Flavonoid Contents Of Extracts Research Articles

The Biological Active Substances of Taraxacum officinale and Arctium lappa from the Siberian Federal District.

Currently, scientists are increasingly focusing on utilizing the natural flora of the planet to search for and isolate individual bioactive substances that prevent various diseases, contribute to increased life expectancy, and affect all major life-supporting systems in the human body. This study describes the examination of the composition of plant raw materials from the Siberian Federal District. The research focuses on plant specimens from the root parts of Taraxacum officinale and Arctium lappa, collected in the Kemerovo region. The study determines the contents of the water-soluble vitamins B and C in the research subjects. The investigation includes assessing antioxidant properties, antimicrobial activity, and flavonoid content in extracts based on plant raw materials. All samples show a high percentage of antioxidant activity, with the highest antioxidant activity for T. officinale at 85.51 and that for A. lappa at 88.97. The results indicate low antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli (growth inhibition zone up to 15.5 mm). Plant extracts contain significant amounts of B-group vitamins, with pyridoxine in T. officinale (156.40 μg/mL) and thiamine (46.20 μg/mL) and pyridoxine (357.10 μg/mL) in Arctium lappa. Flavonoids (rutin and quercetin) are identified in T. officinale and A. lappa extracts based on the study results.

Effect of Andaliman Fruit Extract (Zanthoxylum acanthopodium DC.) on The Liver of Tartrazine Induced Rat (Rattus norvegicus L.)

Effect of tartrazine as synthetic food coloring that is consumed for long time has a toxic effect by free radicals in large quantities creating an imbalance in body and triggering disturbances, namely liver function. Free radicals can be minimized with antioxidants so they can reduce free radicals in body. Antioxidants can be found in all types of plants, one of which is Andaliman fruit. The purpose of this study was to determine effect ethanol extract of Andaliman fruit on SGOT-SGPT levels and histology of tartrazine-induced white rats. The research design used 25 white rats with 5 treatments and 5 replications for 30 days. Negative control group induced by 1% CMC, positive control induced by tartrazine 15 mg/kg BW, treatment groups 1, 2, 3 induced by tartrazine 15 mg/kg BW and ethanol extract andaliman fruit 150 mg/kg BW, 300 mg/kg BW, and 450 mg/kg BW. The stages in this study were screening for phytochemicals, total flavonoids and antioxidant activity as well as measurement of SGOT-SGPT levels and observation of liver histology. Data were analyzed using one way Anova and Duncan's further test. Results showed that phytochemical screening of Andaliman fruit extract contained flavonoids, terpenoids, steroids and tannins. Total flavonoid content in extract was 7.8163 mgQE/g extract. And level antioxidant activity in the extract has an IC50 value of 102.35 ppm. The results of this study also showed that the extract had an effect on decreasing levels of SGOT-SGPT and could minimize liver histological damage after being induced by tartrazine. Keywords: Andaliman, tartrazine, SGOT-SGPT, liver histology

Evaluation of Antioxidant Activity, Total Phenolic Content, and Total Flavonoid Content of the Aerial Part of Canna edulis Ker Gawl.

Canna edulis Ker Gawl. (CE) is an important agricultural plant in Vietnam. The whole plant is traditionally used to treat many different diseases. However, scientific evidence on the pharmacological effects and chemical composition of this plant is limited and focuses mainly on the roots. This study aimed to evaluate the antioxidant activity and quantify the total phenolic and flavonoid content of extracts from the aerial part of CE. The in vitro antioxidant effect was evaluated by DPPH and ABTS free radical scavenging methods. Total phenolic content was evaluated with the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent, and total flavonoid content was evaluated by the aluminum chloride colorimetric method. The results showed that the ethyl acetate fraction had the most antioxidant activity with the IC50 values for DPPH and ABTS of 103.73 ± 9.80 and 76.52 ± 3.57 µg/mL, respectively. In addition, the ethyl acetate fraction contained the highest total phenolic and total flavonoid content with values of 70.93 ± 7.18 mg GAE/g extract and 64.93 ± 5.75 mg QE/g extract, respectively. Therefore, the aerial part of CE, especially the ethyl acetate fraction, is a potential plant source for the investigation of antioxidant compounds.
 Keywords: Canna edulis, antioxidant, flavonoids, phenolic, DPPH, ABTS.

Antioxidant Activity, Phenolic and Flavonoid Contents of Abrus precatorius Leaf in four Different Extracts

This research aimed to assess the antioxidant capabilities against DPPH, as well as determine the overall phenolic and flavonoid contents in extracts of abrus precatorius leaves. Different extracts of abrus precatorius leaves were successively prepared using methanol, ethanol, petroleum ether, and distilled water. The DPPH antioxidant capacity of methanol extracts was highest with a low IC50 value of 62.86±0.68µg/mL. Ethanol, water, and petroleum ether extracts also showed significant antioxidant activity with IC50 values of 89.66±0.51, 78.67±0.35, 142±4.26 μg/mL. We observed a significantly higher total phenolic content of 34.67± 2.52 gallic acid equivalent ⁄ g dry extract and total flavonoid content of 27.55±1.84 mg quercetin equivalent/g dry extract for methanolic leaves extract than others. The phenolic content of ethanol and water extract is close enough (22.19±1.45, 26.35±1.65 gallic acid equivalent ⁄ g dry extract). The flavonoid content of ethanol, water, and petroleum ether extract was found as 14.43±1.35, 20.84±1.97, 1.6±0.41 mg quercetin equivalent/g dry extract. These findings will aid in future studies attempting to explore medicinal agents from the abrus precatorius plants of Bangladesh.

Scientific Evaluation of Buddleja asiatica, Camellia sinensis, and Polygala arillata of Nepal

Diabetes is one of the most prevalent diseases in the world. Medicinal plants remain to play an important role in the amelioration of diabetes and its complications. In this study, Buddleja asiatica, Camellia sinensis, and Polygala arillata were investigated for α-amylase inhibition, antioxidant, and antimicrobial activities. Methanolic extracts of these three plants were investigated for their potential antioxidant activity using DPPH assay. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents of extracts were evaluated by the following standard methods. The α-amylase inhibition assay was also carried out by starch-iodine assay and DNS assay method. Methanolic extract of B. asiatica, C. sinensis, and P. arillata exhibits a total phenolic content of 116.47 ± 6.62, 157.17 ± 18.79, and 44.27 ± 2.97 mg GAE per gm in dry weight of extracts (p < 0.0001) and flavonoid levels 5.99 ± 1.00, 34.28 ± 2.63, and 37.07 ± 2.24 (p < 0.0001) mg QE per gm in dry weights of extracts respectively. The extract showed promising antioxidant activity against DPPH with the IC50 values of C. sinensis (19.15 ± 4.32 μg/mL), B. asiatica (26.86 ± 2.00 μg/mL), and the standard the quercetin (2.36 ± 0.13 μg/mL). The extract showed modest α-amylase inhibitory activity. Methanolic extract of B. asiatica and C. sinensis were found effective against Staphylococcus aureus with zone of inhibition of 12.5 mm and 17 mm respectively. Therefore, obtained results support the traditional uses of these plants and also showed α-amylase inhibition activities although there are no reports about it.

The Influence of Subcritical Water Extraction Parameters on the Chemical Composition and Antioxidant Activity of Walnut (Juglans regia L.) Bark Extracts

This study investigated the impact of subcritical water extraction parameters on the polyphenols and flavonoids content in extracts made of the bark of walnut (Juglans regia L.), as well as antioxidant activity measured using the DPPH and FRAP methods. The total polyphenols (TPC) and flavonoid (TFC) were determined using the spectrophotometric (UV-Vis) method. The response surface methodology (RSM) was employed to optimize the yield of bioactive compounds. On the basis of developed model, the highest polyphenols (192.2 mg (GAE)/100 g (dry mass)) (GAE—gallic acid equivalent), flavonoids (88.3 mg(QE)/100 g (dry mass)) (QE—quercetin equivalent) contents and antioxidant activity (21.3 × 10−6 MTE/1 g (dry mass)) (TE-Trolox equivalent) were obtained under the following extraction conditions: temperature 131.6 °C, raw material fraction size 0.9 mm and process time 10 min. The greatest impact on the extraction yield was observed in the case of the temperature, whereas the raw material fraction size and the process time had a secondary impact. Obtained results indicate that a smaller particle size and a shorter time may improve the process; however, a reduction in particle size can be challenging for a pressure cell filtration system and consequently increase the cost of the raw material pretreatment process. With the reduction in the process time, a lower cost of extract production can be achieved. This study confirmed the importance of a proper selection of extraction parameters to obtain the demanded extract composition.

Nanotechnology approach for exploring the enhanced bioactivities, biochemical characterisation and phytochemistry of freshly prepared Mentha arvensis L. nanosuspensions.

Mentha arvensis L. is the most valuable medicinal plant that possesses anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, antimicrobial, and antioxidant properties. There are few studies available in the literature about M. arvensis L nanoparticles, but their nanosuspensions-based information remains unclear and needs further study. This study was designed to explore the nanotechnology approach for biochemical characterisation, enhanced bioactivities, and photochemistry of freshly prepared M. arvensis L. nanosuspensions. Nanosuspensions of M. arvensis L. leaves were prepared by following the nanoprecipitation method. In this study, we performed structural and biochemical characterisation through analyses of Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), phase contrast microscopy and enhanced bioactivities; antioxidant, alpha-amylase inhibition, glycation inhibition and cytotoxicity assays. FTIR analysis revealed the presence of phenols, amines hydroxyl, carboxylic acid, alkenes, alkenes and alkynes. HPLC analysis revealed the presence of chlorogenic acid, a principal phenolic component. Biofilm inhibition activity revealed that the growth formation of Escherichia coli inhibited up to 62.4% and 53.35% by leaves extract and nanosuspension, respectively. However, the growth of Staphylococcus aureus was not inhibited by nanosuspension and extract. Nanosuspension and extract exhibited 155.92 mg, 108.11 mg gallic acids per 100 g of dry weight total phenolic content and 233.44 mg, 163.933 mg catechin per 100 g of dried weight total flavonoid content in extract and nanosuspension, respectively. Antioxidant activity revealed the scavenging potential of nanosuspensions and extract was 41.01% and 12.07%, respectively. Alpha-amylase inhibiting activity of nanosuspension and extract was 36% and 33%, while, the antiglycation potential of nanosuspension and extract were 41.68% and 35.18%, respectively. Nanosuspensions and extract showed maximum hemolytic activity at 12.91% and 17.18%, respectively. These cost-effective nanoformulations could serve as a platform for therapeutic purposes in controlling the high risk of infectious diseases and designing efficient plant nanosuspensions by discovering novel bioactive compounds in an adequate manner.

Farklı Tekniklerle Ekstrakte Edilen Propolisin Polifenol İçerikleri Ve Antioksidan Aktivitelerinin Değerlendirilmesi

Propolis is classified as an opotherapeutic medicine due to the botanical origin of the resins. The chemical composition of propolis is greatly influenced by the honeybee species, botanical source and extraction techniques. Within this frame, we compared the same propolis’ polyphenol contents and antioxidant activities prepared with different techniques. Four types of extracts were prepared. The first type was prepared classically by ethyl alcohol (POH). The second and third types were extracted by sterile distilled water kept as both sterilised (PS) and non-sterilized (PN). The fourth one was prepared with full vacuumed and dried propolis with honey (PH). The antioxidant activity of extracts was evaluated with DPPH radical scavenging, ABTS radical cation scavenging, Cupric ion reducing antioxidant capacity. Also total phenolic and flavonoid content of extracts were investigated. POH extract showed significantly high content of total phenol and flavonoids which followed by PN, PS and PH. POH showed approximately two times higher activity on DPPH radical (IC50=4,39μg/mL) compared with quercetin as references. The highest activity on DPPH is shown by POH with 4,39 μg/mL of IC50 value which was followed by aqueous extracts 18,08. The lowest activity was shown by PS with 4,39 μg/mL of IC50 value. The highest scavenging activity against ABTS radical cation was shown by POH (73,37 mg TE/g extract) and the lowest activity was shown by PS (34,21 mg TE/g extract). According to the results, the new aqueous extraction technique is promising with relatively high polyphenol contents and antioxidant activities. Also honey with propolis can be an alternative product, although it has relatively lower values of antioxidant activity.

Antifungal Activity of Basidiomycete Carpophores Fungi Against Mycotoxigenic Species

Abstract: This study aims the determination of antifungal activity and the flavonoids content of extracts from carpophores of some wild and cultivated fungi. The work was conducted on Wild fungi (Fomes fomentarius, Hericiumerinaceus, Schizophyllum commune, Plerotus ostreatus were collected in Tunisia from Ain Drahem (Northern west), Tbainia (Northern west), Kef Rand (Northern east), and Tunis regions. Cultivated mushroom were Pleurotus ostreatus and Lentinus edodes (Shiitake) species from Ain Drahem. Cultivation of these last two species was realized on logs of Populus sp. and Quercus canariensis respectively. The total flavonoid content of crude extract was determined by the aluminium chloride colorimetric method. The antifungal activity was tested against five fungal strains: Alternaria alternate, Penicillium olsonii, Ulocladium atrum, Phytophtora nicotianae, Aspergillus fumigates. Results showed significant differences between the fungal species and between the two extracts studied. Methanol extracts showed the highest flavonoid amount. The most important value was reached by methanol extract of Wild Plerotus ostreatus (2.3 mg RE/ml). Aqueous extract of studied mushrooms showed the most important antifungal activities. Fomes fomentarius Ain Drahem and cultivated P. ostreatus aqueous extracts showed the highest inhibitory rate again Alternaria alternata species (70% and 63.33% respectively).

Correlation Between Antioxidant Property and Total Phenolic and Flavonoid Content of Azadirachta indica A Juss Flowers

The present study investigated the antioxidant activity of shade dried neem flower powder extracts by DPPH, phospomolybdenum, and FRAP methods respectively. The antioxidant activity of different extracts of neem flower powder has been investigated. Among them, 80% hydroalcoholic extract displayed the highest scavenging activity with the IC50 value of 18 mg/L in phospomolybdenum assay, 29 mg/L in DPPH, 30 mg/L in FRAP assay. Whereas Pet. ether (PE) extract shows lowest antioxidant potential amongst them with the IC50 value of 76 mg/L in FRAP, 37 mg/L DPPH, 28 mg/L in phospomolybdenum assay. On examining the total phenolic and flavonoid content of extracts, 80% hydroalcoholic extract possesses the greatest phenolic content about 83.88 mg/L followed by methanol, acetone and PE about 62.05, 7.52, 3.56 mg/L respectively. The highest flavonoid content of 57.36 mg/L in 80% hydroalcoholic extract followed by methanol, acetone and PE about 20.56, 11.25, 1.56 mg/L respectively. The order of total phenolic and flavonoid content of extracts are found to be: 80% hydroalcoholic > methanol > acetone > pet. ether respectively. The correlation between the antioxidant and total phenolic and flavonoid content was calculated using Prism Pad software and observed at 95% confidence interval level. From the correlation graph, it is observed that there is a good correlation between antioxidant, total phenolic (phospomolybdenum assay, R2 – 0.702), and total flavonoid (DPPH assay, R2 – 0.665) content, and it is possible to suggest that total phenolic and flavonoid content of the plant extracts are the reason for the antioxidant activity.

Evaluation of Anti-oxidant, Anti-microbial and Phytochemical analysis of different parts of C. bipinatus

Plants are sources of many natural active compounds used to prevent several diseases. The various parts of plants like leaf, stem, flower and root are rich of these bioactive compounds. From ancient times these natural compounds have been using for treatment and prevention of diseases. Cosmos bipinnatus is an herbaceous, medicinal plant. The present study was aimed with the objective to antioxidant, antimicrobial and phytochemical screening, total phenolic and total flavonoid content of different solvent extracts of different parts of Cosmos bipinnatus. Flavonoids were abundantly found in the leaves and the root of Cosmos bipinnatus. Steroids were absent only in the leaves and flowers of Cosmos bipinnatus while terpenoids were completely absent in the flowers of the plant. Alkaloids were absent in the leaves extracted from all the three solvents and root sample extracted using ethyl acetate and stem sample extracted using ethanol. Proteins are absent in all the parts of the plant extracted using all the three solvents namely ethanol, ethyl acetate and hexane. Tannins are absent in the entirely in the flower in addition to the stem sample taken using the solvent hexane. Saponins are present all the parts like leaf, stem and flower but are not found in the root extract of the plant. The total phenolic and flavonoid contents of the extracts were calculated by using the standard gallic acid and quercetin graphs to find out the concentration. The total phenolic content is high for the plant sample stem that is extracted by using hexane as the solvent the value is 790µg/mg. The total flavonoid content is high for the plant sample stem that is extracted by using hexane as the solvent the value is 150µg/mg. The antioxidant activity was also found out by using various assays like FRAP and DPPH where the percentage of inhibition was found out. The highest percentage of inhibition for leaf was found out to be at 120µg/ml with the solvent hexane that is 88.86%. The highest percentage of inhibition for stem was found out to be at 60mg/ml using ethanol that is 89.92%. The highest percentage of inhibition for flower was found out to be at 60mg/ml by ethyl acetate that is 91.42%. The highest percentage of inhibition for root was found out to be at 60mg/ml that is 97%. From the FRAP results it is evident that the antioxidant activity is highest for the root sample.

Preliminary phytochemical analysis and in vitro antioxidant activity of Glochidion ellipticum Wight (Phyllanthaceae)

Introduction and Aim: Reactive oxygen species are implicated in the pathophysiology of several human ailments. Antioxidants from plants are shown to be promising in terms of their health benefits. Glochidion ellipticum Wight is belonging to the family Phyllanthaceae. This study investigated the antioxidant potential of solvent extracts of G. ellipticum leaves in vitro. Materials and Methods: Sequential extraction of the shade dried leaf powder was carried out by maceration using petroleum ether, chloroform and methanol solvents. The solvent extracts were subjected to preliminary phytochemical analysis. DPPH, ABTS and Ferric reducing assays were performed to investigate in vitro antioxidant activity of solvent extracts. Total phenolic and flavonoid content of extracts was estimated by Folin-Ciocalteau reagent and Aluminium chloride colorimetric estimation method, respectively. Results: Preliminary phytochemical analysis of solvent extracts revealed the presence of phytoconstituents viz. flavonoids, saponins, terpenoids and tannins in the leaf material. The solvent extracts scavenged both DPPH and ABTS radicals in a concentration-dependent manner with marked and least activity being shown by methanol extract and petroleum ether extract, respectively. In ferric reducing assay also, methanol extract showed marked activity followed by chloroform and petroleum ether extracts. Total phenolic and flavonoid content was highest in methanol and least in petroleum ether extract. Conclusion: The radical scavenging and reducing abilities of extracts observed in this study could be attributed to the presence of secondary metabolites detected in the plant as it is well established that the polyphenolic compounds including flavonoids are excellent antioxidants. A direct correlation was observed between the content of phenolics and flavonoids and the antioxidant activity of extracts. The plant appears to be suitable for developing novel formulations that can be used to manage oxidative damage.

Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory polyphenols in ultrasound-assisted extracts from salvilla (Buddleja scordioides Kunth)

Salvilla is a widely distributed plant used in treatments against gastrointestinal disorders due to its phenolic antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential. Major yield and quality of bioactive polyphenols must be obtained with no degradation during suitable processes such as Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction (UAE), which allows an efficient extraction of metabolites at appropriate parameter conditions. Salvilla extractions were made using UAE and aqueous ethanolic solutions. Variables used in UAE were sonication time, wave amplitude and percentage of ethanol in solvent. Extracts were tested for total flavonoids, antioxidant activity (ABTS, FRAP and ORAC) and an identification and quantification of phenolic compounds was carried out by UPLC-PDA-ESI-MS/MS. Once elected the better extraction conditions, an anti-inflammatory test was performed for this treatment. As a result, total flavonoids content in extracts was 147 to 288 µg catechin equivalents/mg of dry salvilla extract. All extracts have shown good antioxidant activity (86 to 280 mM Trolox eq/mg dry salvilla extract). Flavonoids contents by chromatography were higher than hydroxybenzoic and hydroxycinnamic acids specially the flavone, flavanol and flavanone groups. Treatment T6 (75% ethanol, 30% amplitude and 10 min extraction time) was the best extract in terms of significant flavonols, antioxidant activity, and higher anti-inflammatory potential.

Determination of antiradical activity and phenolic and flavonoid contents of extracts and fractions of jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lamk) seeds

Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lamk) is a plant from the Moraceae family that is widespread in Indonesia. Empirically, jackfruit can be used to cure hypertension, diabetes, cancer, asthma, dermatosis, coughs, wounds, acne, and diarrhea. The bioactive compounds in jackfruit include phenolics and flavonoids, which function as natural antioxidants. This research investigated the antiradical activity of jackfruit seed extracts and fractions using DPPH (2-2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) and examined the total phenolic and flavonoid contents which may be developed as functional medicines and foods. The jackfruit seed powder was extracted using the maceration method. Radical scavenging activities were measured using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method. Total phenolic contents were determined using the Folin-Ciocalteu method. Meanwhile, the contents of flavonoids were determined using the aluminum chloride complex colorimetric method. The IC50 value of ethyl acetate fraction, methanol extract, n -hexane fraction, and water fraction was 5.435±0.064 µg/mL, 5.639±0.302 µg/mL, 7.201±0.475 µg/mL, and 9.134±0.2911 µg/mL, respectively. The phenolic and flavonoid contents of ethyl acetate fraction, methanol extract, n-hexane fraction, and water fraction were 49.597±1.589, 47.949±1.966, 41.214±4.354 and 35.504±0.913 g GAE/100 g of sample, respectively for phenolic, and 70.199±0.458, 65.228±0.615, 59.907±0.719, and 54.234±0.351 g of quercetin equivalent/100 g of sample, respectively of flavonoids, with a correlation value (R2 ) to antiradical power of 0.4582 for phenolic and 0.5281 for flavonoids. The ethyl acetate fraction of jackfruit seeds can be further developed as an anti -radicals and functional food.

Comparative study of the antioxidant properties of silymarin and milk thistle extracts

Purpose: Milk thistle (Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn) has been used for centuries as a natural remedy for liver and gall bladder / biliary tract diseases. Silymarin is the purified and standardized extract from milk thistle seeds. The purpose of the present study is to present a comparative analysis of the total phenolic substances content and the antioxidant effect of silymarin and three different types of Silybum marianum extracts (i.e. ethanol extract, water extract and lyophilized extract). Methods: Total phenolic and flavonoid content of extracts was analysed and the antioxidant activity was assessed by determining their free radical scavenging ability by DPPH method. Results: Total phenolic content is the highest in silymarin– 134.12±3.22 mg GAE/g, followed by lyophilized water extract – 51.74±2.10 mg GAE/g. Silymarin has also been found to have the highest antioxidant activity among all extract samples (338.03 VCEAC µmol /g), followed by S.marianum lyophilised extract (123.05 VCEAC µmol/g). Conclusions: A strong correlation between total phenolic and flavonoid content in the extracts and their antioxidant activity has been found.

Evaluation of Antioxidant activities and total phenolic content of hydro-ethanol extract from Phlomis bovei De Noé areal parts

The plants of the genus Phlomis are native to Turkey, North Africa, Europe and Asia. Phlomis bovei De Noé (Lamiaceae) is a rare Algerian endemic plant, commonly known as Kayat El Adjarah. The objective of this study is to quantify the polyphenol content and to evaluate the antioxidant activities of the ethanolic extract (EthE) of Phlomis bovei De Noé. The plant extract was prepared by macerating 100 g of ground material in 1000 ml of 85 % ethanol for 72 h, then the filtrate was evaporated using a rotary evaporator at a temperature of 45C and the filtrate was dried. The total content in polyphenols was determined using Folin Ciocalteu method. Flavonoid content in extracts was determined using Aluminum trichloride assay and the total content of tannins was determined according to Bate Smith method. The antioxidant activity was investigated in vitro by the DPPH (2, 2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl), ABTS and iron chelating assays. The results indicate that the ethanol extract was rich in polyphenols and has an important capacity of scavenging the DPPH and ABTS free radical with an IC50 of 0.05 and 0.018 mg/ml, respectively. However, in the ferrous ions chelating ability test, PBEE extract showed moderate chelating activity (IC50 = 1.59 ± 0.05 mg/ml). To conclude, the obtained results may contribute to add possible scientific data to use Phlomis bovei industrially as herbal medicine and as supplementary sources for natural antioxidant drugs in food.
 Keywords: antioxidant activity, ethanol extract, Phlomis bovei De Noé, polyphenol content.

Hepatoprotective and antioxidant effects of Commelina diffusa Burm extracts on gentamicin-induced liver damage in rats

Hepatoprotective and antioxidant effects of Commelina diffusa Burm extracts on gentamicin-induced liver damage in rats - JPBS- Print ISSN No: - Online ISSN No:- 2320-1924 Article DOI No:- 10.18231/j.jpbs.2020.004, Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biological Sciences-J Pharm Biol Sci

Determination of Total Flavonoid Contents and Antioxidant Activity of Leucaena Leucocephala Leaves's Extract

The study of the determination of total flavonoid contents and antioxidant activity of extract of Leucaena leucocephala leaves had been carried out using UV-Vis spectrophotometry method. This study aimed to determine the total flavonoid contents and the antioxidant power of Leucaena leucocephala extract. Extraction of chemical content from Leucaena leucocephala was carried out by the maceration method using absolute ethanol. The total flavonoid contents from the sample extract were taken up for absorption at wavelength 510 nm and 700 nm. The variation of the concentration of Leucaena leucocephala leaves' extract was respectively 20, 40, 60, and 80 ppm. The results of the study showed that the total flavonoid contents of extracts of Leucaena leucocephala leaves was 2.242 g/100 grams. The antioxidant activity of Leucaena leucocephala leaves extract was carried out using DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazine) and the measurement of absorption was at a wavelength of 517 nm, and by varying the sample concentration. Positive control used was vitamin C solution with the same variation of extract's concentration. The results showed that the IC50 values of Leucaena leucocephala leaves extract and vitamin C were 175.388 and 28.907 ppm. Based on the IC50 data it can be stated that the antioxidant vitamin C was stronger than the Leucaena leucocephala leaves extract which was classified as a weak type of natural antioxidant.

Antioxidant potential of non-oil seed legumes of Indonesian’s ethnobotanical extracts

This study investigated the in vitro antioxidant properties (DPPH, ABTS, CUPRAC and FRAP), total phenolic content and flavonoid content of extracts from three non-oil seed legumes (Phaseolus lunatus red and white, and Canavalia ensiformis), local edible seeds from Indonesia, obtained using different solvent system (distilled water, 70% ethanol, and 100% ethanol). The variety of legume was a major source of variation in the phenolic contents, flavonoid content and antioxidant activity. HPLC analysis of the non-oil seed legume extracts identified gallic acid, epicatechin and coumaric acid. Among the varieties of non-oil seed legume extracts, the phenolic content varied from 15.21–38.60 mg gallic acid equivalents/g dry weight and the flavonoid content was 11.73–24.61 mg catechin equivalents/g dry weight. The antioxidant activity of the extracts suppressed the reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and cellular damage induced by UV-B in HaCaT cells. These results showed that antioxidant activity (1.83–19.42% of inhibition DPPH; 2.99–37.29% of inhibition ABTS; 0.20–2.47 µM CUPRAC value; and 0.96–1.10 µM of FRAP value) of extracts possessed strong radical scavenging activity as well as inhibited ROS generation in a dose-dependent manner without showing any cytotoxicity. Collectively, the data presented that antioxidant of the extracts have potent antioxidant activity and decreasing ROS generation in HaCaT cells. It can be intimately used as alternative criterion for antioxidant and antiradical activities that can be utilized as a functional food and nutraceutical ingredients.

Profile of the main bioactive compounds and in vitro biological activity of different solvent extracts from Ginkgo biloba exocarp.

In order to make good use of Ginkgo biloba exocarps as agricultural residues, the present work was conducted aiming to evaluate the main bioactive compounds and in vitro biological activities of different solvent (petroleum ether, ethyl acetate, n-hexane, acetone, ethanol, and methanol) Ginkgo biloba exocarp extracts. The methanol extracts with the highest content of total phenolics and total flavonoids showed the strongest antioxidant and antibacterial activities. n-Hexane extracts had the lowest total phenolics, flavonoids and antioxidant activities, however, it exhibited moderately high antibacterial activities compared to other extracts. More interestingly, the n-hexane extracts with the highest ginkgolic acid content had the strongest inhibitory ability on HepG2 cell viability, and then ethyl acetate, petroleum ether, acetone, ethanol, and methanol extracts. The results showed that bioactive compounds and biological activities of extracts from Ginkgo biloba exocarp were greatly affected by the extraction solvents. Therefore, the selective extraction from Ginkgo biloba exocarp is very important for processing and comprehensive utilization of Ginkgo biloba exocarp.