Extract Gel Research Articles

Effects of Psidium guajava L. Leaf Powder and Aloe vera L. Gel on Shelf Life of Citrus sinensis L. Fruits

Postharvest loss of fruits is a critical problem due of rapid deterioration during handling, transportation and warehousing. Edible coating over fruits is utilised to boost their quality and shelf life. The effects of leaf extracts of Psidium guajava and Aloe vera gel on the elongation of the shelf life of orange fruits were evaluated. Orange fruits were treated with Guava leaf powder and A. vera gel to assess their effectiveness in extending their shelf life and quality in storage. Weight loss, firmness, post-harvest decay, marketability and shelf life of uncoated and coated samples were evaluated all through the period of this study. Fungi were also isolated from deteriorating samples. A. vera was able to preserve the orange samples for 21 days; P. guajava preserved them for 17 days while the untreated fruit samples stayed for 14 days. Three fungi viz: Botryodiplodia theobromae, Fusarium oxysporum and Rhizopus stolonifer were isolated from the decomposing orange fruits. The result shows that orange fruits coated with A. vera gel and guava leaf powder is effective in extending the shelf-life of orange fruits when compared to untreated fruit (control) in the following order: A. vera>P. guajava > control. The findings from this study indicate that plant extracts could be employed to prolong the shelf life and improve quality of orange fruits.

Syringin exerts anti-breast cancer effects through PI3K-AKT and EGFR-RAS-RAF pathways

BackgroundBreast cancer (BC) is one of the most common malignant tumors with the highest mortality in the world. Modern pharmacological studies have shown that Syringin has an inhibitory effect on many tumors, but its anti-BC efficacy and mechanism are still unclear.MethodsFirst, Syringin was isolated from Acanthopanax senticosus (Rupr. & Maxim.) Harms (ASH) by systematic solvent extraction and silica gel chromatography column. The plant name is composed of genus epithet, species additive words and the persons’ name who give its name. Then, the hub targets of Syringin against BC were revealed by bioinformatics. To provide a more experimental basis for later research, the hub genes which could be candidate biomarkers of BC and a ceRNA network related to them were obtained. And the potential mechanism of Syringin against BC was proved in vitro experiments.ResultsSyringin was obtained by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC–MS), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Bioinformatics results showed that MAP2K1, PIK3CA, HRAS, EGFR, Caspase3, and PTGS2 were the hub targets of Syringin against BC. And PIK3CA and HRAS were related to the survival and prognosis of BC patients, the PIK3CA-hsa-mir-139-5p-LINC01278 and PIK3CA-hsa-mir-375 pathways might be closely related to the mechanism of Syringin against BC. In vitro experiments confirmed that Syringin inhibited the proliferation and migration and promoted apoptosis of BC cells through the above hub targets.ConclusionsSyringin against BC via PI3K-AKT-PTGS2 and EGFR-RAS-RAF-MEK-ERK pathways, and PIK3CA and HRAS are hub genes for adjuvant treatment of BC.Graphical

Synthesis and Characterization of Hydroxyapatite Gel – Nanosilver – Clove Flower Extract (Syzygium Aromaticum L.) as a Toothpaste Forming Gel

Dental caries is a disease caused by the bacteria Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus, and affects everyone regardless of age. One way to overcome dental caries is to clean the teeth with a toothpaste made from hydroxyapatite-nano silver-clove extract. Hydroxyapatite is a biomaterial that has biocompatibility, bioactivity, and osteoconductive so that it can remineralize teeth. Nano silver is an antibacterial component that is able to kill microorganisms that cause dental caries. The addition of clove extract as an antimicrobial and aromatic compound can increase the attractiveness of the product. This study aims to determine the physical and chemical characteristics of the hydroxyapatite-nano silver-clove extract gel formulation with varying concentrations of hydroxyapatite 1%, 2%, and 3%, and nano silver concentrations of 1 ppm, 5 ppm, and 10 ppm. The results of the homogeneity test, pH level, dispersion, and adhesion showed that the gel was in accordance with the test standard. The results of organoleptic tests and statistical analysis showed that variations in the concentration of hydroxyapatite and nano silver affected the color and aroma (P < 0.05), but did not affect the texture (P > 0.05) of the gel. FTIR spectrophotometric analysis showed that the formulation already contained OH, CO32-, PO43- groups derived from hydroxyapatite, C=O derived from nano silver, and OCH, CH3, C-C, =C-H derived from clove extract.

White Pomegranate Extract Gel's Efficacy as A Teeth-Whitening Agent

Tooth discoloration is one of the most common concerns associated with dental appearance or cosmetic issues. Teeth whitening is one of the conservative procedures that may be utilized to overcome tooth discoloration (bleaching). Utilizing natural bleaching agents is a safer, less expensive, and more accessible option. Malic acid (malic acid) and elegat acid (allegic acid) obtained from fruits can be used to whiten teeth. White pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) is one of these all-natural components. The purpose of this research was to evaluate the efficacy of white pomegranate extract gel as a bleaching agent against tooth discoloration. This research utilizes an experimental laboratory design. There were 24 mandibular second premolars utilized as samples. All teeth were submerged for seven days in the coffee solution. Utilizing spectrophotometry, tooth discoloration was measured. After being soaked in a coffee solution and then a white pomegranate extract gel, the item was dried. Group 1: teeth soaked in white pomegranate extract gel with a concentration of 70%. Group 2: teeth soaked in white pomegranate extract gel with a concentration of 80%. Group 3: teeth soaked in white pomegranate extract gel with a concentration of 90%. Group 4: 10% carbamide peroxide gel as a positive control. Each specimen was immersed for 56 hours. Using a spectrophotometer, tooth discoloration was assessed following immersion in white pomegranate gel extract and carbamide peroxide gel. Based on the results of the LSD test, the % group was determined to be the most effective as a teeth whitening agent. White pomegranate extract gel has an influence on tooth discoloration and tooth whitening attempts.

Burn wound healing activity of ethanol extract gel of Green Algae (Ulva lactuca L) in mice

Recently, burn injuries have become a major cause of morbidity and mortality in low-middle-income countries. Burn injuries are tissue loss caused by contact with heat sources such as hot water, fire, chemicals, electricity, and radiation. According to the WHO Global Burden Disease, in 2017 an estimated 180.000 people died from burn injuries. Ethanol extract of green algae (EEGA) contains compounds that potentially heal burn injuries. The research was conducted to obtain a gel formulation from EEGA and test its burn wound healing properties in mice ( Mus musculus ). Forty-five mice were divided into five groups: I (negative control), II (treated with gel base), III (positive control, Bioplacenton gel), IV (5% EEGA gel), and V (10% EEGA gel). Wound diameters and description scores were observed every fourth, seventh, and fourteenth day, and the derived data were analyzed in the SPSS program with the one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and least significance difference (LSD) test. The results indicate that EEGA can be formulated into gels with physical properties compliant with the requirements of the dosage form. Further, it was found that Groups IV and V showed significant reductions in wound description scores and diameters (p<0.05). In conclusion, gels containing 5% and 10% EEGA possess burn wound healing properties.

Effectiveness Of Ethanol Extract Of Turmeric (Curcuma Domestic Valet) Gel Against Grade Iia Burn In White Rats (Rattus Norvegicus)

This study aims to determine the acceleration of burn wound healing in rats given ethanol extract of turmeric rhizome (Curcuma Domestica Valet) gel and to see the granulation of the skin histopathology of rats. This research method is experimental with a post-test-only design. The research location is in the UNPRI Bio-Molecular Laboratory with 24 rat samples. Treated with Turmeric Rhizome Extract Gel with Concentrations of 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% and Silver Sulvadizine as Positive Control and Gel as Negative Control. The results showed that the effectiveness of the best Turmeric Rhizome Extract Gel for wound healing was a concentration of 100% on the 21st day of 15 mm. the worst diameter was the negative control on the 21st day of 20 mm. This happens in the healing of burns because of the content of tannins and flavonoids. Measurement of the granulation tissue diameter on the histopathological picture with the results of a concentration of 100% with a thickness of 863 m. Hypothesis test Ha is accepted There is Effectiveness of Ethanol Extract of Turmeric Rhizome Extract (Curcuma Domestica VALET) in Healing Grade IIA Burns. Suggestion It is necessary to do further research related to the factors that cause weak anti-inflammatory and antibiotic Kunit rhizome Extract Gel against second-degree burns.

FORMULASI GEL EKSTRAK ETANOL DAUN SIRIH CINA SERTA AKTIVITASNYA TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN BAKTERI PENYEBAB JERAWAT Propionibacterium acne DAN Staphylococcus aureus

Pepper elder is a weed plant whose leaves contain anti-bacterial compounds such as flavonoids, tannins, triterpenoids, and saponins that can be used as acne treatment therapy. Pepper elder leaves can be made into anti-acne gel preparations by formulating the right gelling agent. This study aims to obtain a gel with good physical stability from variations in the gelling agent base and its activity against acne-causing bacteria. Formulation of Pepper elder leaf extract gel is made with variations in the base of Na.CMC, Carbopol, and HPMC, further stability evaluation includes organoleptic, homogentias, pH, viscosity, scattering power, and testing of antibacterial activity against the growth of Propionibacterium acne and Staphylococcus aureus . The results obtained from the stability test obtained by the Carbopol base and HPMC have good standards for organoleptics, homogenity, pH, viscosity, and scattering power. Antibacterial testing showed clear zone diameters formed against Propionibaceterium acne in naCMC, Carbopol, and HPMC variations of 17.7 mm, 16.3 mm, and 21.3 mm and staphylococcus aureus of 13.3 mm, 15.3 mm, and 14.3 mm, respectively. Based on the results obtained, HPMC gel has the best gel stability and can all formulas inhibit the growth of acne-causing bacteria Propionibacterium acne and Staphylococcus aureus evidenced by the diameter of the bland zone formed into the strong category.

Analysis of Botanical Composition and Potential of Kelakai Leaves (Stenochlaena palustris) of Peat Swamp Plants in Central Kalimantan as Medicinal Plants

Central Kalimantan has a typical peatland habitat which is dominated by Kelakai (Stenochlaena palustris). Various kinds of plants from the Kelakai genus are, for example, the Stenochlaena genus, but the benefits are less known, namely Kelakai. Kelakai is a plant that has clearly visible main characteristics such as stems, roots and leaves. The purpose of this study was to analyze the botanical composition and potency of Kelakai growing on peatlands of Central Kalimantan as a medicinal plant. This research method was an exploratory method supported by laboratory experiments which aimed to determine its potential as a medicinal plant and wound epithelialization under controlled conditions. The data on the botanical composition of Kelakai were analyzed using descriptive analysis, where the sample was obtained by purposive random sampling, while the potency data was analyzed using the Oneway Anova test and then Duncan's 1% test was performed. The wound is on the abdomen 2 cm long. The treatment given was applying Kelakai extract gel with different concentrations on a regular basis every day for 3 days. The results showed that Kelakai on peat swamp land in Central Kalimantan was the most dominant, so it can be concluded that its botanical composition can be a source of forage. The nutritional content of the Kalakai swamp green is quite high, so the Kelakai leaf extract gel has proven potential and can be recommended as an effective wound healing drug at a concentration level of 35%, with the optimal concentration in wound healing at a concentration level of 40%.

Utilization of Aloe vera gel and Acalypha indica. L leaf extract as edible coating to increase the shelf life of guava (Psidium guajava. L) fruit

The technology that is commonly used to control postharvest pathogen attacks is coating with synthetic chemicals, but this has an unfriendly impact on the environment and consumers. Coating with A. vera L gel and plant extracts is a natural way to extend shelf life and maintain postharvest quality. The research was focused on finding the composition of guava fruit coating with A. vera. L gel and A. indica. L leaf extract that provided physicochemical properties with optimal quality during storage. Parameters tested were weight loss, percent decay, moisture content, total dissolved solids and total titrated acid from guava fruit. The coating composition that gives the best guava fruit quality with a storage time of 15 days were 85% A. vera gel, 10% A. indica. L leaf extract, 0.025% Carboxy Methyl Cellulose (CMC) and 0.5% glycerol. The guava fruit coated with this composition had a weight loss of 11.19%, moisture content of 57.15%, a spoilage of 3.33%, a total dissolved solids of 7.67 oBrix and a total titrated acid of 1.90%. This value was better than uncoated fruit with weight loss of 30.48%, moisture content 28.42%, spoilage 14.44%, total dissolved solids 12.33 oBrix and total titrated acid 0.40%.

The adverse impact of Aloe Vera gel extract and Aloe Vera-fortified yogurt on hepatic and renal functions

The adverse impact of Aloe Vera gel extract and Aloe Vera-fortified yogurt on hepatic and renal functions

Scalable purification of single stranded DNA scaffolds for biomanufacturing DNA-origami nanostructures: Exploring anion-exchange and multimodal chromatography

DNA-origami biomanufacturing relies in many cases on the use of asymmetric PCR (aPCR) to generate 500–3500 base, object-specific, single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) scaffolds. Each scaffold is usually purified by agarose gel extraction, a technique that is laborious, limited, not scalable, presents low recovery yields and a low-quality product. Alternatively, we present a chromatography-based method to purify ssDNA scaffolds from aPCR mixtures, which can be used in the context of DNA-origami techniques.aPCR was performed to generate single and double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) from the M13mp18 genome. To isolate the target ssDNA from dsDNA and other PCR impurities, anion-exchange (Q-ligand) and multimodal chromatography (CaptoTM adhere ImpRes) were explored using stepwise gradients with increasing NaCl concentrations. In anion exchange chromatography, the less-charged ssDNA eluted before the dsDNA. In multimodal chromatography, however, the elution pattern was reversed, highlighting the importance played by hydrophobicity. In either case, collected ssDNA-containing fractions were homogeneous and impurity free.Finally, 8.4 μg of a 1000-nt ssDNA fragment was purified and used alongside with site-specific short oligonucleotides (staples) to assemble 63-bp edge length tetrahedrons. Gel electrophoresis showed high assembly yield and purity, whereas fluorescence correlation spectroscopy confirmed that the tetrahedrons had a diffusion coefficient (26.7 μm2 s−1) consistent with the expected size (20 nm).

POTENSI GEL HANDSANITIZER EKSTRAK DAUN KITOLOD (Isotoma longiflora L.) SEBAGAI ANTIBAKTERI TERHADAP BAKTERI Staphylococcus aureus

Staphylococcus aureus is a Gram positive and commensal bacteria that colonizes 30% of healthy individuals in various parts of the body. Kitolod (Isotoma longiflora L )leaf extract has antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus bacteria and may be developed into hand sanitizer gel preparations. The purpose of this study was to determine the antibacterial activity of the hand sanitizer gel preparation of kitolod leaf extract. Kitolod leaf extract was macerated with 96% ethanol and then formulated into a hand sanitizer gel preparation. Antibacterial activity was carried out using the Kirby Bauer method using a negative control of 10% DMSO and a gel base, while the positive control was a gel hand sanitizer on the market. The results showed that the negative control did not show antibacterial activity, while the positive control, kitolod leaf extract and hand sanitizer gel preparations of kitolod leaf extract gave a clear zone indicating the presence of antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. The antibacterial activity of the kitolod leaf extract hand sanitizer gel was classified in the strong category

Antiinflammation Activity of Duku Seed Extract Gel in Carragenan Induced Wistar White Rats

Introduction: Inflammation is the body's initial response to tissue damage caused by trauma, exposure to toxins, or infection. Hyaluronic acid was one of the drugs of choice to reduce inflammation due to trauma, but it has side effects. One of the herbal plants that had anti-inflammatory potential was duku seeds. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine the anti-inflammatory activity of the duku seed extract gel on male white rats wistar were induced by carrageenan. Method: In vivo study with a pre and post-test control group design was conducted at the Biochemistry Laboratory and Animal House of the Faculty of Medicine Sriwijaya University and Palembang Clinical Laboratory Center. Thirty rats were divided into five groups. Group I, II, and III were treated with 5%, 10%, and 20% duku seed extract gel. Groups IV and V were treated with 0.2% hyaluronic acid gel and a placebo gel, respectively. Rats were induced by 0.1 ml carrageenan solution on the labial gingival of the rat's lower lip and treated with duku seed extract gel twice a day for four days and taking 2 ml of blood from the orbital sinus. The number of neutrophil cells was counted using a hematology analyzer and statistically analyzed. Results: There was no difference in the number of neutrophil cells before and after treatment in all groups. There was no difference in the number of neutrophil cells after treatment between the extract gel groups and the control. The least increase in neutrophil cells was found in the 20% extract group, but it was not significant. Conclusion: Duku seed extract gel at concentrations of 5%, 10%, and 20% did not have anti-inflammatory activity in male wistar strain rats.

Effectiveness Of Ethanol Extract Gel Of Leaf Leaves Of Cymbopogon Nardus L) Against Grade Ii A Burn-In White Rats (Rattus Norvegicus)

The writing of the results of this study was carried out to assess the comparison of the effectiveness of the ethanolic extract gel of citronella leaves with concentrations of 5%, 10%, and 15% of each extract on the diameter and thickness of the granulation tissue produced in second-degree burns induced in white rats. This study uses an experimental method with a post-test-only design and the sample is taken using purposive sampling. The effectiveness test was carried out by making IIA degree burns with an iron plate measuring ± 3cm which had been heated and then attached to the skin of rats that had been anesthetized and shaved, after that they were given treatment in the form of applying 5%, 10%, and 10% citronella ethanol extract gel. 15% for each treatment group. The results of the data obtained from this study were continued with the Oneway-Anova test which was continued with the Post-Hoc test, wherein the test results there were significant differences from each treatment given. The results of the measurement of the average diameter of burns resulting from the administration of ethanolic extract gel of citronella leaves given for 21 days with a concentration of 15% showed total healing of burns, while the concentration of 10% showed results of 1.12 cm and 5% of 1.59. cm. From the results of the calculation of the thickness of the granulation tissue, it was found that the administration of ethanol extract gel of citronella leaves with a concentration of 15% was 1074.067 m, a concentration of 10% was 1016,787 m and a 5% concentration was 478.38 m.

Formulation and Evaluation of Herbal Gel of Alhagi Camelorum with its Anti-inflammatory Activity

This paper emphasizes the anti-inflammatory effects of Alhagi Camelorum. Most of the diseases are caused by a continuous swelling, including cancer. There is hence a need to neutralize inflammation. A. Camelorum, a medicinal plant, has been historically utilized as a remedy in Ayurveda and other systems of folk medicine. Thus, several techniques were utilized by Wister rats to examine A. Camelorum anti-inflammatory properties. The plant material was crushed into a coarse powder in a grinder after drying and stored at a room temperature for further investigation. The powdered plant material of A. Camelorum was subjected to successive solvent extraction (hexane, petroleum ether, chloroform, and methanol) in soxlet extraction method. Different extracts were analyzed using a traditional procedure to evaluate the various physicochemical properties. The HPTLC report is included to the file. It was discovered that the methanol and chloroform drug extract contained flavonoids (good anti-inflammatory properties) when quercetine was used as a marker. Topical gel of methanol and chloroform drug extract of A. Camelorum were prepared with Carbopol 934, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) and carboxymethyl cellulose. These gel formers have been created, tested, and gel chosen, which showed good propagation and consistency, to get the right consistency of the gel formulation. Gel containing methanol drug extract FM2 and FM10 formulation showed highest in-vitro release which were selected and subjected to carrageenan induced rat paw edema method. Our study reveals the anti-inflammatory effects of methanol extract of A. Camelorum were found to be significant.

THE ACTIVITY OF GEL EXTRACT MAHKOTA DEWA FRUITS [(Phaleria macrocarpa (Scheff.) Boerl] THROUGH TYROSINASE ENZYME INHIBITOR

Mahkota dewa fruit [(Phaleria macrocarpa (Scheff.) Boerl] contains benzophenone derivatives which have sun protection activity and flavonoid compounds which can act as tyrosinase inhibitors. This study aimed to determine the tyrosinase inhibitor activity of 70% ethanol extract of Mahkota Dewa fruit and gel extract of Mahkota Dewa fruits with variations in concentrations of 1.25% (F1), 2.5% (F2), and 5% (F3). Assay of tyrosinase inhibitor activity against ethanol extract of Mahkota Dewa fruit and ethanol extract was done with various concentrations (31.25, 62.5, 125, 250, and 500 µg/ml), using a positive control of Kojic acid and L-DOPA as a substrate. Absorbance measurement was carried out using UV-vis microplate reader with a wavelength of 480 nm. The results showed that the ethanolic extract Mahkota Dewa had an IC50 value of 6668.06 µg/ml while kojic acid as a positive control possessed an IC50 value of 4.22 µg/ml. Gel preparation of the ethanol extract has inhibitor activity of the enzyme tyrosinase represent moderate values of the IC50each, i.e., F1 (1.25%) amounted to 285.03 µg/ml, F2 (2.5%) amounted to 373.25µg/ml, and F3 (5%) of 397.40 µg/ml. The tyrosinase inhibitor activity of the 70% ethanol extract of Mahkota Dewa fruit was lower with a relative potency of 5.167 x 10-3 times compared to that of kojic acid.

Efektivitas gel ekstrak jahe gajah (Zingiber officinale var rosc) terhadap kecepatan kesembuhan luka abrasi pada tikus putih (Rattus novergicus) jantan strain wistar

Abstract. Background: Abrasion wound is the release of the skin surface caused by friction with rough surface, ginger anti-inflammatory compound so that it can accelerate the healing of abrasion wounds. Objective: the effectiveness of healing abrasion wounds with gel application of ginger extract (Zingiber Officlinale Var Rosc) on white rats (Rattus norvegicus). Method: True experimental with post test only control group design. The study was conducted for 7 days with samples divided into 4 groups, P1 (NaCl 0.9%), P2 (Gel 0%), P3 (Ginger Gel 8%), P4 (Ginger Gel 12%). Application of extract gel was done on days 1, 3 and 5. Wound area observed on day 7. Data analyzed using the One Way ANOVA test. Results: The results showed abrasion wound area day 7 at P1 = 1.47 cm2, P2 = 0.58 cm2, P3 = 0.31 cm2, P4 = 0 cm2, healing speed P1 = 4.9% / day, P2 = 10.6% / day, P3 = 12.31% / day, P4 = 14.2% / day. One way ANOVA test results showed a significant effect (p 0.05). Conclusion: Elephant ginger extract extract (Zingiber officinale var rosc) can accelerate healing of abrasion wounds in white rats (Rattus norvegicus).

Efektivitas Gel Ekstrak Etanol Daun Awar-Awar (Ficus septica Burm. F) Terhadap Penyembuhan Luka Bakar Pada Kelinci (Oryctolagus cuniculus)

A study on the effectiveness of Awar-awar (Ficus septica Burm. F) Leaf Ethanol Extract Gel on Healing Burns in Rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus). Most effective against burn wound healing in rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus). Awar-awar leaf extract (Ficus septica Burm. F) was prepared in a gel with a concentration of 1.5% w/v, 2% w/v, and 2.5% w/v. This study used rabbits as test animals; rabbits were divided into five groups. In each group, two rabbits had burns on their backs. The rabbit's back was burned with an area of 2.5 cm. Brushing is done twice a day. Observations were made with wound size parameters on the 1st, 3rd, 6th, 9th, and 12th days. The results showed that the gel preparation of awar-awar leaf extract (Ficus septica Burm. F) concentration of 2.5 % w/v was the most effective for wound healing in rabbits, with an average value of 0.75 cm. However, the effect was still lower than that of Bioplacenton® gel as a positive control with an average value of 0.5 cm.

Green synthesis of NiO nanoparticles using Aloe vera gel extract and evaluation of antimicrobial activity

A cost effective and eco-benign green synthesis was adopted for the synthesis of nickel oxide (NiO) nanoparticles (NPs) using Aloe vera gel and effect of temperature (300, 400 and 500 °C) of annealing was investigated on NPs properties. XRD showed formation of pure NiO NPs (face-centered-cubic) and the grain size was increased with temperature. Band gap of NiO NPs was 3.2 eV and refractive index was 2.65. Specific surface area annealed at 300 °C, 400 °C and 500 °C are 58.41 m2/g, 42.19 m2/gand 40.89 m2/g, respectively. The antibacterial activity was evaluated against bacteria, Gram-negative (Escherichia coli, Pasturella multocida), Gram-positive (Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus) and fungal (Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, Penicillium notatum) strains. The NPs annealed at 500 °C showed promising antibacterial activity in comparison to standards (Rifampicin and Fluconazol for bacterial and fungal strains, respectively). The antibacterial activity of NiO was higher versus antifungal activity. Results revealed that the Aloe vera gel has potential to prepare NiO NPs with promising antimicrobial activity for application in medical field.

Utilization of Rhizosphere Earthworm Extracts to Support the Immune System

Periodontitis is an inflammatory condition caused by periodontal bacteria that are recognized by Toll-like receptors on neutrophils, macrophages, and other immune cells. As a result of this interaction, immune cells produce inflammatory molecules like cytokines and chemokines. In addition to the pathogenic effects of periodontitis, dysregulation of neutrophil activity can occur. The neutrophil acts as a double-edged sword in periodontitis, mobilizing defence mediators and tissue repair mechanisms while also causing further tissue damage. The goal of this study was to determine how Lumbricus luberus worm extract (EEW) affected the number of neutrophil cells in rats with periodontitis. A post-test design was used. Five Wistar rats, each infected with P. gingivalis, were divided into groups: a control group (no earthworm extract), an oral EEW (200 mg/kg/body weight) group, and a topical EEW gel group (20%). The number of neutrophil cells was measured on days 3, 7, 14, and 21. The study was carried out at the Udayana University Analytical Laboratory and the Veterinary Medicine Laboratory. The differences between control, oral, and topical Lumbricus rubellus extract administration on days 3 and 7 were significant (p < 0.05). On days 14 and 21, there was a significant difference (p < 0.05) between the control vs. oral administration groups and between the control vs. earthworm extract gel groups. However, on days 14 and 21, there was no significant difference between the oral administration and L. rubellus gel extract groups (p > 0.05). The number of neutrophils was significantly lower following the oral administration of L. rubellus earthworm extracts.
 Keywords: Wistar periodontitis rats, Lumbricus rubellus earthworm extract, neutrophil