Field Of Geodesy Research Articles

Inclusion of data uncertainty in machine learning and its application in geodetic data science, with case studies for the prediction of Earth orientation parameters and GNSS station coordinate time series

Data uncertainty plays an important role in the field of geodesy. Even though deep learning is becoming increasingly important for geodetic applications due to its high accuracy, it typically does not consider the data uncertainty. As we demonstrate in this study, we propose to include the uncertainty of data in deep neural network architectures to achieve a better generalization. This is advantageous for big data applications as well as for small datasets. Inspired by weighted and total least squares, we formulate the problem for both input and target uncertainties, and combine it with the Bayesian learning method. This results in a new form of the loss function in machine learning. As an alternative approach, we consider data uncertainties by including them as additional features. For comparison purposes, we use models without the consideration of data uncertainty as a benchmark. To show the efficacy of the proposed method, we apply it to the prediction of Earth Orientation Parameters (EOPs, namely polar motion, dUT1, and LOD) and Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) station coordinate time series. We demonstrate that the least-squares-inspired method outperforms both the benchmark and the feature-inspired method for both the studies. In the EOPs study, the improvement can be more than 50% in the study interval. In the study of GNSS station coordinate time series, which is presented for 1000 stations across the globe, the improvement on an average basis is around 12%. The results demonstrate the advantage of using uncertainty information in the machine learning algorithms, when applied to geodetic time series.

Вопросы стандартизации в области геодезии, картографии и пространственных данных

The article deals with the issues of standardization in the field of geodesy and cartography at the present stage. The matters of planning and developing draft national standards in the Russian Federation were highlighted. Information is provided on the process of development and approval of the annual National Standardization Program. The activities of technical committees for standardization in the field of geodesy, cartography and spatial data are described. The analysis of development and approval of national standards in the mentioned field in the Russian Federation over the recent 7 years was provided. The issues of information support of the national standardization system were highlighted. Examples of draft national standards development were presented. Proposals to increase the annual number of draft national standards for geodesy, cartography and spatial data were presented.

Актуализация пространственных данных методом государственного топографического мониторинга в целях реализации государственной программы Российской Федерации «Национальная система пространственных данных»: проблемы и решения

The scientific, methodological and technological aspects proposed for updating spatial data – national information resources, based on the results of research in the field of arranging and maintaining state nationwide topographic monitoring, in the process of geodetic and cartographic work, including the collection, systematization, processing and use of various types of spatial data are considered. Terminological concepts and their definitions are formulated and offered for clarification and improvement during the discussion in the scientific community. An analysis of the current legal acts, regulatory and technical documents in the field of geodesy, cartography and real estate cadastre, as well as existing newly developed methods, technologies, techniques and algorithms in terms of technical regulating the processes of arranging and maintaining state topographic monitoring, taking into account its integration into the national spatial data system is made. Operational cartographic support updated in the process of state topographic monitoring with accurate, reliable and high-quality spatial data of socio-economic, environmental activities, defense and national security of the country is one of the priorities of the Russian Federation state program “National System of Spatial Data”. The authors propose the main directions of its implementation.

Нові прилади, системи, технології та науковий форум на INTERGEO 2021

Evaluation of the latest technological developments in the field of geodesy, photogrammetry, geoinformatics and information about the scientific conference at the World Geodetic Congress INTERGEO 2021 in Hanover (Germany)and participation in the Congress of Scientists and Specialists of Ukraine.

Changes in legislation in the field of geodesy and cartography as a part of the legal mechanism for the formation of the system of the Unified State Register of Real Estate

The article analyzes the main changes in legislation in the field of licensing cartographic and geodetic activities.

Ликвидация геодезической и картографической службы страны через призму времени

The article considers the problems of legal, organizational, scientific and technical crisis in the field of geodesy and cartography. It discloses the proposals of the Russian Society of Geodesy, Cartography and Land Management in such areas of improving legislation and law enforcement in the field of geodetic and cartographic activities as the state coordinate system and local coordinate systems, scientific support in the field of geodesy and cartography, the federal executive authority in the field of geodesy and cartography, legal regulation in the field of geodesy and cartography. It gives a brief history of the reorganization of the national cartographic and Geodetic service from the Main Department of Cartog-raphy under the Council of Ministers of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR) in 1991 to the Public Legal Company "Roskadastr" in 2022. The articles analyses the consequences of the planned reorganization in 2022 by joining JSC "Roskartografiya" and the Federal State Budgetary Institution "Center for Geodesy, Cartography and Spatial Data Infrastructure" to the Public the legal company "Roskadastr".

Применение технологий виртуальной реальности в профессиональной подготовке специалистов в области геодезии

Virtual reality allows getting more experience with geodetic instruments in various conditions in the future in addition to educational or vocational practices. The introduction of virtual reality technologies into the educational geodetic process requires the creation of appropriate software, and first the development of a test educational program for the focus group. The purpose of the study is to develop a methodology for creating a prototype of a geodetic simulator designed to train future specialists in the field of geodesy. The article analyzes and selects the software and hardware required for the development of a geodetic simulator. The stages of the developed methodology for creating a geodetic simulator are presented. In the course of the study, a prototype of a geodetic simulator was created, designed to train future specialists in the field of geodesy. The conclusion is made about the expediency of using virtual reality technologies in geodetic education and the prospects for further research in this area.

The issue of the display of sensitive information in the state land cadastre and its publicity in the conditions military conflict

The goal of the scientific work was to justify the need during the war in Ukraine to find a balance in the issue of limiting access to sensitive in terms of state and public security open data in the State Land Cadastre system to ensure the interests of national security and public interests. Information of interest to the aggressor should become inaccessible. This data selection should be made by the military and the Security Service and should not be publicly displayed. On the other hand – the rest of the information should be used by specialists in the field of geodesy and land management, construction and architecture, local self-government bodies with a certain number of persons with access to data. The author's proposal is also that access to data, including open data, should be regulated and authorized. So it is proposed to classify them at the legislative level in terms of levels of sensitivity, methods of use, access regulations, and to define lists of sensitive information and ways of displaying it. The need to change the attitude towards information resources as free resources and transfer information to the status of an intangible asset with licensed access (analogue – software) was noted, because the introduction of information into economic circulation will cause the growth of the economy. It is proposed that upon the end of martial law, the restrictions that were in force under these conditions should be reviewed, amendments to the legislation should be introduced into the regulations of the State Land Cadastre, and the composition, content, and distribution capacity of the cartographic base of the Public Cadastre Map should be updated.

Нові виклики кадрового забезпечення геодезичних та землевпорядних робіт України

ine. Purpose of the article is to reveal the new challenges of staffing of geodetic and land management works and the main directions of its improvement. Results. The importance of the creation of effective staffing of topographic, geodetic and cartographic works in the conditions of decentralization of power and land reform has been substantiated. The comparative analysis for the training of certified surveying engineers and certified land management engineers have been considered in the article. The common and distinctive features in training and retraining of skills for self-execution of topographic, geodetic and cartographic works have been defined. The role of public organizations in the field of geodesy and land management has been analyzed. The process of liability insurance of the executor of geodetic and land management works to the customer have been studied. The principles of effective staffing of geodetic and land management works has been defined. It were found main directions of personnel potential improvement. A model of staffing of geodetic and land management works has been developed, which consists of the following stages: obtaining higher education, passing a qualifying exam, entering the State Register, membership in public organizations, liability insurance for the quality of work, advanced training. Conclusions. It has substantiated that one of the main tasks for today is to updating the requirements for staffing of geodetic and land management works, which will determine the key aspects of the further priority of modern land management production. Thus, staffing balances the interests of the public, entrepreneurship and ecological using of land resources, regulating land relations in sphere to the involvement of land in certain economic activities with the permission of public authorities and local governments. One of the key directions for the modernization of staffing of geodetic and land management works in Ukraine should be: updating of programs of professional training of engineers-surveyors and engineers-land managers to requirements and needs of production with application of innovative approaches to the decision of topographic-geodetic and cartographic problems that opens big opportunities for the Ukrainian experts; as well as improvement and strengthening of professional training and retraining, advanced training of employees in the field of topographic, geodetic and cartographic works; as well as conducting seminars, webinars, consultations and meetings to get acquainted and explain legal norms and technological advanced ideas in the field of land management and geodesy.

ASTROMETRIC RESEARCH IN UKRAINE AT THE XIX – BEGINNING OF XX CENTURIES

The paper presents the stages of development of astrometric research at the Ukrainian observatories in the ХIХ – beginning of ХХ century. They are related to the establishment of university astronomical observatories in Kyiv (1845), Odessa (1871), Kharkiv (1888). Mykolaiv Naval observatory was founded in 1821 for navigation needs with assistance of Admiral A.S. Greig. The absolute catalogs compiled at the Pulkovo and Mykolaiv Observatories made a significant contribution to the international work of compilation of a FK3 system. Special attention is paid to the scientific activity of the oldest observatory at the territory of Ukraine – the Astronomical observatory of L’viv University (1771). Researches at this observatory were mainly concerned with the field of geodesy and meteorology. Despite the short first period of scientific activity (near 10 years), it gave impetus to some famous scientists. At the last decades of ХIХ century observatory of the L’viv University renewed their activity in astrometry, solar physics, and astrophysics. Southern departments of Pulkovo observatory in Odessa (1899) and Mykolaiv (1912) played an important role in extension of Pulkovo absolute catalogues to the southern hemisphere. Systematic observations of the Sun conducted at these departments contributed to the more precise determination of the position of vernal equinox. In ХIХ century Ukrainian observatories participated in the international programs, such as AGK (Astronomischer Gesellschaft Katalog), the photographic catalog “Carte du Ciel” (France). Among the actual observational programs were surveys of zodiacal stars (M.P.Ditchenko in Kyiv), near-pole stars (V.I.Fabritius, R.P.Fogel, M.P.Ditchenko in Kyiv, L.O.Struve and K.N.Kuz'menko in Kharkiv, I.O.Djukov, L.F.Cherniev in Odessa). In the frame of observations of Bonner Durchmusterung (BD) and its southern continuation, organized by the German Astronomical Society, observations of the equatorial zone were provided by I.E. Kortazzi at Mykolaiv observatory, B.V.Novopashenny at the Astronomical Observatory of Odessa University in 1930s years. Needs of astrophotography lead to the creation of the “Сatalog of the faint stars” project. In 1932 at the First Astrometric Conference in Leningrad, the Pulkovo astronomers Gerasimovich B.P and Dniprovsky M.I. suggested the idea of using eхtragalactic nebulae as the reference objects for determination of the absolute motion of the stars. Among the tasks to be solved at the project was compilation of a general catalogue (KSZ) and a fundamental catalog of faint stars (FKSZ). It was planned to involve all the meridian instruments of the USSR as well as foreign ones, especially in the southern hemisphere. The idea of orientation of the KSZ coordinates system related to the observations of small planets was suggested by B.V.Numerov. Astronomers of Mykolaiv Astronomical Observatory participated in the international part of this project (AGK3R-catalogue). The Poltava gravimetric observatory was founded by A.Ya.Orlov in 1926 to construct a gravity map of the territory of Ukraine and to establish astrometric research, earth tides, and Latitude Service with zenith-telescopes. The main research fields of the Main Astronomical Observatory of the NAS of Ukraine, founded by A.Ya.Orlov in 1944, were related to the positional and photographic astrometry during the first decade of its work. We defined three “genealogical scientific trees” of astrometric schools. Two of them were formed under the leadership of outstanding personalities of the XX century: Prof. Alexander Ya. Orlov (the founder and first director of the Observatory, 1944–1948, 1950–1951), who moved to Kyiv from Poltava, and Prof. Avenir A.Yakovkin (director of the Observatory in 1952–1959), who moved to Kyiv from Kazan. The third genealogical tree has grown from the Pulkovo astronomical school. Formation of main directions of scientific researches and its transformation are also discussed. Keywords: astrometric research, positional astrometry, photographic astrometry, fundamental astrometry.

DETERMINATION AND MAPPING OF THE TERRESTRIAL GRAVITY ANOMALIES IN THE MOUNTAINOUS AREAS OF IRAQ

Gravity data and computing gravity anomalies are regarded as vital for both geophysics and physical geodesy fields. The mountainous areas of Iraq are characterized by the lack of regional gravity data because gravity surveys are rarely performed in the past four decades due to the Iraq-Iran war and the internal unstable political situation of this particular region. In addition, the formal map of the available terrestrial gravity which was published by the French Database of Bureau Gravimetrique International (International Gravimetric Bureau-in English) (BGI), introduces Iraq and the study area as a remote area and in white color because of the unavailability of gravity data. However, a dense and local (not regional) gravity data is available which was conducted by geophysics researchers 13 years ago. Therefore, the regional gravity survey of 160 gravity points was performed by the authors at an average 11 km apart, which was covers the whole area of Sulaymaniyah Governorate (part of the mountainous areas of Iraq). In spite of Although the risk of mine fields within the study area, suitable safe routes as well as a helicopter was used for the gravity survey of several points on the top of mountains. The survey was conducted via Lacoste and Romberg geodetic gravimeter and GPS handheld. The objective of the study is to determine and map the gravity anomalies for the entire study area, the data of which would assist different geosciences applications.

FENOMENA ADIKSI INTERNET DAN MEDIA SOSIAL PADA GENERASI XYZ

The phenomenon of internet and social media addiction has attracted the attention of many people. We have conducted a research to examine whether or not the phenomenon of addiction to the internet and social media is a scientific reality. Then, we follow up this research. About 2014 respondents have been surveyed. Pearson’s Product Moment and Cronbach's Alpha tests were conducted to find out whether or not all the questions on this survey questionnaire were valid and reliable. The Chi Square hypothesis test was put forward Helmert’s theory around 1960; Helmert was a German Mathematical Physicist who mainly studied the field of Geodesy, even though Ernst Abbe and Irenne Jules Bienayme had already discovered this Chi Square distribution. The results of the internet addiction survey showed that 74.68% of respondents were not addicted and the rest were addicted mildly, moderately and severely. For the social media addiction survey, 79.94% of respondents were not addicted and the rest were addicted. Variables affecting addiction are age, occupation, and education. Internet and social media addiction is mostly experienced by Generation Y and Z, while Generation X has less addiction. The results of the measurement of Internet and social media addiction include scientific reality and attention should be paid to it and steps should be taken in the context of prevention and recovery for those who are addicted. Prevention and recovery for those who are addicted can be done by involving three major components: family, community, and state.

POSSIBILITIES OF MODERN ELECTRONIC GEODESIC EQUIPMENT AND TRENDS OF ITS DEVELOPMENT

In modern conditions, geodetic equipment is moving to a new level of development. Previously, the devices developed in the direction of developing accuracy. Now geodetic instruments provide sufficient accuracy to perform work in the field of geodesy. In this regard, there is a need to optimize the workflow: increase the efficiency of information collection, the amount of information collected per unit time, increase the efficiency of standard tasks in geodesy. This need characterizes a new stage in the development of geodetic instruments. The study uses methods: observation - to get acquainted with modern geodetic equipment, abstraction – to determine the conceptual technical features of modern electronic geodetic instruments (used specific examples), analysis – to identify trends in modern electronic surveying instruments, sampling – to select instruments to be characterize their categories. The analysis of the capabilities of modern electronic devices on the example of the total station Leica Nova MS60 and GNSS receiver Leica GS18 I was carried out. It was found that at the moment characteristic of the development of modern geodetic equipment is the optimization of the workflow using these devices through the development of hardware and software for these devices. For example, in total stations it is an expansion of opportunities, automation of processes of geodetic works. In GNSS receivers – this is an increase in the amount of information collected, reducing the impact of the shortcomings of the satellite signal. Much of this technical development has been provided by modern software, such as Captivate at Leica. Trends in the development of other and similar modern geodetic equipment are also going in this direction. This statement is characterized by the limits of development of the technical part of the geodetic equipment and significant opportunities for development in the software part.

RESULTS OF BUILDING A LOCAL QUASIGEOID MODEL ON THE TERRITORY OF THE GEODETIC TRAINING GROUND OF SSUGT

The results of building a local quasigeoid model by various methods on the territory of the geodesic training ground of SSUGT, based on the data of geometric leveling, GNSS measurements, gravimetry and astronomical measurements, are presented. The advantages of using a two-dimensional model of a quasigeoid in ellipsoidal coordinates over the "flat model" of height calibration widely used in GNSS technologies are shown. The criteria for choosing a method for building a quasigeoid model on a local territory and criteria for evaluating the quality of the results are determined. The results of determining the deviations of the vertical line in a given area, with control according to astronomo-geodesic measurements, are presented. In particular, a method for quick determining the deviations of a vertical line from the differences in astronomical and geodetic zenith distances was tested. A conclusion about the best method for determining the parameters of the local model of the quasigeoid and the deviations of the vertical line for a given territory is made. The results of the research are of practical significance for the training of students and specialists in the field of geodesy.

Seafloor Geodetic Pressure Measurements to Detect Shallow Slow Slip Events: Methods to Remove Contributions From Ocean Water

AbstractShallow slow slip events (SSEs) provide a mechanism for strain release in the shallow part of subduction zones, with fundamental implications for fault mechanics and tsunami hazards. Despite their importance, SSEs are challenging to monitor. They occur under the ocean far from land‐based GPS stations, and while seafloor pressure sensors can detect SSE vertical seafloor movements, the measured bottom pressure includes “ocean noise” signals from pressure variations within the water column. Seeking to improve techniques to remove ocean noise, a pilot study offshore Oregon collected seafloor pressure and near‐bottom current measurements at four sites from April to November 2017. Three methods were applied to reduce ocean noise: 1) subtract a reference pressure, 2) apply complex empirical orthogonal function analysis to pressure measurements, and 3) combine pressure and current measurements with optimal interpolation (OI). All three methods are established techniques from either geodesy or oceanography. Each method produced residual standard deviation, σ < 1 hPa. No SSE was detected during this study. For illustration purposes synthetic SSEs of 2 cm amplitude and 7‐days duration were added and detected, one at a time at different spots. Because currents are unaffected by a SSE, the combination of currents and pressures with the dynamical constraint of geostrophy in OI reduced the false interpretation of the synthetic SSEs as oceanic. OI produced the most reliable detection. Future seafloor geodesy field projects should consider adding current sensors and using OI methods to reduce ocean noise and to reveal tectonic signals.

Game as a scientific and methodological basis of modern geodetic education

Modern level of scientific and technical development in the field of geodetic and cartographic activity associated with the use of satellite geodetic methods, the widespread introduction of new technical means and technologies, requires highly qualified specialists who are able to solve complex production and scientific problems in the field of geodesy. This is the reason for the new teaching methods’ emergence. It is worth noting that the evaluative control implementation of knowledge, skills and abilities in a playful form allows the teacher to provide the necessary assistance to the student in a timely manner, to guide him, develops and activates the independent work of students, and also creates comfortable conditions for successful mental activity formation.

Analysis of differential code biases and inter-system biases for GPS and NavIC satellite constellations

<abstract> <p>Multi Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) plays an essential role in navigation and geodesy fields for positioning, Navigation, and Timing (PNT) services. The predominant challenge of multi-GNSS is hardware bias errors such as Differential code Bias (DCB) and Inter System Biases (ISB). The estimation of DCB and ISB are essential for analyzing the GNSS system performance to improve the positional accuracy. Navigation with the Indian Constellation (NavIC) system consists of the entire constellation of seven Geo-Stationary satellites to cater to Position Navigation Time (PNT) services over India and adjacent areas. In this paper, the relation between DCB and ISB of Global Positioning System (GPS) and NavIC systems is investigated using two ground-based NovAtel GPS and three Accords NavIC Receivers data (January to April 2019) at Koneru Lakshamaiah Education Foundation (K.L. Deemed to University), Guntur, India (16.47°N, 80.61°E). The correlation results indicate that NavIC GSO satellites are more stable than GEO satellites from DCB and ISB analysis due to low elevation angles and multipath effects. A systematic bias error is observed between NavIC and GPS satellite systems from ISB and DCB results. The current research work outcome would be beneficial for modeling GNSS ionospheric Total Electron Content (TEC) for high precision multi-constellation and multi-frequency GNSS systems.</p> </abstract>

Meeting at the Philosopher’s Stone: The Encounter of Enlightenment and Indigenous Religion in Maupertuis‘ Expedition to Lapland (1736–1737)

Pierre-Louis Moreau de Maupertuis’ famous scientific expedition to Lapland (1736-1737) had a considerable impact on Enlightenment thought, but not only due to its groundbreaking results in the fields of geodesy and physics. Given the popularity of his journey, the few and rather prejudiced references to the Sámi people and their religion also gained some significance. In his reports and in his self-presentations, Maupertuis used certain elements of Sámi life and religiosity in order to communicate his scientific and social message to the academies and the salons of Paris. Accordingly, the references to the Sámi are indispensable elements of the self-representation and self-reference of Enlightenment mind, intended to enhance and clarify its own standing. The article examines a situation of contact of a formally and religiously operating language of scientific polemics with religious phenomena that it interprets as ‘primitive’ or ‘curious’ and that it appropriates to its particular form of discourse. Here, intellectual religion meets a ‘primitive’ one as an object of description, and makes an innovative use of its alien elements. The case study is concerned in particular with a special kind of application of the transcendence-immanence distinction involved in the contact situation, relating to the phenomenon of knowledge in form of the relation of the known and the unknown.

Chester Receives 2019 Paul G. Silver Award for Outstanding Scientific Service

Judith Savaso Chester received the 2019 Paul G. Silver Award for Outstanding Scientific Service at AGU's Fall Meeting 2019, held 9–13 December in San Francisco, Calif. The award is given annually and recognizes “significant contributions to the fields of geodesy, seismology, or tectonophysics from a mid-career or senior scientist” through “mentorship of early-career scientists, leadership on community research initiatives, or other collaborative research efforts.”

ON THE ISSUE OF TECHNICAL REGULATION IN THE FIELD OF GEODESY, CARTOGRAPHY AND SPATIAL DATA

The article deals with the Normative and technical support of cartographic and geodetic works and mandatory and voluntary requirements. A significant amount of technical requirements in the field of geodesy and cartography contain normative legal acts and normative and technical documents that establish norms and rules for performing geodetic and cartographic work, requirements for final products. In retrospect, these requirements were established as mandatory, including documents included in the system of geodetic and cartographic instructions, norms and rules.