Foreign Authors Research Articles

Совершенствование медико-социальных мер по охране психического здоровья подростков в системе первичной медико-санитарной помощи (обзор литературы).

Actuality. To develop effective tools for protecting the mental health of adolescents, medical workers need to clarify the leading reasons for its formation in modern conditions, predictors and criteria for the risk of its deterioration. Currently, there are no integrated medicalpsychological- social monitoring studies of adolescent mental health, including dynamic monitoring of psychological, pedagogical, social and medical indicative indicators. The purpose of the study is to review scientific publications devoted to the analysis of the state of mental health of children and adolescents in the Russian Federation. Research methods. Using the search image: («mental health of children and adolescents», «organization of psychiatric care for children and adolescents», «addictive behavior of children and adolescents», «risk factors for mental health of children and adolescents»), a collection of 63 relevant articles published by domestic and foreign authors over the past 15 years (2013–2023) have been formed, indexed in the bibliometric databases WoS, Scopus, RSCI, and in the search engines PubMed, Google Scholar. Research results. The performed analysis allows us to note that such issues as the manifestation of clinical mental disorders, their predictors with age-related detail, and the development of integral indicators of mental health deterioration have not been sufficiently studied. Studies indicating the presence of problems in the system of mental health protection of minors during their studies in general education organizations do not provide specific recommendations for their solution.. Conclusion. To develop effective tools for the protection of adolescent mental health, medical professionals need to clarify the leading causes of its formation in modern conditions, predictors and criteria for the risk of its deterioration. This will make it possible to fill the existing deficit in the algorithms of medical support for adolescents during their studies in general education organizations and medical, psychological and pedagogical integration.

КОУЧИНГ ЯК ПЕДАГОГІЧНА ТЕХНОЛОГІЯ: ДЕФІНІТИВНИЙ АНАЛІЗ УКРАЇНСЬКОГО ТА ЗАРУБІЖНОГО ДИСКУРСУ

Based on the analysis of Ukrainian and foreign scientific discourse, the article attempts to conceptualise terminology (definitions, structuring, identification and characterisation of the main components) of coaching as a pedagogical technology. In the context of the problem raised, the essence of the concepts of «technology», «pedagogical technique», «method», «methodology», «model», «pedagogical modulation» was defined. The similarities and differences in their interpretation in the foreign terminology of classical coaching and Ukrainian pedagogical science were revealed. It is noted that due to the unsuccessful interpretation of the terminology of Western coaching by Ukrainian researchers, new terms such as «coaching technology», «coaching technique», «coaching methodology», «coaching method», «coaching model», «coaching modeling» were produced that are not entirely receptive to its theory and practice. Instead, foreign authors use the general concept of «coaching tools». The author proposes to define coaching technology as a purposefully organized process of educational and upbringing influence on the personality of an education student from setting specific goals to achieving the expected results. Its important feature is a clear algorithmicity and procedure of implementation in the form of a system of actions. The article considers coaching as a pedagogical technology at three levels: general pedagogical - defines coaching technology as an integral system that has its own goals, content, methods, forms, means, mechanisms of learning and relationships of the subjects of the educational process; subject - outlines the use of coaching technology as a set of methods, techniques, tools for implementing the content of learning within a particular subject and group, educational institution; local (modular) - refers to the technology of individual components of the educational process, which involve solving specific educational tasks and designing certain components of the educational process.

Институциональная среда и институционализация поведенческого регулирования: теоретические основы экономического развития

The relevance of the study is due to the fact that the intensification of the use of appropriate Nudge technologies and their combination with classical technologies of behavioral economics have led in many countries of the world to the institutionalization of behavioral regulation in centralized or decentralized models. The purpose of the article is to reveal the features of the models of institutionalization of «behavioral» regulation at the macroeconomic level in the countries of the world. At the same time, the tasks set are solved: the theoretical essence of institutions and the institutional environment is generalized, as well as the features and problems of its formation are considered. Behavioral nudging is considered as a potentially promising approach to improving government regulation both in academic discussion and in practice. Methods. The theoretical and methodological basis of the research was the fundamental works of Russian and foreign authors. Along with traditional methods of scientific research, systemic and institutional-evolutionary approaches, dialectical methods of cognition and interdisciplinary methods of analysis are used. Results. Increasing the effectiveness of the practice of using the behavioral motives of economic entities in the process of developing state economic policy is due to the application and introduction of techniques of influence of the theory of nudging, which determines the choice of a more rational solution that meets the interests of the individual and society. The institutionalization of behavioral regulation in a centralized model is represented by specific government agencies or departments specializing in the development of solutions using the theory of behavioral economics. Institutions of the decentralized model are independent commercial organizations that are not part of the structure of government agencies. Conclusion. It was found out that the process of formation and functioning of institutions of behavioral regulation in different countries of the world has its own specifics, and the bodies themselves are constantly changing. However, all options for institutionalizing behavioral regulation at the macro level leave the risk of using «dark nudging», which requires the creation of special institutions to mitigate or eliminate its negative consequences. The most important principle in the development of behavioral tools is compliance with universal and personal interests at the same time

The future in the structure of the subjective image of a student professional life

Introduction. Modern concepts of education are based on the principles of anticipation, determination of the present by the future (advanced education, Life Long Learning). The same pattern applies to the personality of both the subject of life in general and professional life in particular. Aim. Based on the theoretical and methodological analysis, identification and empirical research of the psychological characteristics of the future, the present research aims to consider the future as a personal construct in the structure of the subjective image of professional life. Methodology and research methods. The key methodological approaches are the subjective approach and the theoretical and methodological foundations for using the synergetic approach to study the psyche, mental phenomena and processes. The study employs survey methods; the methods of mathematical and statistical data processing: comparative analysis and factor analysis were carried out using the IBM SPSS Statistics v.20 program. Results. Based on theoretical ideas about time modes, time perspective, psychological characteristics of organisation and perception of time, as well as the results of an analysis of the works of foreign and Russian authors, a structural-functional model of the subjective image of professional life is proposed, including four blocks: a block of retrospection, a block of regulation of actual activity, a prognostic block, and a transspective block. Scientific novelty. The use of a subjective and synergetic approach to modelling the image of the professional future is justified. A structural-functional model of the image of the professional future is proposed, including invariants that represent a formal and meaningful representation of the temporal modes of the past, present and future and a mechanism for comparing the current state with the desired (“needed future”). Practical significance. The presented structural-functional model of the subjective image of professional life can serve as the basis for the development of a subject-oriented approach to professional guidance and support of professional development at the stage of choosing a profession and professional training with practical means of constructing a professional future.

100 Years of Vaccination against Tuberculosis – Lessons Learnt and Prospects

The article presents a literature review dedicated to the 100th anniversary of introduction of the BCG vaccine against tuberculosis; it analyzes of 83 publications by Russian and foreign authors. The results of the BCG vaccination used in various clinical studies and real clinical practice are assessed. The article presents data on development of new candidate vaccines and mechanisms of their effect on various parts of the immune system. Candidate vaccines are of particular interest, these candidate vaccines are used not only for prevention before infants are exposed to the infection for the first time, but also for therapy, the vaccines are aimed at therapeutic action against tuberculosis and latent tuberculosis infection.

Probabilistic and Statistical Approach to Evaluating the Effectiveness of Management Decisions

In a number of works by domestic and foreign authors, modern methods are proposed to solve the problem of the effectiveness of decision-making and execution. Quite satisfactory results have been achieved both in theoretical, methodological and applied terms. However, this only casually mentions the effect that occurs in any, and not only an unrealized solution — the appearance of some remnants; not unrealization, but fundamental unrealizability without a remainder. The very nature of unrealizability or the presence of residual has not been considered before, although the effect of residual is constantly observed. The discrepancy between the solution and its implementation was associated with the insufficient quality of the solution or with the shortcomings of its implementation, which is considered in the context of “incomplete information” and “the presence of hidden variables/factors”. This understanding allowed the remnants themselves to be considered in several angles and aspects: a) as a residue from the implementation (“unrealized opportunities”), b) as an over-realization of realized opportunities, c) as errors in the development of solutions, d) as technical, organizational, etc. disadvantages in the implementation of the solution, etc. However, the immediate consideration of the problem of evaluating the effectiveness of decision-making indicates the presence of a fundamental unrealizability in it, which is expressed in the appearance of a remainder when it is implemented in any case. Moreover, this remainder is not associated with realizability as such and not with the solution as such, but with the presence of a special property of residuality, which is of a fundamental nature. The purpose is to identify, describe and propose a method for assessing the phenomenon associated with the incompleteness of the implementation of a management decision, regardless of its quality. A set of logical and descriptive methods was used in the study. Results: a review of situations with the appearance of residues in decisionmaking is carried out; a criterion and a method for evaluating the effectiveness of decisionmaking is proposed, a rule for the residual implementation of a decision is formulated; a justification of the proposed rule in various aspects is given; a classification of options for the unrealizability of decisions is proposed. The results obtained can be useful in making and implementing a decision.

Troitskosavsk Public Library Visitors’ Reading Fiction in the Late 19th and Early 20th Centuries

Lack of comprehensive records on the history of reading in Siberian cities’ libraries, scanty and brief references to reading fiction by the Troitskosavsk Public Library visitors condition the novelty of the declared topic. The purpose of the article is to determine the place of fiction in the reading circle of the Troitskosavsk Public Library visitors in the late XIX – early XX centuries. Methods of comparative analysis, statistical and source study became the main ones when exploring the topic. The source base of the study was 18 reports about the work of the library for 23 years (1887–1909), starting from the time of its foundation, and 2 catalogs revealing its collections.For the first time, the share of fiction in the issuance of publications from the library to the house, in general and without periodicals, was calculated. The obtained data reveal that fiction was the main object of readers’ demands. Calculations were made of the total number of issues of books of individual writers and poets for 15 years (1895–1909) and the average per year, basing on which the top 20 of the most popular of domestic and foreign authors within the library visitors were compiled. The first three places in the ranking of Russian writers were taken by L. N. Tolstoy, V. I. Nemirovich-Danchenko, A. K. Sheller-Mikhailov, foreign – M. Reed, J. Verne, G. Emar. Readers gave clear preference to prose works. The works of Russian authors were more often in the library visitors’ demand than foreign ones.The study complements the information already introduced into scientific circulation about reading fiction in pre-revolutionary Siberia, its place in the reading circle of Siberians and their popular authors.

On the Feasibility of Using REBOA Technology for the Treatment of Patients with Polytrauma

Introduction According to domestic and foreign authors, the leading cause of death in victims with polytrauma is blood loss. Resuscitative endovascular balloon occlusion of the aorta (REBOA) is one of the new promising ways to manage bleeding in patients in a state of traumatic shock. There are a large number of publications in the world scientific literature indicating the high effectiveness of this technology in the treatment of bleeding. However, in the Russian Federation, this method has not yet entered into everyday practice, and scientific research on this matter is scarce. AIM Based on literature data and analysis of our own sample, to justify the need to use REBOA technology for the treatment of victims with polytrauma.Material and methods A retrospective analysis of the medical records of patients with polytrauma admitted to the N.V. Sklifosovsky Research Institute for Emergency Medicine in 2021 was carried out. Data from medical records and the Results of forensic medical examinations were studied. The main sample included victims with polytrauma (Injury Severity Score, ISS, of more than 17 points) delivered from the scene of the incident in a state of traumatic shock (systolic blood pressure, SBP, of less than 90 mm Hg) and a verified source of bleeding. To assess the potential survival of victims, we used the Trauma Score and Injury Severity Score (TRISS) scale.Results Of the 92 patients with polytrauma, 19 patients (20.6%) had indications for REBOA. The most common sources of bleeding were injuries to the pelvic ring, 14 (73.7%), abdomen, 11 (57.9%), and chest, 7 (36.8%). In 6 victims (31.5%), there were combined abdomen and pelvic injuries as the area of blood loss. The mean age of the victims was 48.8±19.9 years, the mean ISS value was 39.4±20.1. On admission, the mean SBP was 62.4±31.5 mm Hg, and heart rate — 91.8±43.3 beats/min. In 8 victims (42.1%), norepinephrine was administered immediately upon hospitalization at an average dose of 837.5±537.0 ng/kg/min. As a result of their injuries, 15 patients (78.9%) died, and 4 were discharged from the hospital. According to the Conclusions of forensic experts, the leading cause of death was blood loss in 11 (61.1%), severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) in 4 (22.2%), and infectious complications in 3 cases (16.7%).The TRISS was calculated for each patient. In order to identify the most potentially viable patients with indications for REBOA, we excluded 5 patients with severe TBI (the mean TRISS was 20.9±11.1%), and 5 patients with the TRISS of less than 50% (the mean TRISS was 10.0±14.1%), the latter died from hemorrhagic shock. Among the remaining 9 patients with higher TRISS values, 5 (26.3%) who died had the mean TRISS of 80.5±15.8%, comparable to the mean TRISS of 83.3±2.4% in the 4 survivors.Conclusion 1. According to foreign and domestic publications, the technology of resuscitation endovascular balloon occlusion of the aorta (REBOA) is effective for stopping internal bleeding in patients with polytrauma. 2. When analyzing our own sample of patients, it was proven that 20.6% of patients with polytrauma had indications for the use of REBOA. Most of them (78.9%) died. The main cause of death was hemorrhagic shock. 3. About a quarter of patients (26.3%) with indications for REBOA had a potentially high chance of survival. In the future, the use of this technology may reduce the number of deaths.

Research issues of the region as an adaptive socio-economic system

Aim. To consider the issues of regional management in the modern conditions of the country’s economic development, which are characterized, on the one hand, by objective factors of the world economy development, such as dynamism, complexity, instability of the foreign economic environment, on the other hand, by the unfriendly attitude of a number of Western countries, which is expressed primarily in the application of economic sanctions to Russia.Objectives. To identify the main directions and peculiarities of the positions of various domestic and foreign authors regarding the issues of the study of the region as an adaptive socio[1]economic system; to formulate the functions and properties of the region as a system.Methods. The authors used empirical and analytical methods of research, defined the region from the position of the system approach.Results. The author’s vision of key properties of the region as a socio-economic system is presented, their description from the position of regional management is given. The existing approaches are analyzed and the peculiarities of the organizational and economic structure of management of the region as a system are defined, and the directions of its development in the conditions of unstable market environment are highlighted.Conclusions. There is an obvious need to form a new methodology of regional management on the basis of the system approach, taking into account the peculiarities of modern economic realities. The first step to this is the substantiation of the region as an open socio-economic system. The idea of expediency of further improvement of the mechanism of regional management on the basis of the principles of adaptation and self-organization is put forward.

Современная терминология и классификации в инвестиционном анализе

The article is devoted to the issues of improving the methodological provisions of investment analysis, which form of the basis for the projects of industrial enterprises strategic development. The purpose of the study is to develop fundamental theoretical aspects and methodological approaches to investment analysis as an integral function of complex management system of an economic entity. Both general scientific and applied research methods were used: analysis, synthesis, quantitative and qualitative methods of economic and investment analysis. A critical review of scientific and methodological publications and practical developments of modern Russian and foreign authors in the field of investment analysis is summarized. Directions for improvement of organization, content, methods of investment analysis and its information support have been developed, contributing to the quality of investment projects of manufacturing companies. Based on the generalization of the existing approaches to investment project activities and investment analysis practice, a conclusion is made regarding the necessity to update and supplement the terminological apparatus and specific typologization of objects within the scope of the research topic. Specified definitions of a number of fundamental concepts and terms are proposed, taking into account the specifics of project solutions of manufacturing companies. Special attention is paid to the practical use of financial analysis methods to assess the feasibility of investment project and substantiate the forecasts of its effectiveness.

The Profile of the Tutor Teacher in Higher Education: A Qualitative Analysis

Currently, society demands from higher education young graduates capable of entering the world of work possessing skills that allow them to develop fully in professional life, the university will therefore be responsible for preserving personal integrity, motivation, orientation towards improvement, permanence and academic perseverance of young people who enter the university, in which the tutor teacher plays a fundamental role as long as the established tutoring is action-oriented and this can be known by analyzing the qualitative aspects of tutoring, the framework of communication, empathy and collaboration that the tutor teacher develops is his daily work, which will allow the academic quality of the students to be raised through this process of group and personalized accompaniment. To prepare the state of the matter, various materials were consulted such as theses, research, refereed articles and presentations, all by Mexican and foreign authors, publications were found that will serve to prepare the state and cited authors and others were consulted in a more superfluous manner. publications that were discarded due to their lack of relevance to the project. This information will be presented by the author emphasizing the relevance for the research, with criteria such as social relevance, academic relevance, conceptualization and theoretical support.

Оптимизация конструктивных параметров рекуперативного дышла лесовозного автопоезда

The main advantages and peculiarities of the interaction of the links of a logging road train when moving during wood hauling along under-equipped logging roads are considered. Based on the analysis of the results of the research carried out by Russian and foreign authors, promising ways to improve the efficiency of logging trucks with trailers have been identified. The main disadvantages of the existing designs of the devices for coupling logging trucks with trailers have been presented. An improved design of the regenerative pneumohydraulic rod of the coupler of a road train has been proposed, which ensures a reduction in the maximum efforts during the dynamic interaction of the links, an increase in the road train reliability, the possibility of the power fluid energy recovery with its subsequent beneficial use, as well as the effect of self-pulling of the road train, improving its cross-country ability in the conditions of under-equipped logging roads. It has been revealed that the optimal internal diameter of 2 double-acting hydraulic cylinders connected in series with the free ends is within the range of 95 to 105 mm. With such a diameter, the recovered power reaches 4 kW, the average longitudinal acceleration of the trailer is in the range of 0.75 to 0.83 m/s2. The movement of a logging road train in the studied conditions at a speed of 20 to 60 km/h is accompanied by a change in the average recovered power from 1.8 to 11.3 kW and the average longitudinal acceleration of the trailer – from 0.2 to 1.4 m/s2. It has been determined that at average heights of support surface irregularities of 0.1 to 0.2 m, characteristic of typical under-equipped logging roads, the average recovered power is in the range of 2.2 to 4.1 kW and the average longitudinal acceleration of the trailer is in the range of 0.26 to 0.53 m/s2. The optimal stroke of the regenerative pneumohydraulic rod of the coupler of a road train is 0.55 m, the optimal rate of lengthening (or shortening) of the rod is 0.28 m/s. This ensures the average self-pulling speed of 0.22 m/s, the mean displacement of a logging road train of 0.11 m per one cycle of lengthening (or shortening) of the rod and the power recovered by the rod of 1.75 kW.

National and International Comparisons of Gynecological Research in Germany Based on a Bibliometric Analysis of Publications.

Recent years have seen a considerable shift from male doctors to female doctors in the field of gynecology. Female doctors are traditionally more involved with planning and maintaining their family. For gynecology, this could be associated with a risk that research activities will decrease, particularly if results are published in scientific journals. In view of this shift, a comparative observational study was carried for 2022 in which 1306 publications were matched to 1786 female and male doctors reported on the websites of the 44 locations of university gynecology departments in Germany. In addition, the volume of publications issued between 2014 and 2022 was compared for Germany, France, the United Kingdom, and the United States. In Germany, the volume of publications in Gynecology was additionally compared with the publication outputs of the specialties Urology and Trauma Surgery. Since 2014, the increase in the numbers of publications in the field of Gynecology in Germany was lower (225%) than that of the countries with which it was compared (238%/252%/260% for F/UK/USA). When Gynecology was compared with other medical specialties in Germany, the number of publications in Urology were found to have increased at a lower rate (196%) while the number of publications in the field of Trauma Surgery increased by more (286%) than that of Gynecology. At the start of 2023, the percentage of women who were working as doctors at the lowest hierarchical level (junior doctor) was 81%. The publication output per capita of female doctors working at lower levels in the medical hierarchy, i.e., working as junior doctors and senior physicians, was between 40% and 80% lower than that of male doctors working at the same level. However, female directors published as much as male directors did. In the lower hierarchy levels, men were up to 14% more likely to be without an academic title. Predictors for more extensive publication activities by young female and male doctors include the extent and quality of publications by doctors in senior positions, the presence of a comprehensive cancer center or an institute for human genetics at the location where the young doctors were working, and joint publications with foreign authors. For the German Society of Gynecology and Obstetrics, the results suggest a number of approaches to promote young researchers. The support provided to young female doctors is especially important as this should help to retain them as junior researchers over the long term.

Advantages and disadvantages of digital reading: technical university students’ perspective

The article considers implementation of the state strategy for digital transformation of the Russian education, in particular, the integration of digital reading in the educational space of technical universities. It determines the ongoing scientific discussions about digitalization and its impact on such cognitive processes as perception, interpretation, and assimilation of information by university students. Reading is fundamental to learning and education. Therefore, it is relevant to analyze digital reading in the academic environment including its learning potential, as well as advantages and disadvantages. Although many domestic and foreign authors have written about digital reading, there is a lack of empirical studies analyzing the impact of modern technologies on readers’ perceptions of digital resources. Our article aims to fill this gap. The goal is to determine the technical university students’ attitudes towards digital reading, its advantages and disadvantages. We also identify methods for enhancing the use of digital reading in the university’s educational environment. Our pedagogical research employs such empirical methods as questionnaires, pedagogical observation, and interviews in the form of free frontal discussion. Quantitative and statistical analyses are used to process and interpret the obtained data. The novelty consists in digital reading as a new educational technology and the readers’ attitude towards it. The study involves 1st to 3rd year students from Bauman Moscow State Technical University (n = 222). The data obtained do not only identify the students’ assessments of the digital integration in the Russian higher education, but also outlines ways to optimize the use of digital technologies in the educational process. The study shows that the shift from traditional print media to digital reading has both advantages and disadvantages. It requires students to communicate with interactive multimodal texts on digital media, which can affect their cognitive, emotional, volitional, and physical development. This places special demands on the competence of university teachers.

Theoretical and conceptual foundations of research on religious Conservatism as a social structure in the works of Karl Mannheim and Talcott Parsons

The article is devoted to the study of the theoretical and methodological foundations of the research field of religious conservatism. By itself, religious conservatism as a phenomenon of public life and social structure, since its inception, has had a great influence not only on the religious sphere of society, but also on the political and even economic spheres. The modern research field of religious conservatism is quite diverse, there are a large number of different directions and schools in it, but most of them borrow their methodological foundations from a certain number of classical works on sociology, formed within the framework of mainstream sociological secularism. In this regard, secularism attitudes continue to be reproduced quite often in modern sociological science. The purpose of this work is to examine the early, fundamental theoretical and methodological positions created in classical sociological works on the topic of religious conservatism as a social structure and social phenomenon. To achieve the goal, it was necessary to solve the following tasks: 1) To characterize the works of the early stage of the study of religious conservatism in sociology; 2) To identify and characterize the theories of society in which the main works were created; 3) To define the concept of religious conservatism as a social phenomenon or social structure; 4) Describe the impact of these concepts on further sociological discussion. The research materials were theoretical studies by foreign authors devoted to the conceptualization of the theme of religious conservatism. The research methodology is based on secondary analysis. The results revealed the main patterns of the theoretical foundations of religious conservatism in the works of the classics of sociology.

DOES THE RISE OF THE INTERNET MEAN THE DECLINE OF PRINT BOOKS?

Recent changes in the book publishing market are partly contrary to some earlier forecasts. New trends that no one could have predicted are emerging instead of those that seemed highly sustainable not long ago. The present paper aims to unveil deep shifts in the structure of book publishing and sales, new patterns of consumer preferences with special attention to the Russian book market specifics. We analyzed both secondary data obtained from open sources, government documents and officially published reports, and primary data collected through interviews and survey, to have a more comprehensive picture. The results confirm that the development of the Russian book publishing market is consistent with the global trends, though with its own peculiarities significant for publishing companies and their production plans. Thus, while electronic and hardcopy books cost approximately the same in the developed countries, in Russia e-books are 30-40% cheaper. Another specific feature is that foreign authors occupy the majority of popularity ratings. At the same time, the current "fight for customers" between e-book and paper book production is more of a long-term phenomenon, and we should not expect a dramatic shift in book type preferences for consumers in the nearest future..

Critical Thinking in the Discourse of Russian and World Science: a Review of Research

Introduction. The study of the considered problems is relevant in the context of the digitalization of modern society, where critical thinking becomes an integral attribute of the formed personality. It allows you to analyze and assess the reliability of information, prioritize data, reflexively assess the situation and consciously communicate with surrounding individuals both offline and online. This article considers the definition of the concept and scientific approaches to the study of “critical thinking”. The independence (a developed broad outlook and the presence of logic), emotionality and flexibility (the ability to interpret, analyze and compare), as well as depth and integrity (observation, a detailed approach to the study of the issue, a vision of the general, not just the particular) are stood out among the key characteristics of this phenomenon.Objective. There is an aggregation, analysis and interpretation of empirical and theoretical data of Russian and foreign specialists in the field of psychology, philosophy, pedagogy and sociology on the topic of critical thinking.Concepts of critical thinking. Approximate scientific concepts in the field of studying the phenomenon of critical thinking are considered. The distinctive features of philosophical, psychological, pedagogical and communicative approaches are determined.Approaches to the study of critical thinking. The analysis of the research experience of the scientific community on the problem of critical thinking is carried out. The key features and groups of requirements for critical thinking are highlighted.Discussion. The analysis of the research are conducted by the authors of native and foreign authors on the problem of critical thinking made it possible to form an idea of the study of each of the presented concepts, determining the further potential for work at the junction of psychological and communicative approaches. This method will allow us to consider the phenomenon of critical thinking from the point of view of the importance of the skill in terms of communicative interaction in social networks and exposure to provocative actions on the part of users in a naturally and artificially given context.

The New Development Economics as a Methodological and Ideological Discipline

The article is devoted to the description of a fundamentally new configuration of the discipline "Development Economics", offered as a theoretical understanding of modern transformation processes in the world economy. The discipline is designed for master's programs of economic directions of training, although it is built on the basis of an interdisciplinary approach. It is shown that the traditional courses on development economics, formed in the West in recent decades, were aimed at explaining the economic backwardness of developing countries and developing recommendations for overcoming the lag in the framework of globalization logic of the world economy development. The problems of developing countries and recipes for economic modernization have been presented in the format of macroeconomic models and institutional explanatory schemes, which do not reflect the much deeper causes of underdevelopment. At the beginning of the 21st century, the topics of Western courses were supplemented with global challenges of human development – inequality and poverty, environmental pollution, the UN Sustainable Development Goals, the "green agenda", and so on. However, these problems are also treated within the framework of the devalued globalist agenda. The ongoing deglobalization and the search for a new world economic order have devalued the theoretical background of traditional development economics. In the proposed new discipline, the problem of modern economic development is revealed with the help of geographical, geo-economic, long-term technological, institutional factors, with the involvement of the latest research in the framework of economic theory and related scientific directions of both domestic and foreign authors. The authors propose a competitive non-equilibrium paradigm of economic processes as the basic ontological concept of the course, in contrast to the implicitly existing equilibrium paradigm in the standard versions of the course "Development Economics".

OUT-OF-COURT AND JUDICIAL DISPUTE SETTLEMENT PROCEDURES IN KAZAKHSTAN

The article discusses the extrajudicial and pre-trial procedure for resolving disputes in the Republic of Kazakhstan, provided for by law, agreement and judicial practice. The advantages of resolving disputes out of court and before trial are noted, which are reflected in qualitative and quantitative characteristics at the level of the legal culture of the population and the regulatory burden of the courts. Among the problems of the theory and practice of dispute resolution, the authors indicate the lack of clear criteria and limits for the settlement of disputes in extrajudicial and pre-trial procedures. To solve this problem, the authors make a distinction between extrajudicial, pre-trial and judicial procedures for resolving disputes. Attention is paid to the ambiguous understanding of the extrajudicial and pre-trial procedure for resolving disputes in legislation, theory, and judicial practice. Therefore, the authors generally recognize dispute resolution in one form or another as alternative to judicial procedure as methods of resolving disputes, as well as as extrajudicial and pre-trial forms of protection of rights, freedoms and legitimate interests. The norms of the legislation of the Republic of Kazakhstan regulating the extrajudicial and pre-trial procedure for resolving disputes, scientific works of Kazakh and foreign authors, methodological recommendations of the Judicial Collegium for Civil Cases of the Supreme Court of the Republic of Kazakhstan, pilot projects of the Supreme Court of the Republic of Kazakhstan and judicial practice on pre-trial settlement of disputes were studied. At the end of the work, it was concluded that the out-of-court procedure for resolving disputes mostly includes arbitration and the notary, and the pre-trial procedure with a conditional share includes external administrative procedures, mediation procedures and participatory procedures. In general, they are alternative methods of resolving disputes, differing in the purposes for which they are carried out, as well as the subjects who carry them out.

Representation of a Minor Victim in Criminal Proceedings: Analysis of Federal and Regional (Stavropol) Legislation

Introduction. The current Russian Criminal Procedure Law provides for the institution of his representation to protect the rights and legitimate interests of a minor victim in criminal proceedings. This article is devoted to the analysis of federal and regional legislation providing for general and additional measures aimed at protecting the rights of minors by victims. Theoretical Basis. Methods. The theoretical basis of the study was the scientific works of domestic and foreign authors devoted to the representation of the legitimate interests of a minor victim in criminal proceedings, in particular, providing him with free qualified legal assistance. The use of the formal legal method of research allowed us to identify the features of the legal regulation of the entry into criminal proceedings of the representatives of the minor victim. Results. An overview of the most significant issues for law enforcement related to the provision of a representative-lawyer to an imperfect victim, including on a gratuitous basis, is presented. In particular, the differences, positive and negative sides of the regulatory regulation of the procedure for ensuring the participation of a representative-lawyer of a minor victim under the Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation and the Stavropol Territory Law “On additional guarantees for the protection of the rights of minors recognized as victims in criminal proceedings” dated November 11, 2010 No. 94-kz. Discussion and Conclusion. The participation of a legal representative and a representative – a relative or representative – of another person to protect the rights and legitimate interests of a minor victim seems to be inadequate. The proper realization of everyone’s right to receive qualified legal assistance requires ensuring the participation of a representative-lawyer in the interests of a minor victim. It is proposed to legislate the participation of a lawyer as a representative of a minor victim as a case of mandatory participation in the criminal process of a representative-lawyer.