Journalistic Genres Research Articles

Forms of culture (Culture Coverage)

Forms of culture (Culture Coverage)

Video game genre ((Online)Games)

Video game genre ((Online)Games)

The customer magazine of the automobile branch as a network of text varieties

The marketing instrument of corporate communication, the customer magazine, is presented as a network of texts, subtexts and text types, and reflected against the background of intertextuality research. The customer magazine has a high intertextual potential as a carrier of texts of various journalistic genres. It is a modern marketing print medium, which, if linked with digital applications, acquires a new materiality. The surrounding of a comprehensive semiotic network refers to a further intertextual dimension of the medium.

КОНСТРУИРОВАНИЕ ДЕТСТВА В РОССИИ КОНЦА XIX - НАЧАЛА XX ВВ.: ОТ ТЕОРИИ К ИЗУЧЕНИЮ ДИСКУРСИВНЫХ ПРАКТИК (НА ПРИМЕРЕ ДЕТСКОЙ ПЕРИОДИЧЕСКОЙ ПРЕССЫ ДЛЯ СРЕДНЕГО И СТАРШЕГО ВОЗРАСТА)

Aim: general analytical review of the design of childhood on the pages of periodicals for children and youth of the late XIX - early XX centuries. The work reveals the main theoretical aspects of researching the texts of children's magazines within the framework of discourse analysis, identifying and describing the main characteristics of discursive practices. In order to explicate the content of the image of childhood, we singled out and analyzed the representations reflected in journalistic articles in the genre of journalism. In pre-revolutionary Russia, the organization of discursive space in children's magazines played a huge role, since the content of magazines particularly influenced children's socialization through the organization of leisure, cognitive, and communicative activities and defined the child's mental space. As a result, various models of child design were identified that revealed the transformation of the child's image under the influence of the social and political environment of that time.

Emotive, evaluative, epistemic: A linguistic analysis of affectivity in news journalism

In this article, we introduce a linguistic approach to studying affectivity as a fundamental feature of news journalism. By reconceptualising affectivity beyond emotive storytelling, intentional stance-taking or evaluative expression, we propose a methodology that highlights how conventions related to mediating, modulating and managing affectivity permeate journalistic genres. Drawing from conversation analysis, Bakhtinian theory of language as dialogical and notion of affective meaning-making, we investigate how selected linguistic forms and structures – namely evidential and epistemic modals and lexical items signalling affective intensity (such as emotive and evaluative words and metaphorical expressions) – participate in affective meaning-making in news journalism. A scalable computational methodology is introduced to study multiple linguistic structures in conjunction. In investigating a case study – the news reporting and commentary on a highly charged, year-long political conflict between the right-wing conservative government and the trade unions in Finland (2015–2016) – the approach allows a focus on the ways in which affectivity operates in journalistic texts in response to both generic expectations of the audience and journalistic conventions. Our findings include identification of the intertwining of strategic rituals of objectivity and emotionality, recognition of metaphoricity as a key source of affectivity and detection of different news article types having their own conventions for managing affectivity. We also observe a connection between emotive and evaluative words and the grammatical constructions used to express degrees of certainty, which suggests these modal constructions play an important part in how affectivity informs journalistic texts.

ВИРОБНИЧА ТЕМАТИКА ТА ШЛЯХИ ЇЇ ХУДОЖНЬОЇ РЕАЛІЗАЦІЇ В ЗБІРЦІ РЕПОРТАЖІВ В. ВЛАДКА «ДОНБАС – ЗОЛОТА КРАЇНА»

<p><strong><em>The purpose of the research</em></strong><em> is to identify the genre and style features of the reportage on production topic on the example of collection by V. Vladko «Donbass is a golden country».</em></p><p><strong><em>Research methodology.</em></strong><em> </em><em>In accordance with the purpose, the research process requires a comprehensive application of such methods as: inductive-deductive – to observe and describe the selected characteristics of the reportage on production topics; descriptive-analytical – gave the opportunity to analyze the textual means of realization of genre-forming features of the reportage on production topics with further comparison and generalization of the obtained results; bibliographic – in order to collect and process literature on the research topic. The method of observation was used to collect primary empirical materials. On the basis of the structural-functional method the analysis of reportage collection by V. Vladko «Donbass is a golden country» was carried out. The method of generalization allowed to summarize the theoretical provisions of the study and to form a comprehensive vision of ways of artistic realization of industrial themes in the collection of reportages by V. Vladko «Donbass is a golden country».</em></p><p><strong><em>Results. </em></strong><em>The author emphasizes that this genre variety was extremely popular in Soviet journalism in the late 1920’s and early 1930’s. In the periodicals of that time, materials appeared more and more often in which journalists paid special attention to describing the labor exploits of Soviet people during industrialization and collectivization campaigns, were interested in the work of factories, and collective farms, and portrayed people’s faith in a better future. Particular attention is paid to their ideological orientation, cultivating the theme of the working class and the industrialization of a new society. It has been found that the reporter aims to describe these processes exclusively as a positive phenomenon. The purpose of our study is to analyze the genre and style features of reporting on production topics. The vision and application of the division of reporting into genre varieties, the characteristics of their identification and typological features are relatively new in the theory and practice of social communication research, which determines the relevance of our study. The subject of the research is V. Vladko’s collection of reports «Donbass is a golden country».</em> <em>To achieve this goal was used a set of general and special research methods, including the principle of historicism, methods of analysis and synthesis, etc. After analyzing the collection of V. Vladko «Donbass is a golden country», we decided that the report on the production theme as a genre-thematic variety has the following specific features: optimistic and sublime tone of the story; emphasis on the advantages of the socialist way of development; party affiliation, ideology, pathos; the main characters of the reports are workers – «builders of a bright communist future»; naturalistic descriptiveness of production processes; creation of idyllic pictures of Soviet life; availability of protocol-declarative slogans, production vocabulary, a large amount of factual material (statistical data, historical information).</em></p><p><strong><em>Novelty.</em></strong><em> In view of previous research and analysis of empirical material, at the first time a reportage on production topics was singled out as a genre-thematic type of reporting.</em></p><p><strong><em>Practical </em></strong><strong><em>significance</em></strong><strong><em>.</em></strong><em> The results of the research can be used during development of educational materials on normative disciplines («Introduction to the specialty», «Genres of journalism», «History of Ukrainian journalism», «Theory and practice of journalistic creativity»), special courses and special seminars in higher education institutions for students majoring in «Journalism».</em></p><p><strong><em>Key words: </em></strong><em>report on production topics, labor, worker, Donbass, industry.</em><em></em></p>

ФАКТОР ТРЕВЕЛ-ЖУРНАЛІСТИКИ В РОЗВИТКУ ТУРИЗМУ

Informatization of society provides new tools for intensifying tourism activities, forming the motives of the population to travel and promoting tourism brands. One of the tools is travel journalism, which helps to transform impressions into information. The purpose of the article is to study the impact of travel journalism on the intensification of tourism and justify the introduction of its most promising practices. The methodology of the article uses methods of classification of journalistic publications and magazines on tourism, the method of comparing advertising and “public relations”, a descriptive method to reveal the content of types of texts and genres of television travel journalism. The influence of travel journalism on the intensification of tourism has been studied. The content of publications of information and reference nature, publications with promotional properties, cognitive-oriented, problem-analytical materials is revealed. It is recognized that informative publications help to inform the general public about tourist facilities and services that were not previously known to the consumer. It is proposed to use promotional publications as a tool for implementing short-term tasks. The effectiveness of the use of cognitive-oriented texts as a tool for forming long-term incentives for tourist activity of consumers is substantiated. It is recognized that problem-oriented materials are intended for a narrow audience of professionals and contribute to the coverage of professional problems. The difference between advertising and “public relation” is investigated. It is determined that the toolkit “public relation” is used as a strategic lever to promote the tourist organization. The definition of PR-text is given, its main features are given, and the classification of PR-texts for use in tourist activity is offered. The most commonly used types of PR-texts in tourism are given. The genres of travel journalism are studied. It is determined that in travel journalism the most common forms of information presentation such as reporting, travel essay, recommendation. The peculiarities of the use of such PR-texts in tourism as by-light, background, image and review articles, case history, newsletter, press release are revealed. Characteristic features of such texts are given. Examples of user, specialized, professional and on-board publications in the Ukrainian mass media are given. It is substantiated that visual content is better perceived by consumers of tourist services. Examples of popular foreign and Ukrainian travel programs are given. The practical value of the article is to develop recommendations for the implementation of the most promising travel practices.

Методические аспекты программы дополнительного образования «Школьная студия «Православный мир»

We consider the methodological aspects of the implementation of the general development program of additional education for high school students “School Studio “Orthodox World”, its main task is to immerse students in the world of Orthodox culture – rich and diverse, filled with deep meaning, orienting in the living space to a kind attitude to others and inner harmony of a person. A distinctive feature of this program is the training of high school students to create Orthodox-oriented videos, that provide their involvement in a large work on a comprehensive study of the facts and events that will be discussed in the video. Special emphasis is placed on the local history material used in the work on video content. We present in detail the purpose and objectives of the program – general education, educational and developmental. The article reveals the content aspect, which includes the following sections: Orthodox worldview in the information space, Orthodox holidays in human life, a variety of videos and genres of journalism, compliance with legal and ethical norms when creating media content, methods and methods of information dissemination. The specifics of the activity of the teacher and students at different stages of the program implementation are considered. We indicate the novelty and difference of the author’s program from others implemented in the conditions of additional education.

Genre forms of modern Ukrainian media criticism

The research of the media criticism segment of Ukraine is relevant in the framework of the modern information space and the need to regulate the media. Important for the research are its genre forms, that allow to systematize and diversify critical materials. The subject of the research are media-critical editions “Telecritica”, “Detector Media”, “Media Sapiens”, “Media Lab” and “Mediacritica”. The purpose of the article is to analyze informational, analytical and artistic-journalistic genres of media-critical publications of Ukraine. The system method, methods of comparison, analysis and synthesis are used in the article. For the first time, genre aspects of the leading Ukrainian media critical resources, features of their content with regard to the transformation processes within journalism and criticism are considered. The article deals with the specifics of implementing information genres of media criticism (note, interview) which are presented mainly in classical forms. Emphasis is placed on analytics, the publications of which most often articulate the problems of objectivity and bias of information, public trust in the media, the spread of fakes and commissioned materials. With the help of analytical genres, media criticism brings to the level of discussion of topical issues of mass communication beyond a narrow circle of specialists. The most popular in all Ukrainian media-critical publications genre of the article is analyzed, which most aligns with the main goals of media-criticism, to promote neutralization and correction of negative manifestations in the media, to orient the audience in the information space. The article also considers the analytical genres of review and overview, which testify to the values ​​of media criticism. Separately, we are talking about artistic and journalistic genres (feuilleton, pamphlet), which today are less represented in journalism, at the same time they have become the basis for writing media-critical blogs. Emphasis is placed on the process of shifting genre boundaries, diffusion of genres, including in media criticism. Accordingly, the genre spectrum of media criticism is conditional and involves constant changes. As a result, it is noted that the media industry in Ukraine has a diverse and widely represented by genre forms critical reception. At the same time, media criticism is at the stage of forming a well-established methodology, in contrast to art criticism. Genre forms of media criticism do not go beyond journalism, but have the specifics of writing and directing materials. Emphasis is placed on the fact that a promising area is the study of genre transformations in media criticism.

INTERACTION OF POLISH AND UKRAINIAN LITERATURE ON THE PAGES OF "KRIVBAS COURIER" MAGAZINE

The information space of modernity requires from literary and artistic periodicals new forms of interaction between the participants of the communicative process. After all, with the advent of new media, writers are losing their niche in the space of literary publications. Such material placement cells are disappearing on the World Wide Web, being replaced by mass content. Considerable attention in literary and art magazines focuses on the qualitative transmission of intercultural experiences of generations. Under such conditions, there is a need to trace the Ukrainian-Polish literary relations in the era of convergent media. These aspects are reflected, for example, in the specifics of translations. A significant amount of correspondence, peer-review, and critical investigations of well-known figures of domestic literary criticism, which are connected with the writers of the neighboring country, allow the publication to open the curtain of perception of the world by Polish writers. The question of the peculiarities of communication between writers of Ukraine and Poland is interesting. What resources do writers use to reach consensus, seek collaboration, and engage in free dialogues, which are published by the editors of the analyzed journal. The study attempts to analyze the translation of Polish literature on the pages of the Courier Kryvbas magazine, from the perspective of the interaction between the author and the translator. The ways of their communication in the process of using the language codes of the countries are indicated. The most common genres of reflection of literary concepts on the pages of the Ukrainian edition are determined. Nowadays, various journalistic genres are being modified. The Courier of Kryvbas offers readers unusual forms of the artistic word, which are specified by the authors of the explorations themselves, in particular, reflections, thinkings, monologues, mentions, etc. The classic forms of text presentation are not left without attention.

КОММУНИКАТИВНЫЕ СТРАТЕГИИ СОВРЕМЕННОГО СОБЫТИЙНОГО РЕПОРТАЖА

The article considers event reportage as one of the journalistic genres, which is the most important component of the mass communication discourse. The authors focus on the features of the communicative strategies of modern event reportage. The proposed comparative analysis is carried out by considering English and Russian reports. Two main communicative strategies of modern event reportages are identified as objective transmission of the news and the impact on the recipient with the help of the author's commentary on the described event. The communicative strategies of English event reportage have a deliberately emphasized focus on objective coverage of events and maximum restraint of the assessments included in it, while the communicative strategies of Russian reportage are aimed not only at covering the event, but also to a greater extent at its emotional and evaluative perception. The research of communicative strategies and their speech specifics of modern event reportage created in different languages shows the national linguistic and extra linguistic features of this popular journalistic genre.

Aux frontières du fact-checking

Le propos de cet article est d’analyser le rapport des principaux services français de fact-checking aux « théories du complot » et à la façon par laquelle les stratégies de contournement de cette catégorie repoussoir contribuent à définir les « théories du complot » comme déviances informationnelles et à réaffirmer la légitimité du travail de fabrication des « faits journalistiques » dans une démocratie. Après avoir analysé le discours des fact-checkeurs à propos du « complotisme », nous examinons comment cette catégorie opère dans la mise en œuvre des critères de sélection et de traitement des sujets à vérifier. Nous montrons ensuite comment l’un des enjeux de ce nouveau produit journalistique est de rétablir un lien de confiance auprès de publics vulnérables aux « lectures complotistes de l’actualité », d’une part en s’investissant d’une mission pédagogique et d’autre part en déployant des efforts de communication directe avec les lecteurs.

Most effective educational technologies in the era of coronavirus: Casestudy and e-learning Russian as a foreign language

The article substantiates the need for the use of the most effective educational technologies in the process of distance teaching communication disciplines in the era of coronavirus. As the main effective educational distance technology, the case-study method is presented. It allows to identify the competence level of students with the maximum of communication completeness. The content of the cases is given, the conditions and features of their use in new reality of self-isolation and distance teaching are revealed, the technology of case development is considered, and the method of the case-study application role games is presented. The article presents some results of using case-study method in teaching English language speaking students a Russian language writing. Online case-study technology brings the learning process closer to the real practice of preparing texts of different journalism genres and style. This is fully facilitated by two role games as follow: “The interview with a director of a theatre performance” and “The writing a feature article”. During the role game “The interview with a director of a theatre performance” students should prepare, conduct, and record the interview with a director of a theatre performance, and then present it (the interview) online in the form of an article designed for a newspaper or magazine, having stood the formal and substantive requirements of the genre of interview. During the role game “The writing a feature article” in accordance with the topic proposed by teacher, students should identify the problem to be analyzed, determine the vector of representation of the examined problem, and write a feature article due to its genre-forming and genre-defining parameters

A Reporter Without Borders: Tennessee Williams’s Literary ‘War’ Journalism, 1928

Drawing on the discipline of border studies, the article examines the epistemological dilemmas with travelogues per literary journalism studies, given that they involve the simultaneous crossing of both physical (geopolitical frontiers) and conceptual (textual/genetic) borders. The article uses as its case study a travelogue written by American playwright Tennessee Williams during his Grand Tour through Europe in 1928 when he was just seventeen. A rare example of the playwright’s flirtation with the genre of literary journalism at a time when objective journalism was establishing itself as the newsprint norm, the travelogue – published in ten installments in his high school newspaper in the months following the trip – offers a first glimpse in Williams scholarship not only into the playwright’s artistic future but also his struggle with distancing factual from fictional representation. Read against his early letters and late memoirs that describe essentially the same content as the travel pieces, the article makes use of border studies methodologies to help negotiate the delicate divide that separates verifiable fact from allowable fiction in literary journalism.

НАУКОВІ МЕМУАРИ ПРОФЕСОРА ОЛЕКСАНДРИ СЕРБЕНСЬКОЇ: ЇХ ДИФЕРЕНЦІАЦІЯ ТА ЗНАЧЕННЯ

The article explores memoirs about scientists of Lviv universities by Professor of Journalism department of Lviv Ivan Franko National University Oleksandra Serbenska, academisian of Academy of Higher Education of Ukraine, and discovers their belonging to publicistics as a type of written creative work. Based on differential approach, it is determined that memoirs by Professor Oleksandra Serbenska which had been published in printed media since 1990 up to present days, are not writer’s works, but journalism as they were based on real facts, events without any fiction and have argumentation of author’s thoughts based on facts, documents and journalistic forms. The typology of memoirs of Professor Oleksandra Serbenska was made according to the types of their publications: traditional and new mass media, in particular, publications in scientific all-Ukrainian and Lviv magazines, bulletins of Lviv universities, collections of scientific works of the National Library of Ukraine and Lviv universities. Vernadsky, Lviv National Library of the Academy of Sciences of Ukraine named after V. Stefanyk, collective memoirs, book of memoirs. At the same time, the article explores publications published on the Internet on the websites of the archives of Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, Lviv online TV channels «Your City», «Variants» Lviv», on Youtube and Telegram channels, websites of Bulletins of Ivan Franko Lviv National University (philological and journalism series) and websites of the bulletin of Lviv Polytechnic National University (series «Problems of Ukrainian terminology». The typology of memoirs of Professor Oleksandra Serbenska was carried out according to the contribution of scientists to the sections of Ukrainian linguistics. It is proved that the memoirs of Professor Oleksandra Serbenska were published as a contribution to the history of Ukrainian linguistics, in particular the memoir scientific linguo-personology. Professor Oleksandra Serbenska’s memoirs are not only objects of the history of the Ukrainian language, but also of source studies of the history of Ukraine, history of Ukrainian science, history of Ivan Franko Lviv University, Lviv Polytechnic, history of Ukrainian journalism, history of Ukrainian journalism. It has been discovered that the memoirs of Professor Oleksandra Serbenska belong to the genres of publicistic journalism, and their varieties have been identified.

Genres of Cultural Journalism: Theatre Review

This paper focuses on cultural journalism and its main species. After a brief review of the main genres of the cultural writing press, I will dwell on the theater chronicle, trying to see what style of writing is circumscribed and what are the main steps in writing a theatre review. Based on my 23 years of experience as a journalist in the daily generalist and specialized cultural press (Cultural Magazine of the Romanian Writers' Union, ARCA), I dare to say that the secret of any theater review lies in the balance between the information transmitted and the journalist's comment, between the statement and the argument displayed. Being a personal judgement, therefor subjective, the article can rise dissatisfaction among directors, actors, set designers etc. who do not always resonate with the journalist's verdict. My paper will provide several personal examples of approaching the theater show, situations that I have faced over time, all to shed some light on writing the theater review. From a stylistic point of view, I will try to see how theatre review differs in the overall press coverage. The editorial style of the theater review could be circumscribed to the journalistic style, having at the same time an accentuated aesthetic dimension. This brings it closer to the language of literature.

«ВСЯ КАБАРДА ВСТРЕТИТ ЭТОТ АКТ С ЧУВСТВОМ ВЕЛИКОГО НРАВСТВЕННОГО УДОВЛЕТВОРЕНИЯ…». СТАТЬЯ Г. БАЕВА «О ПРИСОЕДИНЕНИИ МАЛОЙ КАБАРДЫ К БОЛЬШОЙ»

In publicist writings of G. Bayev were reflected many issues of socio-cultural development of the peoples of the Terek region in the second half of XIX – early XX centuries. Considerable attention Ossetian public figure paid to social and economic problems of peoples of Nalchik district. In particular they were treated in a context of functioning of their self-government – Congress of entrusted of the Great and Minor Kabarda and Five mountain societies. In January 1905, nine villages of Minor Kabarda concluded with G. Bayev an agreement to represent their interests in the petition to restore the unity of Great and Minor Kabarda within the Nalchik district. In the course of fulfilling of this task G. Bayev prepared an explanatory note and organised its information support. The basic positions of the petition's substantiation were stated in the article published in several issues of "Pyatigorskiy listok" at the beginning of June 1905. By its substantive qualities the material represented a detailed work on the history of the public self-government of Kabardians in the genre of zemstvo journalism. G. Bayev's systematic characterization of cultural and historical preconditions and administrative expediency of reunion of Great and Minor Kabarda convincingly testified to a deep understanding of socially significant tasks and the ways of their achievement necessary for socio-political and economic modernization of the territory. The result of his petition was the order of the viceroy of Caucasus I.I. Vorontsov-Dashkov of August 24, 1905 to incorporate the villages of Minor Kabarda to the Nalchik okrug. The publication of G. Bayev's article introduces into scientific circulation an informative source testifying to the formation of constructive skills of socio-state interaction in political culture of peoples of Terskaya oblast’ initiated by representatives of national intelligentsia of the region.

НОВИНАРНА ФОТОГРАФІЯ У СУЧАСНІЙ ЖУРНАЛІСТИЦІ: ВИДИ ТА ОСОБЛИВОСТІ

The article is about the fact that in modern mass-media photos more and more often become not only a visual background to informative, analytical or journalistic text, but as headlines attract attention of audience. Such kind of approach increases quality requirements of illustrative material in modern periodicals because popularity of texts which are published in newspapers and magazines depends on that. Some separate photos might become a kind of visual factage which does not need any verbal explanation. A lot of attention is paid to the role, purpose and features of photos for news as a genre of modern photojournalism. A short review of sources of research issues is made in the article. The author has considered the main definitions and features of news photography as one of the main informative genres of modern pictural journalism. It is accented on the fact that modern photojournalists have to orientate not only in genres of photojournalism but also to be able to use them in everyday practice. Here you can find views of photojournalism theorists on the condition of news photography. In the article are given recommendations of photojournalists practitioners and workers of information agencies on the main requirements of producing photos in this genre. In the article process of producing news photos and their use in modern periodical publications are considered. The author emphasizes on the quality of such pictures and their place in visual accompaniment of informative text. In the summary are given recommendations on preparation of photojournalists who are going to work in the genre of news photography.

China in the Russian Satirical Press During the Russo-Japanese War of 1904–1905

Russia’s defeat in the Russo-Japanese War of 1904–1905 and the Portsmouth Peace Treaty radically changed the balance of power in the Far East. It caused considerable damage to the image of the Russian Empire in the international arena and had a negative impact on Sino-Russian relations. However, one set of sources allows us to look at the well-known events from a different angle, and this has remained outside the attention of specialists in Sino-Russian relations. Russian satirical periodicals at the turn of the 20th century can serve as such a source, for it was during this period that more information about China became available to a wide range of readers in the Russian press. Along with the growing number of references to China, authors and readers inevitably began to form a unique and sometimes contradictory image of the eastern neighbor. This image, on the one hand, was directly related to current events in politics and international relations, and on the other could itself have a certain influence on the relations of the two empires at various levels. The Russo-Japanese War occupied a special place in the formation of Russia’s image of the East, in general, and of China, in particular. References to military operations on the Far Eastern fronts are found in virtually every issue of the 1904–1905 satirical magazines Budil’nik and Strekoza, which were popular at the time. Of course, the main “evil” for contemporaries was Japan, portrayed in extremely unsightly forms. However, China was not ignored either, especially since military actions partly took place on its territory. This article explores how China was seen by representatives of one of the most popular journalistic genres of those years.

Wywiad prasowy w polskiej prasie dla kobiet (w latach 1989–1992) – źródło wiedzy o życiu kobiet w czasie transformacji systemowej

The press interview is one of more important journalistic genres and a source of knowledge about life in a given historical period. Research on press interviews makes it possible to determine matters relevant to the magazine’s addressees at a given time. The aim of the research was to reconstruct the media image of women’s life in 1989–1992 in the Polish women’s press. During the research procedure, attention was paid to: the dominant topics covered in the interviews, the picture of systemic transformation, the gender of interlocutors and their professional competences. The research covered 208 issues of the weekly Kobieta i Życie [Woman and Life] and 208 issues of the weekly Przyjaciółka [Best Friend]. The selection of magazines was dictated by their high circulation (over 500,000 copies). The interviews published in weekly magazines was categorized into the broadly understood social, political and economic sphere. In Kobietai Życie it was 42 interviews, in Przyjaciółka – 77. The qualitative analysis of the content allowed to group the topics of interviews into six categories: economy, politics, social assistance, education, healthcare and law.