Full Compatibility Research Articles

Network externalities, product compatibility and process innovation

ABSTRACT This article augments d’Aspremont and Jacquemin’s [1988. “Cooperative and Noncooperative R&D in Duopoly with Spillovers.” American Economic Review 78: 1133–1137; 1990. “Cooperative and Noncooperative R&D in Duopoly with Spillovers: Erratum.” American Economic Review 80: 641–642] cost-reducing R&D duopoly by introducing network externalities and product compatibility and then considers the investment decision stage. For standard non-network industries, the received literature has robustly shown that the non-cooperative R&D investment decision game is, without technological spill-over, a prisoner’s dilemma with investing firms (there is a conflict between self-interest and mutual benefit of investing in R&D), and a deadlock (there is no conflict between self-interest and mutual benefit of investing in R&D) only whether the extent of technological spill-over is sufficiently high. Network externalities and product compatibility challenge this result. In fact, outcomes antithetical to those emerging in a non-network industry do exist. Under symmetric full compatibility, the game is a deadlock also without spill-over effects. Under symmetric incompatibility, the game can be a prisoner’s dilemma irrespective of the extent of the technological spill-over. From a policy perspective, the article shows that R&D subsidies or taxes can be used as social welfare maximising tools depending on the extent of the network externality and the degree of product compatibility. The work focuses on Cournot rivalry, but results hold also for price-setting firms (Bertrand rivalry).

Medium-Temperature-Oxidized GeOx Resistive-Switching Random-Access Memory and Its Applicability in Processing-in-Memory Computing

Processing-in-memory (PIM) is emerging as a new computing paradigm to replace the existing von Neumann computer architecture for data-intensive processing. For the higher end-user mobility, low-power operation capability is more increasingly required and components need to be renovated to make a way out of the conventional software-driven artificial intelligence. In this work, we investigate the hardware performances of PIM architecture that can be presumably constructed by resistive-switching random-access memory (ReRAM) synapse fabricated with a relatively larger thermal budget in the full Si processing compatibility. By introducing a medium-temperature oxidation in which the sputtered Ge atoms are oxidized at a relatively higher temperature compared with the ReRAM devices fabricated by physical vapor deposition at room temperature, higher device reliability has been acquired. Based on the empirically obtained device parameters, a PIM architecture has been conceived and a system-level evaluations have been performed in this work. Considerations include the cycle-to-cycle variation in the GeOx ReRAM synapse, analog-to-digital converter resolution, synaptic array size, and interconnect latency for the system-level evaluation with the Canadian Institute for Advance Research-10 dataset. A fully Si processing-compatible and robust ReRAM synapse and its applicability for PIM are demonstrated.Graphical

Interactive air situation simulator

In the present day, simulators play a significant role in training military personnel. They allow, among other things, for practicing combat scenarios that are difficult or outright impossible to execute in reality. Virtual reality technologies are being constantly developed, as are the ways of their interaction with each other and with real objects. This article brings up the topic of interactive distributed simulations, presenting their technological developments as well as the goals of their authors. After the analysis of selected methods of interactive distributed simulations, project assumptions are formulated and interactions occurring between objects in virtual airspace are stated. The last part of the article describes the attempt of creating an interactive air situation simulator in accordance with the formulated assumptions. As a result of the work conducted, it was possible to program a simulator that allows us to study the interactions between radar warning receivers and ground based primary surveillance radars. Not all assumptions have been achieved, most notably full functionality with the DIS standard, however, the project can be further developed, allowing for full compatibility with this standard. Developing a simulator is a process that requires many assumptions, but also trade-offs. With correct assumptions and a standardised way of information exchange between simulators, it is possible to make a web of interoperable simulators. Keywords: aerospace engineering, simulators, radars, distributed interactive simulation

Luminescence Efficiency of Cerium Bromide Single Crystal under X-ray Radiation

A rare-earth trihalide scintillator, CeBr3, in 1 cm edge cubic monocrystal form, is examined with regard to its principal luminescence and scintillation properties, as a candidate for radiation imaging applications. This relatively new material exhibits attractive properties, including short decay time, negligible afterglow, high stopping power and emission spectrum compatible with several commercial optical sensors. In a setting typical for X-ray radiology (medical X-ray tube, spectra in the range 50–140 kVp, human chest equivalent filtering), the crystal’s light energy flux, absolute efficiency (AE) and X-ray luminescence efficiency (XLE) were determined. Light energy flux results are superior in comparison to other four materials broadly used in modern medical imaging (slope of the linear no-threshold fit was 29.5). The AE is superior from 90 kVp onwards and reaches a value of 29.5 EU at 140 kVp. The same is true for the XLE that, following a flat response, reaches 9 × 10−3 at 90 kVp. Moreover, the spectral matching factors and the respective effective efficiencies (EE) are calculated for a variety of optical sensors. The material exhibits full compatibility with all the flat-panel arrays and most of the photocathodes and Si PMs considered in this work, a factor that proves its suitability for use in state-of-the-art medical imaging applications, such as CT detectors and planar arrays for projection imaging.

Prevalence of Irregular Red Cell Antibodies in Healthy Blood Donors at a Stand-Alone Blood Centre in Gujarat

Background: Blood transfusion therapy involves multiple steps to ensure selection of safe blood component for transfusion. This includes testing for infectious markers, full ABO compatibility, free from any irregular red cell antibodies especially which are reacting at wide thermal amplitude and acceptable donor's red cell survival rates without destruction of recipient's red cells. Objective: This study was aimed to assess prevalence and type of irregular red cell antibodies in a large number of blood donor population at a standalone blood centre in Gujarat. Methods: This retrospective observational study included blood donor samples for antibody screening from January 2018 to March 2022. A total of 2,16,576 healthy blood donors including 2,00,493 (92.57%) males and 16,083 (7.43%) females were screened. Results: The prevalence of irregular red cell antibodies was 0.03 per cent in our donor population. Of the total 66 donors with red cell antibodies, 53(80.30%) had alloantibodies, 8(12.12%) had autoantibodies and 6 donors (9.09%) showed positive antibody screening with inconclusive results. We also found one case of cold antibody. Conclusion: Alloimmunization to red cell antigens is a challenging task for current transfusion practices. The antibody screening in blood donors may improve the quality and safety of blood transfusion in the recipients. It also reduces the risk of complications from incompatible blood transfusions. Keywords: antibody screening, allo-antibody identification, autoantibody, safe blood transfusion, hemolytic transfusion reaction.

Directionally Sensitive Fractal Radiomics Compatible With Irregularly Shaped Magnetic Resonance Tumor Regions of Interest: Association With Osteosarcoma Chemoresistance.

Computational analysis of routinely acquired MRI has potential to improve the tumor chemoresistance prediction and to provide decision support in precision medicine, which may extend patient survival. Most radiomic analytical methods are compatible only with rectangular regions of interest (ROIs) and irregular tumor shape is therefore an important limitation. Furthermore, the currently used analytical methods are not directionally sensitive. To implement a tumor analysis that is directionally sensitive and compatible with irregularly shaped ROIs. Retrospective. A total of 54 patients with histopathologic diagnosis of primary osteosarcoma on tubular long bones and with prechemotherapy MRI. A 1.5 T, T2-weighted-short-tau-inversion-recovery-fast-spin-echo. A model to explore associations with osteosarcoma chemo-responsiveness included MRI data obtained before OsteoSa MAP neoadjuvant cytotoxic chemotherapy. Osteosarcoma morphology was analyzed in the MRI data by calculation of the nondirectional two-dimensional (2D) and directional and nondirectional one-dimensional (1D) Higuchi dimensions (Dh). MAP chemotherapy response was assessed by histopathological necrosis. The area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve (AUC) evaluated the association of the calculated features with the actual chemoresponsiveness, using tumor histopathological necrosis (95%) as the endpoint. Least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) machine learning and multivariable regression were used for feature selection. Significance was set at <0.05. The nondirectional 1D Dh reached an AUC of 0.88 in association with the 95% tumor necrosis, while the directional 1D analysis along 180 radial lines significantly improved this association according to the Hanley/McNeil test, reaching an AUC of 0.95. The model defined by variable selection using LASSO reached an AUC of 0.98. The directional analysis showed an optimal predictive range between 90° and 97° and revealed structural osteosarcoma anisotropy manifested by its directionally dependent textural properties. Directionally sensitive radiomics had superior predictive performance in comparison to the standard nondirectional image analysis algorithms with AUCs reaching 0.95 and full compatibility with irregularly shaped ROIs. 3 TECHNICAL EFFICACY: Stage 1.

Enabling high throughput drug discovery in 3D cell cultures through a novel bioprinting workflow.

Advanced three dimensional cell culture techniques have been adopted in many laboratories to better model in vivo tissue by recapitulating multi-cellular architecture and the presence of extracellular matrix features. We describe here a 3D cell culture platform in a small molecule screening workflow that uses traditional biomarker and intracellular kinase end point assay readouts. By combining the high throughput bioprinter RASTRUM with the high throughput screening assay AlphaLISA, we demonstrate the utility of the protocol in 3D synthetic hydrogel cultures with breast cancer (MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7) and fibroblast cells. To establish and validate the workflow, we treated the breast cancer cultures with doxorubicin, while fibroblast cultures were stimulated with the pro-inflammatory lipopolysaccharide. 3D and 2D MDA-MB-231 cultures were equally susceptible to doxorubicin treatment, while showing opposite ERK phosphorylation changes. Doxorubicin readily entered embedded MCF-7 spheroids and markedly reduced intracellular GSK3β phosphorylation. Furthermore, quantifying extracellular interleukin 6 levels showed a very similar activation profile for fibroblasts in 2D and 3D cultures, with 3D fibroblast networks being more resistant against the immune challenge. Through these validation experiments we demonstrate the full compatibility of the bioprinted 3D cell cultures with several widely-used 2D culture assays. The efficiency of the workflow, minimal culture handling, and applicability of traditional screening assays, demonstrates that advanced encapsulated 3D cell cultures can be used in 2D cell culture screening workflows, while providing a more holistic view on cell biology to increase the predictability to in vivo drug response.

Shear-bond behavior of self-compacting geopolymer concrete to conventional concrete

The shear-bond behavior of two mechanically different concretes is fundamental when conducting external reinforcement, retrofitting, or repair. The two components are designed to possess full strain compatibility in sustaining the stress transfer between the two parts throughout the loading sequence. This work investigated the shear-bond behavior between conventional and self-compacting geopolymer concrete based on the push-off method. The influence of surface roughness on the bond behavior was studied, and a finite element model was constructed and validated to the experimental data. Surprisingly, the chemical bond characteristics of geopolymer concrete have little effect on the bond strength as compared to conventional concrete having the same compression strengths, but significantly influences the load-slip pattern of the interface. As expected, the bond strength was positively influenced by the interface roughness. All failure modes were unmistakably brittle. The strain deformation pattern generated from the finite element model underlined that large strains and stresses were present at the far ends in the interface, where initial cracking was detected in these regions. The study concluded that self-compacting geopolymer concrete is a perfect solution for older structure’s external strengthening or retrofitting. This material has a better sustainable and a more environmentally friendly character.

An Optical-Based Sensor for Automotive Exhaust Gas Temperature Measurement

The article introduces the design of an optical-based sensor which measures automotive exhaust gas temperatures (EGT) over a wide temperature range. To measure temperature, we combined the luminescence method and blackbody radiation (BBR) principle. We also developed our own measurement hardware which includes the means to process and evaluate the signals obtained for temperature conversion using optical methods for application in the target temperature range (&#x2013;40 &#x00B0;C to 820 &#x00B0;C). This temperature range is specified by the automotive industry according to current combustion engine designs and emission requirements, which stipulate accurate measurement of operating temperature for optimal functioning. Current measurement solutions are based on the thermocouple principle. This approach is problematic, especially with regard to electromagnetic interference and self-diagnostics, and problems also exist with the gradual penetration of moisture into the temperature probe under extreme thermal stress. The case study confirmed the full functionality of the new optical sensor concept. The benefit of the proposed concept is full compatibility with existing conceptual solutions while maintaining the advantages of optical-based sensors. The results indicated that a combination of the BBR and luminescence methods with a ruby crystal in the proposed solution produced an average absolute error of 2.32 &#x00B0;C in the temperature range &#x2013;40 &#x00B0;C to 820 &#x00B0;C over a measurement cycle time of 0.25 s.

SUBSTANTIATION OF SUBSTITUTION THERAPY MEDICATION FOR DRY EYE SYNDROME TREATMENT IN PATIENTS USING CONTACT LENS VISION CORRECTION

The aim: To substantiate the selection of a substitution therapy medication for dry eye syndrome treatment in patients wearing different kinds of contact lenses. Materials and methods: A structural analysis of the assortment of substitution therapy medications for dry eye syndrome treatment as well as a content analysis of the information given in the labelling claims of various substitution therapy medication was conducted. Than they were segmented using the criteria of whether the substitution therapy medications may be used in patients with dry eye syndrome who wear contact lenses. Results: The labelling claims of 82.36% substitution therapy medications registered in Ukraine assortment contain information on either full or partial compatibility with contact lenses. The use of 11.76% of the assortment is impossible for patients wearing soft contact lenses, while patients wearing hard contact lenses need to wait for some period of time (15-20 min) before putting contact lenses back on. Conclusions: The pharmaceutical market of Ukraine is characterized by a wide assortment of substitution therapy medications for dry eye syndrome treatment, which can be used in patients wearing contact lenses. Based on the data received, it has been determined that 70.59% of substitution therapy medications are compatible with contact lenses of all types and only the use of 8.82% of the substitution therapy medications assortment is contraindicated for dry eye syndrome treatment in patients wearing contact lenses.

An Open-Source and Autonomous Temperature Sensor Generator Verified With 64 Instances in SkyWater 130 nm for Comprehensive Design Space Exploration

This letter presents an open-source framework for autonomous generation of tapeout-ready temperature sensors. This framework uses a leakage-based digital temperature sensor design as the template. A cell-based design methodology is employed to allow full synthesizability and compatibility with computer-aided designs (CADs) flow and advanced technology nodes. Furthermore, the generator automates the design flow end-to-end in Python and supports designing completely with open-source CAD tools. Verified with 64 instances in SkyWater 130 nm, the generator also enables low-effort silicon-proven design space exploration that unveils the characteristics of leakage-based digital temperature sensors, with the most efficient one achieving 9.7 pJ<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\cdot \text{K}^{2}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> FoM, &#x2212;0.67/0.74 &#x00B0;C 3<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${\sigma }$ </tex-math></inline-formula> inaccuracy, 130-nW power, and 24-mK resolution. To the best of our knowledge, this work is the world&#x2019;s first open-source silicon-proven generator for temperature sensors.

A Review of Sharp-Switching Band-Modulation Devices.

This paper reviews the recently-developed class of band-modulation devices, born from the recent progress in fully-depleted silicon-on-insulator (FD-SOI) and other ultrathin-body technologies, which have enabled the concept of gate-controlled electrostatic doping. In a lateral PIN diode, two additional gates can construct a reconfigurable PNPN structure with unrivalled sharp-switching capability. We describe the implementation, operation, and various applications of these band-modulation devices. Physical and compact models are presented to explain the output and transfer characteristics in both steady-state and transient modes. Not only can band-modulation devices be used for quasi-vertical current switching, but they also show promise for compact capacitorless memories, electrostatic discharge (ESD) protection, sensing, and reconfigurable circuits, while retaining full compatibility with modern silicon processing and standard room-temperature low-voltage operation.

Benchmarking Single-Cell mRNA–Sequencing Technologies Uncovers Differences in Sensitivity and Reproducibility in Cell Types With Low RNA Content

Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) has the ability to classify each cell and determine the transcriptomic profile of specific cell types and cells of a given disease state; however, sensitivity of the gene count for each cell can be a critical component to the success of a single-cell study. The recently introduced SMART-Seq Single Cell PLUS Kit (SSsc PLUS) claims to provide higher sensitivity and reproducibility versus popular methods for the sequencing analysis of single cells. Here, the cDNA-generation component of the kit, SMART-Seq Single Cell Kit (SSsc), was compared with the popular homebrew protocol, Smart-seq2, and its update, Smart-seq3. The SMART-Seq Library Prep Kit from SSsc PLUS was benchmarked against a commonly used scRNA-seq library preparation method, Illumina Nextera XT. Finally, the SSsc chemistry was tested in both full and fractional volumes on 2 popular liquid-handler devices to investigate whether the high sensitivity was maintained in miniaturization. We demonstrate that SSsc PLUS outperforms these other full-length methods in convenience, sensitivity, gene identification, and reproducibility while also offering full compatibility with automation platforms.

The Python Sky Model 3 software

The Python Sky Model (PySM) is a Python package used by Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) experiments to simulate maps, in HEALPix pixelization, of the various diffuse astrophysical components of Galactic emission relevant at CMB frequencies (i.e. dust, synchrotron, free-free and Anomalous Microwave Emission), as well as the CMB itself. These maps may be integrated over a given instrument bandpass and smoothed with a given instrument beam. PySM 2, released in 2016, has become the de-facto standard for simulating Galactic emission, for example it is used by CMB-S4, Simons Observatory, LiteBird, PICO, CLASS, POLARBEAR and other CMB experiments, as shown by the 80+ citations of the PySM 2 publication. As the resolution of upcoming experiments increases, the PySM 2 software has started to show some limitations, the solution to these issues was to reimplement PySM from scratch focusing on these features: reimplement all the models with the numba Just-In-Time compiler for Python to reduce memory overhead and optimize performance; use MPI through mpi4py to coordinate execution of PySM 3 across multiple nodes and rely on libsharp, for distributed spherical harmonic transforms; employ the data utilities infrastructure provided by astropy to download the input templates and cache them when requested. At this stage we strive to maintain full compatibility with PySM 2, therefore we implement the exact same astrophysical emission models with the same naming scheme. In the extensive test suite we compare the output of each PySM 3 model with the results obtained by PySM 2.

Coupled-channel meson-meson scattering in the diabatic framework

We apply the diabatic framework, a QCD-based formalism for the unified study of quarkoniumlike systems in terms of heavy quark-antiquark and open-flavor meson-meson components, to the description of coupled-channel meson-meson scattering. For this purpose, we first introduce a numerical scheme to find the solutions of the diabatic Schr\"odinger equation for energies in the continuum, then we derive a general formula for calculating the meson-meson scattering amplitudes from these solutions. We thus obtain a completely nonperturbative procedure for the calculation of open-flavor meson-meson scattering cross sections from the diabatic potential, which is directly connected to lattice QCD calculations. A comprehensive analysis of various elastic cross sections for open-charm and open-bottom meson-meson pairs is performed in a wide range of the center-of-mass energies. The relevant structures are identified, showing a spectrum of quasiconventional and unconventional quarkoniumlike states. In addition to the customary Breit-Wigner peaks, we obtain nontrivial structures such as threshold cusps and minimums. Finally, our results are compared with existing data and with results from our previous bound-state--based analysis, finding full compatibility with both.

All-fiber nanostructured gradient optics vortex beam converter

We study optical performance of a vortex beam converter comprising a nanostructured gradient index vortex mask, a compact gradient index microlens and an optical fiber. The converter generates high quality focused optical vortex from the input Gaussian beam without support of any additional external optical elements. Integration of a nanostructured lens allows control of the size and the position of focus of vortex beams, while at the same time maintaining their quality. This confirms that nanostructured gradient index micro-optical components can be used sequentially to form complex optical systems and maintain full compatibility with fiber optics. Our experimental results are supported by numerical simulations.

PROTON: Post-Synthesis Ferroelectric Thickness Optimization for NCFET Circuits

For the first time, we demonstrate an optimization technique to synthesize circuits in the Negative Capacitance FET (NCFET) technology. NCFET is a rapidly emerging technology to replace the currently employed CMOS technology due to its profound ability to overcome the fundamental limit in scaling along with its full compatibility with the existing fabrication process. This is achieved by replacing the traditional transistor gate dielectric with a ferroelectric layer that manifests itself as a Negative Capacitance (NC), which magnifies the electric field. As a result, NCFET-based circuits can operate at a higher clock frequency without the need to increase the operating voltage. NC breaks one of the fundamental laws in physics in which the total capacitance of two capacitors connected in series becomes larger–instead of smaller in ordinary capacitors– than each of them. This could lead to sub-optimal netlists, suffering from significant increase in dynamic power and IR-drops. To suppress that, we employ the relation between delay decrease and capacitance increase of gates w.r.t ferroelectric thickness. Our technique takes an optimized netlist, obtained from commercial EDA tools, and then selectively determines the optimal ferroelectric thickness for each gate in the netlist, so that the maximum performance provided by NCFET is still achieved while the dynamic power is considerably decreased (45% on average), i.e., no trade-offs . Particularly, our technique enables the full exploitation of the performance benefits originating by NCFET, at a significantly lower (power) cost. Compared to state of the art, our technique decreases the energy-delay-product of circuits by 25% on average and reduces the deleterious effects of IR-drop by 56%. Hence, efficiency and reliability of circuits are improved without any loss in the obtained performance from NCFET.

ГЕНОТИПИРОВАНИЕ СОРТОВ ЯБЛОНИ РОССИЙСКОЙ И ЗАРУБЕЖНОЙ СЕЛЕКЦИИ ПО АЛЛЕЛЯМ S-ЛОКУСА (ГЕНЫ САМОНЕСОВМЕСТИМОСТИ)

Most apple varieties have gametophytic self-incompatibility and are not capable of self-fertilization. Cultivars with one common S allele have reduced compatibility and do not reach their yield potential when planted nearby. Full variety compatibility occurs when both S alleles are different in parents. When crossing apple genotypes with full compatibility, all pollen grains of one plant are able to pollinate another plant. Information on the cross-compatibility of varieties is essential when selecting parental forms in selection programs and for matching pollinators in commercial gardens. As for apple varieties of foreign selection from S-locus alleles encoding another S-RNase, the most common allele is S3 (16.9%), followed by S7 (12.3%), S1 and S2 (10.8% each), S5 (8.7%), S9 (5.6%), S10 (5.4%), S24 and S28 (4.9% each), S20 (3.1%), S25 (2.6% ). In Russia, genotyping of apple varieties is carried out for a limited number of S-locus alleles. The most widespread allele of S locus among the genotypes of apple trees of the Russian selection with a fully established allelic composition is S10 (26.8%), followed by S3 (23.2%), S7 (16.1%), S2 (14.3% ), S5 and S9 (8.9% each). To identify full allelic S-locus status of apple varieties of domestic selection, to establish cross-compatibility and the best pollinators, it is necessary to carry out additional PCR analysis for other S-alleles, especially for the following alleles S1, S20, S22, S23, S24, S25 and S28. The article assesses 195 foreign apple genotypes and 58 Russian genotypes according to their S-allelic composition in order to provide selectors and apple producers with information on incompatibility among varieties. Characteristics of DNA markers, the nucleotide sequence of the primers, the sizes of the target fragments of the PCR product for detection

Steady-state real-time optimization using transient measurements in the absence of a dynamic mechanistic model: A framework of HRTO integrated with Adaptive Self-Optimizing IHMPC

In processes with slow dynamics or subjected to frequent disturbances, the detection of a steady-state operation might be rare, which hinders the application of the classic RTO. To overcome this issue, the Hybrid RTO (HRTO) is a proposition where a dynamic observer substitutes the Steady-State Detection (SSD) and the static parameter estimation steps. Recent progress has been made in HRTO frameworks. Still, all of them start from the assumption that a reliable mechanistic dynamic model is available, which is not true in many applications. In fact, the development of a dynamic process model is not considered in most typical RTO design projects. Therefore, the present work proposes an HRTO framework aiming, mainly, to overcome this first assumption. We present a complete control framework where the basic assumption is that a reliable mechanistic dynamic model is not available, but a static process model is at hand. The HRTO is made possible by using an approximate dynamic model that takes advantage of the static process model and identified linear dynamics from the plant in a Hammerstein structure. Three models are proposed based on the Hammerstein structure. These models are used in the dynamic observer, a proposed variation of an Extended Kalman Filter (EKF), and as the controller’s internal model. The economic objectives are introduced into the control layer by the self-optimizing variables in an adaptive infinite-horizon MPC formulation. The framework presents full model compatibility between the observer, controller, and optimizer layers. A validation case study is developed in the Williams–Otto reactor with two proposed EKF tunings. The open-loop results provide evidence that the proposed Hammerstein structure is adequate as an approximate dynamic model, preserving the observability characteristics of the static model. The closed-loop results show that our framework outperforms the classic RTO structure in economic return, especially in the transient regions. Moreover, the proposed approach has a very natural way of handling active constraint changes. This effect is shown in the results at the moment that a constraint becomes active. The economic performance of the RTO is impaired compared to our proposed HRTO scheme. Finally, the average computational cost of each iteration of our framework is twice as fast as the classic RTO framework, which suggests the potential applicability of the proposed methodology on an industrial scale.

Fiber Bragg Grating-Based Optical Signal Processing: Review and Survey

This paper reviews the state of the art of fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs) as analog all-optical signal processing units. Besides the intrinsic advantages of FBGs, such as relatively low cost, low losses, polarization insensitivity and full compatibility with fiber-optic systems, they have proven to deliver an exceptional flexibility to perform any complex band-limited spectral response by means of the variation of their physical parameters. These features have made FBGs an ideal platform for the development of all-optical broadband filters and pulse processors. In this review, we resume the main design algorithms of signal processors based on FBGs, and we revisit the most common processing units based on FBGs and the applications that have been presented in the literature.