream areas can basically maintain a balance, but in the middle and lower reaches of the region, they show a carbon surplus. There is a significant positive spatial correlation in urban net tourism carbon emissions, and the clusters are mainly H-H and L-L.