Abstract
In order to make good use of Ginkgo biloba exocarps as agricultural residues, the present work was conducted aiming to evaluate the main bioactive compounds and in vitro biological activities of different solvent (petroleum ether, ethyl acetate, n-hexane, acetone, ethanol, and methanol) Ginkgo biloba exocarp extracts. The methanol extracts with the highest content of total phenolics and total flavonoids showed the strongest antioxidant and antibacterial activities. n-Hexane extracts had the lowest total phenolics, flavonoids and antioxidant activities, however, it exhibited moderately high antibacterial activities compared to other extracts. More interestingly, the n-hexane extracts with the highest ginkgolic acid content had the strongest inhibitory ability on HepG2 cell viability, and then ethyl acetate, petroleum ether, acetone, ethanol, and methanol extracts. The results showed that bioactive compounds and biological activities of extracts from Ginkgo biloba exocarp were greatly affected by the extraction solvents. Therefore, the selective extraction from Ginkgo biloba exocarp is very important for processing and comprehensive utilization of Ginkgo biloba exocarp.
Highlights
Ginkgo biloba L. (Family: Ginkgoaceae) is one of the medicinal plants in the world, which is regarded as a “living fossil” and has existed on the Earth for 200 million years.[1]
The highest total phenolic content was obtained in methanol and ethanol extracts, followed by acetone, ethyl acetate, petroleum ether, and hexane extracts
This was basically similar to some previous reports on other plants.[24,29,30]. These differences in total phenolics and avonoids content in different extracts from Ginkgo biloba exocarp may be attributed to differences in the chemical structure, polarity, dielectric constant of solvents.[31]
Summary
Ginkgo biloba L. (Family: Ginkgoaceae) is one of the medicinal plants in the world, which is regarded as a “living fossil” and has existed on the Earth for 200 million years.[1]. (Family: Ginkgoaceae) is one of the medicinal plants in the world, which is regarded as a “living fossil” and has existed on the Earth for 200 million years.[1] As a traditional Chinese herbal medicine, Ginkgo biloba L. has high physiological activity in therapies for diseases,[2] and has a certain ornamental value, so it has been planted in China, Japan, South Korea, France, Germany and other countries.[1,2] As the main medicinal parts of Ginkgo biloba, its leaves have been widely studied. The main active components of the G. biloba leaves were avonoids and terpenoids,[3,4,5] and the extracts displayed several pharmacological activities including antioxidants, anti-in ammatory, antiallergic, antimicrobial, and cytotoxic antitumour activities.[6,7,8,9,10,11]. Some studies reported that G. biloba exocarps had bioactive substances including phenolics, avonoids, ginkgolic acids and active
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