Formulation Strategies Research Articles

Biopolymer Packaging Materials in the Pharmaceutical Industry

Biopolymer packaging materials are gaining prominence in the pharmaceutical industry due to environmental concerns. Derived from renewable sources, these biopolymers offer biodegradability, biocompatibility, and non-toxicity, making them ideal for various pharmaceutical applications. In drug delivery, biopolymers play a crucial role in controlled release formulations, especially for personalized medicines and biopharmaceutical products. Hydrogels, three-dimensional polymer networks, are key in mimicking living tissues and facilitating stimuli-responsive drug release with minimal toxic effects. The formulation strategies involve diffusion-controlled, degradation-controlled, or environmentally triggered release. Biodegradable systems, using polymers like poly(lactic acid) and poly(glycolic acid), contribute to sustainable drug delivery by undergoing controlled degradation. Osmotic delivery systems leverage osmotic pressure for controlled drug release, while stimuli-responsive designs respond to environmental changes. Biopolymer integration in pharmaceutical packaging aligns with eco-friendly practices, addressing challenges posed by traditional petroleum-based materials. This shift signifies a sustainable and innovative approach to pharmaceutical packaging in harmony with environmental preservation.

L-arginine–phosphatidylcholine thermoresponsive gel for enhanced transdermal delivery and L-929 cell cytotoxicity evaluation

The vasodilator effect of the semi-essential amino acid, L-arginine (LA) is crucial in the clinical management of angina pain and erectile dysfunction. Moreover, the limited bioavailability and the drug’s polar nature navigate the development of new formulation strategies for effective transdermal delivery, especially for the penile route. Thus, herein, we prepared the L-arginine–phosphatidylcholine (LA–PC) complex by solvent evaporation technique and converted it into a thermoresponsive gel (LA–PC gel). The optimized complex was selected for the preparation of gel using poloxamer 407, lactic acid, and purified water. Simultaneously we prepared the LA thermoresponsive gel (LA gel). The gels were characterized for their appearance, particle size, pH, osmolality, spreadability, SEM, FTIR, viscosity, TEM, viscoelastic properties, and skin permeability using the Strat-M® membrane at low pH for effective and safe penile and vaginal delivery. We observed that the LA–PC gel showed the smallest droplet size (<100 nm), a zeta potential of −59 mV indicates its stability with good viscoelastic behavior. The in vitro skin permeation reveals that; at 15 min, the permeation of LA for LA–PC gel, was 33.20% with a flux of 2.19 mg/cm2/min, and in the case of LA gel, the permeation of LA was only 18% at 45 minutes with a flux of 1.02 mg/cm2/min. The in vitro cytocompatibility was conducted using an L-929 cell line, and we found that both gels were nontoxic up to 100 µg/mL concentration. In summary, LA–PC gel could have a significant impact on the quick and sustained release, compared to LA gel.

Organogels: "GelVolution" in Topical Drug Delivery - Present and Beyond.

Topical drug delivery holds immense significance in dermatological treatments due to its non-invasive nature and direct application to the target site. Organogels, a promising class of topical drug delivery systems, have acquired substantial attention for enhancing drug delivery efficiency. This review article aims to explore the advantages of organogels, including enhanced drug solubility, controlled release, improved skin penetration, non-greasy formulations, and ease of application. The mechanism of organogel permeation into the skin is discussed, along with formulation strategies, which encompass the selection of gelling agents, cogelling agents, and additives while considering the influence of temperature and pH on gel formation. Various types of organogelators and organogels and their properties, such as viscoelasticity, non-birefringence, thermal stability, and optical clarity, are presented. Moreover, the biomedical applications of organogels in targeting skin cancer, anti-inflammatory drug delivery, and antifungal drug delivery are discussed. Characterization parameters, biocompatibility, safety considerations, and future directions in optimizing skin permeation, ensuring long-term stability, addressing regulatory challenges, and exploring potential combination therapies are thoroughly examined. Overall, this review highlights the immense potential of organogels in redefining topical drug delivery and their significant impact on the field of dermatological treatments, thus paving the way for exciting prospects in the domain.

An overview of essential oil-based nanoemulsion and their biological activities against some microbial pathogenic

The essential oils are constantly increasing due to their biological activities utilization in several fields, from agricultures to pharmaceuticals. However, their extensively use are still limited due to their disreputable physico-chemical properties. Nowadays, the most appropriate to overcome such restrictions is to develop of the proper formulation strategies. One of the oncoming prompted to achieve this goal is through nanoemulsions. Nanoemulsion are heterogeneous dispersions or a colloidal particulate system in the submicron size range acting as carriers of drug molecules. Nanoemulsion is most studied in encapsulation process due to inexpensive in their manufacturing, ease of formulation and easy waste handling. In this review, intends to offer an overview of the formulation, preparation of essential oil-based nanoemulsion and their biological activities against some microbial pathogenic.

Curcumin Delivery Systems: How Far from Clinical Application in Tumor Therapy?

Curcumin, a natural polyphenol compound found in turmeric, exhibits significant anti-cancer activity in preclinical studies. However, its clinical application is limited by poor bioavailability and low solubility in aqueous media. To overcome these challenges, various curcumin delivery systems (CDSs) have been developed to enhance the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of curcumin, aiming to improve its solubility, stability, and targeted delivery to tumor cells. Preclinical studies have shown that CDSs can improve pharmacokinetics, enhance anti-tumor efficacy, and reduce toxicity in various cancers. Several CDSs have also advanced into clinical trials, demonstrating safety and efficacy in cancer patients. Despite the promising results, challenges remain, such as optimizing formulation and dosage, investigating curcumin's influence on the carriers in drug delivery and release, evaluating long-term safety and toxicity, and conducting large-scale clinical trials. Understanding the effect of gut microbiota on CDSs metabolism and bioavailability is critical for enhancing their clinical effectiveness in tumor therapy. Further research and development are necessary to fully exploit the potential of CDSs in cancer treatment. This review summarizes recent progress in CDSs research and their potential application in tumor therapy, encompassing formulation strategies, delivery routes, as well as preclinical and clinical evaluations. It not only provides valuable insights into the future rational design and development of curcumin dosage forms and their cancer therapeutic potential but also facilitates the clinical translation of curcumin and CDSs.

Formulation of Telkomproperty's Strategy in Realizing an Outstanding Property Company

In facing competition and environmental changes, TelkomProperty needs to formulate a strategy by identifying internal resources and external conditions in an effort to achieve a competitive advantage. These factors can facilitate the formulation of strategies that can develop TelkomProperty's business. The formulated strategies should also be aligned with the components of Corporate Real Estate Management (CREM). To achieve these goals, the methods used include observation, literature study of relevant theories, and interviews with related informants. The data obtained are analyzed and strategies are formulated with external analysis using PEST analysis (Political, Economic, Social, and Technological). Then, internal analysis is conducted using the Resource-Based View approach and VRIO analysis. The results of the research indicate that TelkomProperty has 3 opportunities and 5 threats with an EFE matrix score of 2.54. TelkomProperty has 13 strengths and 9 weaknesses with an IFE matrix score of 2.84. From the VRIO analysis, TelkomProperty's internal strengths include 4 strengths that fall into the category of sustained competitive advantage. Based on the IE matrix and SWOT analysis, 6 alternative strategies were identified. The best alternative strategy was then determined using QSPM. The chosen strategy is to integrate the Internet of Things into the MyBirawa and MyDEFA applications to enhance the modern experience for customers, making it a distinctive feature of TelkomProperty with the highest STAS value of 3.32.

Early Stage Preclinical Formulation Strategies to Alter the Pharmacokinetic Profile of Two Small Molecule Therapeutics.

Early stage chemical development presents numerous challenges, and achieving a functional balance is a major hurdle, with many early compounds not meeting the clinical requirements for advancement benchmarks due to issues like poor oral bioavailability. There is a need to develop strategies for achieving the desired systemic concentration for these compounds. This will enable further evaluation of the biological response upon a compound-target interaction, providing deeper insight into the postulated biological pathways. Our study elucidates alternative drug delivery paradigms by comparing formulation strategies across oral (PO), intraperitoneal (IP), subcutaneous (SC), and intravenous (IV) routes. While each modality boasts its own set of merits and constraints, it is the drug's formulation that crucially influences its pharmacokinetic (PK) trajectory and the maintenance of its therapeutic levels. Our examination of model compounds G7883 and G6893 highlighted their distinct physio-chemical attributes. By harnessing varied formulation methods, we sought to fine-tune their PK profiles. PK studies showcased G7883's extended half-life using an SC oil formulation, resulting in a 4.5-fold and 2.5-fold enhancement compared with the IP and PO routes, respectively. In contrast, with G6893, we achieved a prolonged systemic coverage time above the desired target concentration through a different approach using an IV infusion pump. These outcomes underscore the need for tailored formulation strategies, which are dictated by the compound's innate properties, to reach the optimal in vivo systemic concentrations. Prioritizing formulation and delivery optimization early on is pivotal for effective systemic uptake, thereby facilitating a deeper understanding of biological pathways and expediting the overall clinical drug development timeline.

Novel Advancements in Mouth Dissolving Film Technology

Mouth dissolving film (MDF) technology has emerged as an innovative drug delivery platform offering rapid drug absorption and enhanced patient compliance. This comprehensive review explores recent advancements in MDF technology, focusing on formulation strategies, manufacturing techniques, and applications in pharmaceutical and nutraceuticals industries.

Controlling stabilization of oil‐in‐water emulsions with lignins through fractionation, functionalization, and formulation

AbstractLignins, heterogeneous assemblies of polyphenolic oligomers present in lignocellulosic plant biomass, are valorized mainly by combustion because of their low solubility in commonly used solvents. However, in addition to antioxidant, anti‐UV and antimicrobial properties, and marked interfacial properties are part of lignins physicochemical properties, thus making them good candidates for sustainable colloids. It is hypothesized that lignins solubility and emulsifying performances could be modulated by fractionation, functionalization, and formulation strategies. The importance of the solvent, and of the pH on lignins solubilization in aqueous phase was investigated. Accordingly, simple O/W emulsions stabilized by different lignins were designed and characterized. The whole results demonstrated that lignins solubility in water can be optimized using appropriate co‐solvent and pH readjustment resulting in a homogeneous dispersion with only 7.2 ± 1.8% wt/wt of insoluble lignins. Both fractionation and biocatalytic modification of lignins allowed increasing stabilization of the oil–water interface by limiting coalescence (23%–24% of relative increase of the D90) compared with non‐fractionated lignins (32%), thus advocating their potential use as multifunctional emulsion stabilizers. As a result, a direct link between the molar mass profile of lignins and their ability to stabilize the oil–water interface as well as to reduce emulsion's sedimentation could be established.

Advancing Drug Delivery Paradigms: Polyvinyl Pyrolidone (PVP)-Based Amorphous Solid Dispersion for Enhanced Physicochemical Properties and Therapeutic Efficacy.

The current challenge in drug development lies in addressing the physicochemical issues that lead to low drug effectiveness. Solubility, a crucial physicochemical parameter, greatly influences various biopharmaceutical aspects of a drug, including dissolution rate, absorption, and bioavailability. Amorphous solid dispersion (ASD) has emerged as a widely explored approach to enhance drug solubility. The objective of this review is to discuss and summarize the development of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP)-based amorphous solid dispersion in improving the physicochemical properties of drugs, with a focus on the use of PVP as a novel approach. This review was conducted by examining relevant journals obtained from databases such as Scopus, PubMed, and Google Scholar, since 2018. The inclusion and exclusion criteria were applied to select suitable articles. This study demonstrated the versatility and efficacy of PVP in enhancing the solubility and bioavailability of poorly soluble drugs. Diverse preparation methods, including solvent evaporation, melt quenching, electrospinning, coprecipitation, and ball milling are discussed for the production of ASDs with tailored characteristics. PVP-based ASDs could offer significant advantages in the formulation strategies, stability, and performance of poorly soluble drugs to enhance their overall bioavailability. The diverse methodologies and findings presented in this review will pave the way for further advancements in the development of effective and tailored amorphous solid dispersions.

Incorporating surfactants into PCL microneedles for sustained release of a hydrophilic model drug

Polymeric microneedles (MNs) are widely used for sustained drug release due to their distinct advantages over other types of MNs. Poly-ε-caprolactone (PCL) stands out as a biodegradable and biocompatible hydrophobic polymer commonly employed in drug delivery applications. This study explores the impact of surfactants on the encapsulation and release rate of a model hydrophilic drug, minoxidil (MXD), from PCL MNs. Three nonionic surfactants, Tween 80, Span 60, and polyethylene glycol (PEG), were integrated into PCL MNs at varying concentrations. Compared to the other types of surfactants, PEG-containing PCL MNs exhibit enhanced insertion capabilities into a skin-simulant parafilm model and increased mechanical strength, suggesting facile penetration into the stratum corneum. Furthermore, MXD-PEG MNs show the highest encapsulation efficiency and are further characterized using FTIR, DSC and XRD. Their mechanical strength against different static forces was measured. The MNs exhibit a sustained release pattern over 20 days. Eventually, MXD-PEG MNs were subjected to penetration testing using chicken skin and required minimal insertion forces with no observed MN failure during experimentation even after compression with the maximum force applied (32 N per patch). Taken together, the present work demonstrates the feasibility of incorporating nonionic surfactants like PEG into the tips of hydrophobic PCL MNs for sustained delivery of a model hydrophilic drug. This formulation strategy can be used to improve patient compliance by allowing self-administration and achieving prolonged drug release.

Chemistry and Art of Developing Lipid Nanoparticles for Biologics Delivery: Focus on Development and Scale-Up.

Lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) have gained prominence as primary carriers for delivering a diverse array of therapeutic agents. Biological products have achieved a solid presence in clinical settings, and the anticipation of creating novel variants is increasing. These products predominantly encompass therapeutic proteins, nucleic acids and messenger RNA. The advancement of efficient LNP-based delivery systems for biologics that can overcome their limitations remains a highly favorable formulation strategy. Moreover, given their small size, biocompatibility, and biodegradation, LNPs can proficiently transport therapeutic moiety into the cells without significant toxicity and adverse reactions. This is especially crucial for the existing and upcoming biopharmaceuticals since large molecules as a group present several challenges that can be overcome by LNPs. This review describes the LNP technology for the delivery of biologics and summarizes the developments in the chemistry, manufacturing, and characterization of lipids used in the development of LNPs for biologics. Finally, we present a perspective on the potential opportunities and the current challenges pertaining to LNP technology.

Formulation of lactoferrin decorated dextran based chitosan-coated europium metal-organic framework for targeted delivery of curcumin

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HPTC) currently ranks as the third leading cause of cancer-related mortality, necessitating an advanced formulation strategy. Recently, lactoferrin (Lf) has been utilized as a specific targeting ligand in HPTC due to its high specificity towards the asialoglycoprotein receptor expressed in cancer cells. Therefore, we present the fabrication of an Lf-decorated carboxymethyl dextran-encased chitosan-coated europium metal-organic framework-based nanobioconjugate (Lf-CMD-CS-CUR@Eu-MOF) for targeted curcumin (CUR) delivery. Briefly, CUR was loaded into Eu-MOF, followed by coating cationic ‘CS’ on the CUR@Eu-MOF surface. Simultaneously, Lf-decorated CMD was prepared via an esterification reaction. Subsequently, Lf-CMD-CS-CUR@Eu-MOF was synthesized using the Maillard reaction. Various spectral characterizations, drug entrapment, drug content, in vitro drug release, biocompatibility and cell cytotoxicity studies were performed. It exhibited an entrapment efficiency of 88.87 ± 2.1 %, a drug content of 3.45 ± 0.98 %, and a drug loading rate of 34.85 ± 0.6 mg/g. Furthermore, the Lf-CMD-CS-CUR@Eu-MOF exhibits excellent biocompatibility with normal cells. The in vitro dissolution study confirmed a release of 78.12 % of ‘CUR’ in pH 5.8 phosphate buffer (over 120 h), attributed to the controlled release rate by the ‘CS’ coating on the surface of CUR@Eu-MOF. The BEL-7402 cell line showed concentration-dependent toxicity of nanobioconjugate to cancerous cells. Therefore, when ‘Lf’ is surface-decorated onto an appropriate polymeric material, it gains the capability to function as a carrier for transporting ‘CUR’ to the precise target site within HPTC. In conclusion, Lf-CMD incorporated CS-coated Eu-MOF can provide a promising approach for targeted drug delivery in HPTC management.

Relationships between Dietary Chemical Components and Enteric Methane Production and Application to Diet Formulation in Beef Cattle

We used published data consisting of 263 treatment mean observations from beef cattle and dairy steers and heifers, in which CH4 was measured via chambers or head boxes, to evaluate relationships between enteric CH4 production and dry matter intake (DMI) and dietary components. Daily DMI was positively related (slope = 15.371, p &lt; 0.001) to total daily production (g/d) of CH4 (r2 = 0.821). Among chemical components, dietary neutral detergent fiber (NDF) concentration was the most highly related (r2 = 0.696; slope = 0.2001; p &lt; 0.001) to CH4 yield (g/kg of DMI), with strong relationships also noted for dietary starch:NDF ratio (r2 = 0.662; slope = −2.4587; p &lt; 0.001), starch (r2 = 0.495; slope = −0.106; p &lt; 0.001), and the proportion of metabolizable energy relative to gross energy (r2 = 0.561; slope = −23.663; p &lt; 0.001). The slope (−0.5871) and intercept (22.2295) for the dietary ether extract vs. CH4 yield were significant (p &lt; 0.001), but the relationship was highly variable (r2 = 0.150). For dietary crude protein concentration, the slope for CH4 yield was not significant (−0.0344; p &lt; 0.381) with an r2 value near zero. Decreasing DMI by programming body weight gain or restricting feed intake could decrease CH4 production in confined cattle, but these approaches might negatively affect growth performance and product quality, potentially negating positive effects on CH4 production. Feeding higher-quality forages or using grazing management systems that decrease dietary NDF concentrations or substituting grain (starch) for forage should decrease both CH4 yield from enteric production and manure CH4 production via increased digestibility. Effects of feeding management and diet formulation strategies should be additive with other mitigation approaches such as feed additives, allowing the cattle industry to achieve maximal decreases in enteric CH4 production, while concurrently maintaining optimal beef production.

From Ocean to Medicine: Harnessing Seaweed's Potential for Drug Development.

Seaweed, a miscellaneous group of marine algae, has long been recognized for its rich nutritional composition and bioactive compounds, being considered nutraceutical ingredient. This revision delves into the promising role of seaweed-derived nutrients as a beneficial resource for drug discovery and innovative product development. Seaweeds are abundant sources of essential vitamins, minerals, polysaccharides, polyphenols, and unique secondary metabolites, which reveal a wide range of biological activities. These bioactive compounds possess potential therapeutic properties, making them intriguing candidates for drug leads in various medical applications and pharmaceutical drug development. It explores their pharmacological properties, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and anticancer activities, shedding light on their potential as therapeutic agents. Moreover, the manuscript provides insights into the development of formulation strategies and delivery systems to enhance the bioavailability and stability of seaweed-derived compounds. The manuscript also discusses the challenges and opportunities associated with the integration of seaweed-based nutrients into the pharmaceutical and nutraceutical industries. Regulatory considerations, sustainability, and scalability of sustainable seaweed sourcing and cultivation methods are addressed, emphasizing the need for a holistic approach in harnessing seaweed's potential. This revision underscores the immense potential of seaweed-derived compounds as a valuable reservoir for drug leads and product development. By bridging the gap between marine biology, pharmacology, and product formulation, this research contributes to the critical advancement of sustainable and innovative solutions in the pharmaceutical and nutraceutical sectors.

Evolution of the structure of lipid nanoparticles for nucleic acid delivery: From in situ studies of formulation to colloidal stability

The development of lipid nanoparticle (LNP) based therapeutics for delivery of RNA has triggered the advance of new strategies for formulation, such as high throughput microfluidics for precise mixing of components into well-defined particles. In this study, we have characterised the structure of LNPs throughout the formulation process using in situ small angle x-ray scattering in the microfluidic chip, then by sampling in the subsequent dialysis process. The final formulation was investigated with small angle x-ray (SAXS) and neutron (SANS) scattering, dynamic light scattering (DLS) and cryo-TEM. The effect on structure was investigated for LNPs with a benchmark lipid composition and containing different cargos: calf thymus DNA (DNA) and two model mRNAs, polyadenylic acid (polyA) and polyuridylic acid (polyU). The LNP structure evolved during mixing in the microfluidic channel, however was only fully developed during the dialysis. The colloidal stability of the final formulation was affected by the type of incorporated nucleic acids (NAs) and decreased with the degree of base-pairing, as polyU induced extensive particle aggregation. The main NA LNP peak in the SAXS data for the final formulation were similar, with the repeat distance increasing from polyU<polyA<DNA, following the expected extent of base-pairing.

Electrospun nanofiber drug delivery systems and recent applications: An overview

Fiber technology plays a significant role in advancing drug research. While developing drug delivery systems, nanofiber technology has gained importance due to its high surface area to volume ratio and porosity. The most preferred nanofiber production method is the electrospinning method. This review focuses on electrospun nanofiber drug delivery systems, including analysis of critical process parameters affecting electrospinning and nanofiber properties. Moreover, the design strategies for nanofiber drug delivery systems are explored, including equipment preferences and design types. Given to these design strategies, it is possible to design either nanofiber mat or nanofiber itself. It has been shown that a tailor-made drug delivery system can be prepared using axial-based nozzles and other equipment options. In addition, the prominent features and usage areas of frequently used polymers are mentioned. General characterization studies of post-production nanofibers are discussed. Examples of areas of use for pharmaceutical purposes are presented. Finally, drug release kinetics were evaluated on electrospun nanofiber drug delivery systems. As a result of exhaustive evaluations, various effective applications in the literature have been shown to achieve remarkable results such as drug release manipulation, drug targeting, self-assembling formulation strategies. Therefore, it is clear that in the field of electrospun nanofiber technology, it is possible to modify all the process options and develop a unique drug delivery product, thanks to a comprehensive evaluation of the critical quality parameters of the drug product.

Strategic Planning for Development of Micro Enterprises at the Department of Trade, Industry, Cooperatives, and Small and Medium Enterprises, Soppeng Regency

MSMEs are businesses with a micro, small to medium production scale that can be owned by individuals or in the form of business entities of a certain type. In Indonesia, MSMEs are currently being worked on and continue to grow from year to year. This study aims to examine the strategic planning of micro-enterprise development in the Department of Trade, Industry, Cooperatives and Small and Medium Enterprises, Soppeng Regency. This type of research is descriptive qualitative. Data collection techniques were carried out by observation, interviews, and documentation. The data analysis technique used consists of data reduction, data display, and conclusion drawing. The results of the study show that Environmental Scanning (Environmental Analysis), in Soppeng Regency has abundant Natural Resources (SDA) which can be utilized by micro-entrepreneurs as a source of income by processing them into products that have sales value. Strategy formulation (Strategy Formulation), a strategic plan made by the PPK and UKM Office in accordance with the 2nd mission of the Regional Head, namely strengthening the realization of community welfare. Pay more attention to micro business actors so that they can prosper from the business they are involved in and develop. Strategy implementation (Implementation Strategy), the implementation of programs is inseparable from what has been stated in the strategic plan (renstra), but in implementing the programs researchers value it is still not optimal because of the lack of awareness of micro-entrepreneurs to register their business as fostered by the PPK Service and UKM. Evaluation and control (evaluation and supervision), evaluation of activities is carried out quarterly but for evaluation and supervision of micro business actors directly to the field the schedule is uncertain, this is due to the lack of funds to go directly to the field. Factors supporting the success of strategic planning are supported by the awareness of micro-entrepreneurs to register their businesses and complete all forms of licensing according to the type of business. The inhibiting factors for miscommunication between micro-entrepreneurs and the PPK and UKM Offices are that micro-business actors sometimes delay registering their businesses because they think that the management will be complicated and convoluted.&#x0D; Keywords: strategic planning, micro enterprises, department of trade, industry, cooperatives and small and medium enterprises

Emulgel Towards Novel Formulation Development: A Comprehensive Review

Emulgels are an innovative topical drug delivery system that combines the properties of emulsions and gels to enhance the delivery and efficacy of pharmaceuticals. These systems leverage the advantages of both components: the solubilizing capabilities of emulsions and the stable, bioadhesive properties of gels. This review aims to summarize the development, formulation strategies, evaluation techniques, and therapeutic applications of emulgels. A comprehensive literature search was conducted across various scientific databases including PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. Studies focusing on the formulation, characterization, and clinical efficacy of emulgels were included. The review evaluates the methodologies used in the preparation of emulgels, including the choice of gelling agents, emulsifiers, and active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs). Analytical techniques for assessing the physicochemical properties and stability of emulgels were also examined. The review identified key formulation parameters that influence the performance of emulgels, such as the type and concentration of gelling agents (e.g., carbomers, xanthan gum), emulsifiers (e.g., Tween, Span), and oils. Optimization of these components significantly affects the viscosity, spreadability, and drug release profile of emulgels. Studies demonstrated that emulgels exhibit improved drug penetration and sustained release compared to conventional topical formulations. Therapeutic applications of emulgels encompass a wide range of conditions including dermatological disorders, pain management, and microbial infections. The review also highlights novel advancements such as the incorporation of nanoparticles and the development of stimuli-responsive emulgels. Emulgels represent a promising platform for topical drug delivery, offering enhanced stability, bioavailability, and patient compliance. The versatility in their formulation allows for the incorporation of diverse APIs, making them suitable for various therapeutic areas. Future research should focus on the clinical translation of emulgels, exploring their potential in personalized medicine, and addressing regulatory challenges. Emulgels have the potential to revolutionize topical therapy and provide new avenues for effective and targeted drug delivery.

A Comprehensive Study on Formulation of Herbal Sunscreen Using Aloe barbadensis, Cucumis sativus and Solanum lycopersicum

Sunscreen formulations play a crucial role in protecting the skin from the harmful effects of ultraviolet (UV) radiation. Recent advancements in nature and herbal ingredients have led to a surge of interest in formulation effective, eco-friendly sunscreens. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of herbal sunscreen formulations, specially focusing on Aloe barbadensis miller (Aloe vera), Cucumis sativus (Cucumber), and Solanum lycopersicum (Tomato) as key ingredients. Aloe vera, known for its soothing and hydrating properties, offers potential benefits enhancing the skin’s resilience against UV damage. Cucumis sativus contributes cooling and antioxidant effects, while Solanum lycopersicum provides substantial levels of lycopene, which is recognized for its photoprotective qualities. The review systematically examines the phytochemical profiles, extraction methods, and efficacy of these ingredients in sunscreen formulations. It also explores their synergistic effects when combined and evaluates their overall performance in terms of sun protection factor (SPF), stability, and skin compatibility. By synthesizing current research findings, this review aims to highlight the potential of these herbal components in developing effective, natural sunscreens and to provide insights for future research and formulation strategies in the field of dermatological protection.