Foreign Domination Research Articles

Propaganda e resistência no Egito Romano: a estela de Cornélio Galo

O Egito romano era uma sociedade múltipla e heterogênea, que pode ser analisada tanto do ponto de vista de elementos de continuidade com uma tradição que remonta ao período faraônico quanto com transformações decorrentes das séries de conquistas estrangeiras que o país sofreu. Refletindo sobre a ideologia real no Egito Romano, temos por objetivo abordá-la considerando dois enfoques diversos: seu valor enquanto elemento de propaganda política pelos governantes romanos e o seu uso como forma de resistência egípcia ao domínio estrangeiro. Um elemento essencial à nossa interpretação é a estela de Cornélio Galo, primeiro prefeito de Alexandria e do Egito.

Da necessidade do regresso para as raízes culturais

A história da África está marcada por dois eventos devastadores: a escravidão e a colonização. Da escravidão, o continente sofreu várias vítimas. O navio negreiro engoliu grande parte da juventude Africana. Muitos pais foram privados de sua progenitura. As consciências foram marcadas de forma indelével. No entanto, entre aqueles que, apesar disso, deixaram o continente e aqueles que ficaram há uma ligeira diferença. O segundo evento sujou a consciência dos africanos que ficaram. É nesta perspetiva que o duo martiniquense Césaire-Fanon fala de atropelamento cultural ou de bloqueio identitário pois o colonizado até dúvida da sua própria existência. Ele é, portanto, cortado das suas fontes e raízes culturais para sofrer um enxerto forçado. Mas a cultura imposta embora dominante, ainda não limpa por completo a cultura local. Há uma sobrevivência da autoctonia no esquema cultural em que navega o colonizado sob dominação estrangeira. O nível mais visível é o linguístico. Vai nascer um falar crioulo que é uma mistura da língua do colono com alguns vestígiosdo falar indígena. É portanto neste contexto de distorção cultural que surge a noção de regresso para as raízes culturais africanas tão celebrado pelos mentores da Negritude nomeadamente Aimé Césaire da Martinica ou Francisco José Tenreiro de São Tomé e Príncipe.

Sustainable Rural Economic model of India – an emerging economy model for the world in the post covid-19 pandemic era

The COVID19 pandemic impact made a major revision in development thinking that is presenting fundamental challenge to the conventional consensus on economic development. The Indian rural economy is the great economic philosophy which involves economic and social values in itself. The basic model of such economy has several features which makes it self-dependent, the same model had motivated the Indian freedom revolution towards the swadeshi, indigenousness, with the icon of charkha, unified the whole country against foreign economic dominance and later to the freedom. Rural economy serves as the backbone and basic line of evolution of economy. It represents the single working unit with all the functions of economy. In post COVID19 era, need of self-reliance and sustainable economy, could be addressed through rural economical model existed in India since centuries.

Scarce Water Resources and Cereal Import Dependency: The Role of Integrated Water Resources Management

This study globally analyzes the nonlinear relationship between cereal import dependency and total renewable water resources per capita by testing for potential thresholds in water resources. Data are from the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), and consider the years of 2002, 2007, and 2012. The results show evident ceiling effects with a threshold of 1588 m3/(capita/year) in the multiple predictor model. Above this value, the total renewable water resources per capita no longer have a considerable effect on cereal import dependency. Importantly, we found that if integrated water resource management improves, cereal import dependency will increase for countries with total renewable water resources per capita between 1588 m3/(capita/year) and 5000 m3/(capita/year), but not for countries below or equal to the threshold of 1588 m3/(capita/year). Water-scarce countries above the threshold use cereal imports as a coping strategy to save limited national water resources. This strategy might be suggested to extremely water-scarce countries below the threshold to increase their water use efficiency. Global solidarity of grain exporters with water-scarce countries is required to guarantee their food security, while water-scarce countries need to overcome their skepticism of foreign dominance through food imports.

Bank credit in uncertain times: Islamic vs. conventional banks

This paper explores whether the impact of economic uncertainty on credit growth differs for Islamic vs. conventional banks. Using a sample of 416 banks (58 Islamic and 358 conventional) in 12 countries, the findings indicate that an increase in economic uncertainty significantly decreases the credit growth of conventional banks but does not have any significant impact on Islamic banks’ credit growth. Our results are robust to alternative specifications and addressing endogeneity concerns using GMM estimators. We further observe that our findings are stronger for the following countries: (1) countries with explicit deposit insurance protection system for Islamic banks, (2) lower foreign dominance, and (3) countries with a higher share of deposits and assets in Islamic banks.

The Emergence of Nigerian Maritime Cabotage Laws and the Future of Its Maritime Commerce

Nigerian maritime cabotage laws evolved to add efficiency to the country’s maritime industry, especially in the area of indigenous fleet expansion, ship building and human capacity development. The aim was to curtail foreign dominance and unequal competition by non-Nigerian operators. Since the enactment of the Cabotage Act, attempt at successful and beneficial implementation could not be achieved due to regulatory inadequacies. What is obtainable now includes foreign dominance, unfair competition, policy failure, institutional ineffectiveness, absent of stable local capacity, regulatory problems, fiscal deficiencies, lack of political will by the government. In view of these inadequacies, appropriate remedial regulatory measures need be considered. These include regulatory overhaul or ample review of all extant maritime laws which are no more relevant in a cabotage regime. There is need for institutional reforms which will engender adequate and effective monitoring and enforcement. Fiscal and financial legal framework needs to be put in place to strengthen this inadequate and weak policy. This article submits that, cabotage laws which are supposed to be the framework of transformation from foreign to indigenous dominance of coastal shipping, have fallen short of the intended objectives. It therefore requires proper and adequate review to cure the obvious defects.

The Hegemony of The Exxonmobil and Freeport Contract in Investing in Indonesia and Also The Abandonment of The Local People’s Health Rights

The type of contract carried out nowadays, which is the Product Sharing Contract (PSC) and contract of work in the natural resource sector results to product sharing, which is on one hand thought to not yet fulfill the principle of justice for the state. On the other hand, the government still needs funds from foreign investors to carry out economic development. The balancing position between the foreign investment and the domestic investment in the capital market investment in the oil, gas, and the gold-copper mining sector of Freeport in Papua and Exxonmobil in Indonesia shows a foreign domination. It means that there is a natural resource sector investment hegemony by foreign investors. The implication of this condition is the lightening burden of the state budget, the increase of workforce absorbment and the transfer of technology. It also causes opportunity cost. There is the environmental destruction, including the aspect of healthcare for the local people in the mining location as a compensation. For that, the government needs to review the contract regulation for these two natural resources and revise what is necessary.

Economic Nationalism of the Committee of Union and Progress Revisited: The Case of the Society for the Ottoman Navy

AbstractThe Ottoman-Turkish historiography has been largely concerned with the economic nationalism of the Committee of Union and Progress (CUP), which consisted of four doctrines: elimination of foreign dominance on the Ottoman economy, removal of non-Muslims from the economic sphere, creation of a Turkish/Muslim bourgeoisie, and rapid industrialization. Through its focus on the economic activities of the Society for the Ottoman Navy, a CUP-affiliated charitable organization with enormous economic power, the present study investigates how the economic policies of the period can be regarded as a practice of economic nationalism. Based on archival material and in dialogue with secondary sources, this article argues that although the Unionist leadership and intelligentsia employed the language of economic nationalism, the operation of the economy in practice was considerably different from its rhetoric. War conditions, the lack of indigenous capital accumulation, and relations of the Ottoman Empire with foreign powers heavily shaped the implementation of the economic nationalism of the CUP.

Salvaging the Native Women of Afghanistan, a U.S. Façade

The plight to salvage the native woman is a socio-political phenomenon produced by the First World. It not only masks foreign domination but fosters a prescription of morality particular to Western...

Bank Credit in Uncertain Times: Islamic vs. Conventional Banks

This paper explores whether the impact of economic uncertainty on credit growth differs for Islamic vs. conventional banks. Using a sample of 416 banks (58 Islamic and 358 conventional) in 12 countries, the findings indicate that an increase in economic uncertainty significantly decreases the credit growth of conventional banks but does not have any significant impact on Islamic banks’ credit growth. Our results are robust to alternative specifications and addressing endogeneity concerns using GMM estimators. We further observe that our findings are stronger for the following countries: (1) countries with explicit deposit insurance protection system for Islamic banks, (2) lower foreign dominance, and (3) countries with a higher share of deposits and assets in Islamic banks.

Періодизація українського Відродження: історико-культорологічний підхід

The aim of the work is to identify Renaissance periods in the history of Ukrainian art culture beginning with the times of Kyivan Rus’ and ending with the twentieth century. The research methodology lies in the fact of applying the principle of historicism, which is used to identify periods of Renaissance sense in the history of art of Ukraine; the typological method is used to establish the typological features of the Renaissance in the history of Ukrainian art. The scientific novelty of the research is that the concept of the Ukrainian Renaissance, which has developed in the system of national humanities, has been further developed; Renaissance periods of the history of Ukrainian art culture have been identified; periodization has been carried out and general trends of the historical development of Ukrainian art have been identified from the point of view of the demonstration of the system of typological features of the Renaissance. Conclusions. The given analysis of historical periods from Kyivan Rus’ to the twentieth century shows that the history of Ukraine in each period has a system of typological features of the Renaissance: a system of ideals; (the cult of the state, man, mind, beauty and nature); a system of symbols and images (antique, сossack-chivalrous, religious, folkloric); a system of oppositions (freedom – captivity, foreign – national, nation – power, oppression – growth, unity – diversity, optimism – tragedy). In most periods, there are oppositions: secular – ecclesiastical, unity of faith – confessional. The “order – freedom” opposition is united by two periods – Kyivan Rus and Zaporizhian sich; the “man – God” and “down-to-earth – heavenly” oppositions belong to the period of the national liberation struggle. Analysis of the periodization of the history of Ukraine allows us to identify the periods of the historical cycle. The era of Kyivan Rus corresponds to the stage of maturity, the period of the Principality of Galicia-Volhynia corresponds to crisis, the period of foreign domination as a part of The Grand Duchy of Lithuania,the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth corresponds to decline, the period of the national liberation struggle corresponds to formation, and the national cultural revival corresponds to maturity. Thus, there is a closure of the historical cycle, which is based on periods with Renaissance signs, which gives Ukrainian history a renaissance character.

Appraisal of Shipping Trade Influence on Economic Growth in Nigeria

The study examined appraisal of shipping trade influence on the economic growth in Nigeria from 1981-2016 by the use of secondary data collected from the Central Bank of Nigeria. The main objectives are to examine the trend of shipping trade in Nigeria as well as determine the influence of economic growth on gross domestic product (GDP). The study employed both descriptive and influential tools. The study adopted cointegration regression method for the analysis of each of the variables (shipping trade, external reserves and external debts). The results show that there is a statistically significant relationship between GDP and external reserves with p-value 0.0190. Also the result revealed that there is a statistically significant relationship between GDP and shipping trade with p-value 0.000. However, shipping trade and external reserves contributed positively at 1% and 5% level of significance respectively while external debts impacted negatively to GDP at 5% level of significance with a long run variance of cointegration regression. Therefore, the study suggests that government should do all it can to curtail foreign dominance and repatriation of profit for a more sustainable economy as well as upgrade port facilities, prevent unnecessary delays and encourage exportable goods for maximum deployment of ships. Keywords : External debts, External reserve, GDP and Shipping trade. DOI : 10.7176/CER/12-1-04 Publication date: January 31 st 2020

The Sweet War, or How Military Campaigns of Alfonso V of Aragon Affected the Eating Habits in Early to Mid-15th Century

Starting from the time of James I the Conqueror (1213-1276) the Kingdom of Aragon started its Mediterranean expansion. Following successive military expeditions, its conquests included: Mallorca and the other Balearic Islands (1229-1235), Sicily (1282) and Sardinia (1323-1324). The culmination of this process was the involvement of a Alfons V the Magnanimous (1416-1458) in the war for the Kingdom of Naples, which began in 1420. After 22 years of intermittent struggle, in 1442, Alfons V the Magnanimous eventually captured Naples, which in the years to come became one of the leading centers of the Italian Renaissance.
 The appearance of foreign domination in southern Italy suddenly entailed the transfer of Catalan culture, language and customs. Among the latter, Catalan culinary traditions formed at the end of the fourteenth century also occupied an important place. It was during this period that a significant change took place in the Kingdom of Aragon regarding the role and the circumstances of eating sweets by its financial and political elites. Until then, confectioneries were served as part of dessert at the end of the main meal (dinner or feast), while in the period discussed their consumption considerably shifted in time. Initially, their consumption was still associated with the various elements of the feasting etiquette (e.g. dancing, amusements, other meals). With time, the ceremonial of eating sweets transformed into a separate meal of sweet snacks, referred to by the Catalan term of col·lació. It quickly became a solemn, independently functioning type of feast, with an established ceremonial and setting.
 Under what circumstances were Catalan eating practices transplanted to Italian context? What influence did the ruler and his military operations have on the enrichment of Italian feasting with new ele ments of Catalan provenance? – Such questions define the direction of the considerations made by the author of the paper.

Prelude to Colonialism

This study is a portrayal of Moroccan Muslims and Jews by European travellers, journalists, experts and diplomats from the latter half of the nineteenth century until the transformation of Morocco in 1912 into a colonial entity under French and Spanish protectorates. In this pre-colonial setting, we catch a glimpse of a traditional society and its gradual, albeit partial, evolution towards modernity among the Jews as well as an understanding of Europe’s economic, political and cultural penetration into the Sharifian Empire, which for hundreds of years preserved its independence when many Islamic societies capitulated to foreign domination. What were the major challenges confronted by Morocco in the pre-colonial era? Did Muslims and Jews conform to or reject modernisation brought by European culture? What were the socioeconomic conditions and the juridical status of the Jews vis-à-vis the Muslim majority? These are some of the main concerns of our investigation.

Ibani Oral Literature: The Missing Link

Language has long been considered as one of the most important attributes of cultural identity. So has literature. Indeed, language and literature are so closely linked in this respect that the great Slavic poet, Constantine the philosopher said, as early as the ninth century, that people without books in their language are naked and can be compared to a body deprived of proper food. To reaffirm and consolidate the identity of the Slavic people, then under foreign domination, Constantine went ahead to develop his own vernacular dialect into a literary and liturgical language that came to be known in philology as Old Church Slavonic. This paper sought to analyse oral literature, especially as it pertains to the Ibani people. The study and appreciation of oral literature are highly crucial to the understanding of the complexity of human cognitive skills. For many people around the world, particularly in areas where history and traditions are more predominantly conveyed through speech than in writing, the transmission of oral literature from one generation to the next lies at the heart of culture and memory. It is highly essential to the survival of a culture. Very often, local languages act as vehicles for the transmission of unique forms of cultural knowledge. Oral traditions that are encoded in these speech forms can become threatened due to various factors. Such creative works of oral literature and spoken languages are increasingly endangered as globalization and rapid socio-economic change exert over more complex pressures on smaller communities; often challenging traditional knowledge practices. This could result in the near-extinction of a language, such as the Ibani language.Key words: Culture, Language, Oral Literature, Extinct, Threatened, Culture, Identity, Tradition

Corruption, workforce selection and mismatch in the public sector

We examine the impact of corruption on workforce selection and personnel allocation in the public sector. Using Italian data, we find that the selection of public employees in terms of human capital worsens in comparison to that of their private sector counterparts in areas with higher levels of corruption. Moreover, corruption is associated with educational mismatch in the allocation of human resources and, in particular, with an increase in the rate of under-qualification. These results are robust to several alternative indicators and specifications, including IV estimation using past dependence on public spending and the historical relevance of foreign domination as exogenous sources of variation for current corruption.

Amílcar Cabral’s modernist philosophy of culture and cultural liberation

ABSTRACT This article argues that Amílcar Cabral adhered to some of the essential elements of the philosophical discourse of modernity. This commitment led Cabral to endorse an anti-essentialist, historicized conception of culture, and this in turn led him to conceive of cultural liberation in terms of cultural autonomy as opposed to the preservation of indigenous culture(s). Cabral’s attitude towards languages is employed as a case study in order to demonstrate how emphasis on Cabral’s commitment to the philosophical discourse of modernity can help explain why he could denounce ‘colonialist culture’, while also defending the PAIGC’s (Partido Africano para a Independência da Guiné e Cabo Verde / African Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cape Verde) use of Portuguese as an official language. This essay argues that Cabral makes a significant distinction between foreign influences and foreign domination in the realm of culture. Cabral conceived of the anti-colonial struggle in the realm of culture as a struggle against the latter rather than the former.

Income Smoothing Via Loan Loss Provisions and IFRS Implication: Evidence from Ethiopian Banks

text Using a single stage regression that models the non-discretionary part of loan loss provisions, we establish whether Ethiopian banks use loan loss provisions to smooth their income in a country with no foreign banks and high dominance of state ownership. Existing literature suggests that banks use loan loss provisions as a tool for income smoothing. Results support bank income smoothing via loan loss provisions and need of external fund have significant positive influence on loan loss provisioning towards income smoothing practice of Ethiopian banks in anticipation to attract external funds. Keywords: Banks, Ethiopia, IFRS, Income Smoothing, Loan Loss Provisions. DOI : 10.7176/EJBM/11-16-06 Publication date :June 30 th 2019

Revelation Relocated: Reflections on Jerusalem in Testimony of Truth (NHC IX,3) and the First Apocalypse of James (NHC V,3; Cod. Tch. 2)

Abstract This article examines treatments of Jerusalem, including its temple and first-century demise, in Testimony of Truth (NHC IX,3) and the First Apocalypse of James (NHC V,3; Cod. Tch. 2). Among Nag Hammadi writings, these texts are relatively unusual in their attention to the historical, Roman presence in the city. Informed by contemporary apocalyptic traditions, Testim. Truth and 1 Apoc. Jas. cast foreign domination not as a crisis, but as a clue, specifically to seek revelation elsewhere. In this spatial sense, revelation is “relocated” in each text, yet in different ways. The article further shows how each presentation of Jerusalem aligns with other interests of Testim. Truth and 1 Apoc. Jas., including their engagement in intra-Christian debate.

Interaction of social identity, empathy and planned behavior theories to understand domestic product purchasing intention

The study intends to find out motivation behind domestic consumers’ decision to buy domestic products by focusing on the role of social identity and empathy. Social identity helps to explain the position of local identity towards local products amidst myriad foreign products, and empathy helps to grasp the role of empathetic feeling towards local products that look inferior under foreign products domination. It does so by integrating theories of social identity, empathy and planned behavior. The novelty of this study lies on exploration of empathy in the relationship between national identity and domestic product purchasing intention, which is so far absent in management literature. Determination of sample size follows the rule of ten multiplications to indicator number. The respondents are consumers in a mall in Kendari. It applies convenient technique for sampling. It applies Smart PLS for data analysis. The results should be that empathy affects domestic purchasing intention and so does national identity on domestic purchasing intention, meaning that empathy partially mediates the effect of national identity on domestic product purchasing intention. Meanwhile, ethnocentrism leads to domestic purchasing intention, while national identity has significant effects on domestic product purchasing intention and ethnocentrism.