Feeding Level Research Articles

THE RED STEPPE AND BLACK-AND-WHITE CATTLE’S MILK PRODUCTION COMPARATIVE AT THE STABLE-PASTURE CULTIVATION TECHNOLOGIES

At the growth energy study’s process, the repair heifers’ live weight and various ages cows’ milk production, a significant superiority in these indicators among the peers of the black-and-white breed over the red steppe ones was revealed. During the 12-month growing period, red steppe heifers had an average daily increase in 82 g, and the live weight was almost in 50 kg lower than that of black-and-white ones. The of black-and-white cows milk production exceeded the first lactation in 376 kg, and the third and older lactations - in 774 kg of milk, by the mass fraction of fat and protein - in 63 kg and 57 kg, respectively. On average, from one red steppe cow in 16,8 thousand rubles lesser money per year than from one black-and-white one was received. From each cow of the analyzed breeds, on the farm an average of 20 kop. of profit for every ruble spent was received. So at black-and-white cows using, it becomes possible from each cow almost 700 kg of commercial milk more than from the red steppe one to receive. To ensure the studied livestock breeds’ genetic potential manifestation on the farm having, it is necessary the cultivation of young animals in the postdairy period to intensify and cows’ feeding level by ration enriching with protein feeds to increase. To increase the commercial milk’s amount, it is advisable the number of black-and-white cows to increase.

Effects of machining parameters on H13 die steel using CNC drilling machine

In order to enhance the fitness of the product and in order to improve productivity in turning operations, greater amount of challenges have been faced. In this paper, we have made a comparative analysis of HSS and carbide coated HSS drills while machining with H13 steel plates. For the drilling operation, process parameters were analysed using the Taguchi design of experiments. The response performance characteristics of surface roughness of H13 die steel plates for the drilling settings, cutting speed (rpm), and feed rate (mm/min) is optimized. The design of the experiment was conducted using the Taguchi technique for the L18 orthogonal array, and an analysis of variance was observed. The effect of drilling settings on the quality of drilled holes is examined; variation in surface roughness for various levels of speed and feed and the different combinations of these levels will form an L18 orthogonal array design of experiment by Taguchi analysis. A total of 36 cutting tests were performed with two different drill bits; here three different cutting speeds of 300, 600, and 900 rpm were taken with a feed rate of 0.02, 0.04, and 0.06 mm/rev combinations. The response of SN ratio for surface roughness of HSS and carbide tool has been found out for different levels of speed and feed. From this Taguchi analysis, it is identified that the optimal parameter. As a result, the factors are analysed, and optimized parameters have been concluded for H13 material using HSS, and carbide tools were examined both statistically and experimentally. The carbide coated drill bit gives 60% better surface roughness value based on experimental data obtained. The surface roughness value based on experimentation for HSS tool was found to be 34.16% and carbide coated drill bit was 23.40%.

Safety and efficacy of a feed additive consisting of a tincture derived from the fruit of Petroselinum crispum (Mill.) Fuss (parsley tincture) for use in all animal species (FEFANA asbl).

Following a request from the European Commission, EFSA Panelon Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP) was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the safety and efficacy of a tincture derived from the fruit of Petroselinum crispum (Mill.) Fuss (parsley tincture) when used as a sensory feed additive for all animal species. The product is a ■■■■■ solution, with a dry matter content of approximately 0.82%. The product contained 0.0198% polyphenols (of which 0.0085% were flavonoids), apiole (0.0083%), elemicin (0.0015%) and myristicin (0.0011%). The Panelon Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP) concluded that the parsley tincture is safe at the maximum proposed use levels of 200mg/kg complete feed for horses and 50mg/kg complete feed for all other animal species. The FEEDAP Panelconsidered that the use in water for drinking is safe provided that the total daily intake of the additive does not exceed the daily amount which is considered safe when consumed via feed. No safety concern would arise for the consumer from the use of parsley tincture up to the maximum proposed use levels in feed. Parsley tincture should be considered as irritant to skin and eyes, and as a dermal and respiratory sensitiser. When handling the additive, exposure of unprotected users to apiole, elemicin and myristicin cannot be excluded. Therefore, to reduce the risk, the exposure of the users should be minimised. The use of parsley tincture as a flavour in animal feed was not expected to pose a risk for the environment. Since the fruit of P. crispum and its preparations were recognised to provide flavour in food and their function in feed would be essentially the same, no demonstration of efficacy was considered necessary.

Safety and efficacy of a feed additive consisting of a tincture derived from the fruit of Anethum graveolens L.(dill tincture) for use in all animal species (FEFANA asbl).

Following a request from the European Commission, EFSA was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the safety and efficacy of a tincture from the fruit of Anethum graveolens L. (dill tincture) when used as a sensory additive in feed and water for drinking for all animal species. The product is a ■■■■■ solution, with a dry matter content of approximately 0.9%. The product contained 0.0247% polyphenols (of which 0.0137% were flavonoids) and 0.003% carvone. Estragole was present at concentrations between the limit of detection and the limit of quantification in the five batches examined. The Panelon Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP) concluded that the dill tincture is safe at the maximum proposed use levels of 200mg/kg complete feed for horses and 50mg/kg complete feed for all other animal species. The FEEDAP Panelconsidered that the use in water for drinking is safe provided that the total daily intake of the additive does not exceed the daily amount which is considered safe when consumed via feed. No safety concern would arise for the consumer from the use of dill tincture up to the maximum proposed use levels in feed. Dill tincture should be considered as irritant to skin and eyes, and as a dermal and respiratory sensitiser. When handling the additive, exposure of unprotected users to estragole cannot be excluded. Therefore, to reduce the risk, the exposure of the users should be minimised. The use of dill tincture as a flavour in animal feed was not expected to pose a risk for the environment. Since the fruit of A. graveolens and its preparations were recognised to flavour food and their function in feed would be essentially the same as that in food, no further demonstration of efficacy was considered necessary.

Safety and efficacy of a feed additive consisting of a tincture derived from the fruit of Foeniculum vulgare Mill. ssp. vulgare var. dulce (sweet fennel tincture) for use in all animal species (FEFANA asbl).

Following a request from the European Commission, EFSA was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the safety and efficacy of a tincture from the fruit of Foeniculum vulgare Mill. ssp. vulgare var. dulce (sweet fennel tincture) when used as a sensory additive in feed and water for drinking for all animal species. The product is a ■■■■■ solution, with a dry matter content of approximately 2.16%. The product contained 0.0586% polyphenols (of which 0.0052% were flavonoids), anethole (0.0006%), anisaldehyde (0.0035%) and estragole (0.0006%). The Panelon Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP) concluded that sweet fennel tincture is safe at the maximum proposed use levels of 200mg/kg complete feed for horses and 50mg/kg complete feed for all other animal species. The FEEDAP Panelconsidered that the use in water for drinking is safe provided that the total daily intake of the additive does not exceed the daily amount which is considered safe when consumed via feed. No safety concern would arise for the consumer from the use of sweet fennel tincture up to the maximum proposed use levels in feed. Sweet fennel tincture should be considered as irritant to skin and eyes, and as a dermal and respiratory sensitiser. When handling the additive, exposure of unprotected users to estragole cannot be excluded. Therefore, to reduce the risk, the exposure of the users should be minimised. F. vulgare is native to Europe. The use of sweet fennel tincture as a flavour in animal feed was not expected to pose a risk for the environment. Since the fruit of F. vulgare and its preparations were recognised to flavour food and their function in feed would be essentially the same, no demonstration of efficacy was considered necessary.

SHEEP SELECTION EFFICIENCY OF THE PREKOS BREED (THE KHARKIV INTERNAL BREED TYPE) BY GROWTH INTENSITY

The research was conducted on young sheep of the Kharkiv internal breed type of the Prekos breed, born in 2020. in the conditions of the research farm of the Institute of Animal Science of the National Academy of Sciences "Gontarivka". The influence of different intensity and types of selection, as well as the level of feeding on the manifestation of this trait in animals of two generations was evaluated. It was established that the indicators of average daily growth of lambs from birth to weaning from their mothers vary widely - from 38 to 591 g per day. At the same time, the average daily growth of singleton lambs in the selected groups M-, Mo and M+ exceeded the indicators of twins by 27.0%, respectively; 17.7% and 12.9%. In two adjacent generations (500 pairs of mothers and their daughters), the coefficient of inheritance of this trait was calculated. It turned out to be low, h2 = 0.046, and the dependence of the average daily growth of daughters on the value of this trait in their mothers, according to regression analysis, has the following form: Y=241.85+0.022X. Modeling of selection in the generation of mothers with regard to the influence on the average daily growth of animals of the daughter generation established that the difference between the offspring of mothers of classes M- and M+ is only 1.1% in favor of the latter, and their advantage over to selection, the variability of the trait in the compared groups of mothers narrowed to 13.1–18.8%, while in the corresponding groups of their daughters, this indicator was 27.2–34.1% and was close to the mean values for the sample. And although in terms of average daily gains before weaning, the parent rams exceeded the mother stock by 20.6% (p<0.001), the maximum of this trait was only 391 g/day, while the ewes exceeded 500 g/day. According to the calculated average daily growth potential, daughters should exceed their mothers by 10.4%, while in fact their advantage was almost 22%. This testifies to the influence on the degree of realization of this trait primarily by a complex of paratypic factors, to a lesser extent by parents, which allows us to conclude that there is a need to increase the selection pressure among future breeder rams and stabilize the feeding when raising lambs at a higher level. Keywords: selection, potential, variability, average daily growth, type of birth, inheritance.

ВЛИЯНИЕ СЕЛЕКЦИОННЫХ ФАКТОРОВ НА ПЛОДОВИТОСТЬ КОЗЕМАТОК И ЖИВУЮ МАССУ НОВОРОЖДЕННЫХ КОЗЛЯТ ЗААНЕНСКОЙ ПОРОДЫ

Reproduction of farm animals is one of the main indicators determining their biological and economic value. Highly efficient reproduction promotes the increase of livestock number and improvement of animal breeding technique. The reproductive qualities of goats depend on genetic factors and environmental conditions: age, fatness, live weight of queens, feeding level before mating and during pregnancy, daylight hours, etc. A goal has been set to study the fertility of goats and the live weight of newborn Saanen goats, bred in the goat farm of Krashen village, in the Shirak region. To analyze the goat fertility, 40 queens were taken into consideration depending on their lactation age, among which 47.5% were first-born, 5.0 % - second-born, 45.0 % were the third lambing and one doe was the fourth lambing. The studies were carried out on the queens of 2-4 years. In our opinion, it is this age, that is optimal for characterizing the queens in terms of fertility, since the first mating of goats is carried out at the age of 10 months, provided that the live weight of the young is 70-75 % of the mother's weight, but not less than 30-32 kg. Such a new approach to the technological solution makes it possible to obtain one lamb more from each queen during economic use than with conventional technology. The data obtained can be used in breeding farms for the production and sale of young animals, and the development of goat breeding in the republic.

The effects of pelleting hay upon feed intake, digestibility, growth rate and energy retention of lambs

This paper reports three trials that evaluated the effects of pelleting hay upon feed intake, digestibility, growth rate and energy utilisation of 7-9 month old, castrated male lambs. In the first trial, hay and pellets were compared on three feeding levels. The second study had a similar arrangement of treatments and an additional comparison of two types of hay. The third trial had three treatments with different combinations of whole hay and pellets ad libitum. In the first two trials the lambs were individually fed, and in vivo digestibility was measured. In the third trial, feed intake was measured on a group basis. Pelleting increased ad libitum feed intake by 40-75%. Digestibility was negatively affected by pelleting, but the overall effect of pelleting on growth rate was positive. Measurements of energy retention indicate that the negative effect of pelleting on digestibility was compensated by better utilisation of digestible energy into net energy.

Implementation of GSM Module based Smart Aquarium Monitoring and Controlling System

The aquarist feeds the fish in the aquarium tanks which demands a proper setup for maintenance. The challenges faced are alterations in water quality, fish care, temperature regulation, light control, and difficulty in manually monitoring the aquarium’s conditions. Consequently, close monitoring of the physical parameters and improvement of water conditions become essential. As a result, this system utilizes a Global System for Mobile (GSM) module for aquarium observation and control, described real-time sensor capabilities. It conducts temperature checks, detects water pH levels, manages the aeration system, and handles water renewal operations. Based fish aquarium is a fully automated and remotely monitored aquarium, fully capable of operating without human intervention or interaction. The mechanical feed design, web-based fish feeding, and remote monitoring of all parameters are the crucial components of the project. Feed level, water temperature, pH, and water level are some of the parameters. These can be accessible through a phone app or through a website on a computer. This method’s objective is to reduce errors and effort required by humans to manage an aquarium containing aquatic animals. As a result, this system achieves optimal results in terms of accuracy and efficiency.

Angle-Dependent Synthesis Method for Holographic Multi-Feed Antennas

A novel synthesis method for holographic multi-feed antennas is presented to combine all sub-holograms into an angle-dependent shared holographic aperture. In order to find the global error minimum between the shared holographic aperture and all ideal sub-holograms, a non-pixel-based genetic optimization is used. For a more accurately implementation of the analytical impedance tensor an eigenvector approach taking all tensor components into account is introduced. The optimized holographic antenna has four feeds for an exemplary integration into a 2D-monopulse radar system and is realized on a fused silica wafer due to its lower loss at millimeter-wave frequencies compared to Teflon-based materials. The antenna prototype provides a measured gain of 23 dBi, a polarization purity of 26and a side-lobe level of 20for feed 1, 2 and 4 is reached across 76–81. The S-parameters are measured from 60to 90, and a reflection coefficient of –14and an inter-port coupling <–38are achieved. The measured 2D-monopulse patterns provide a FOV of 10, the sum beam has a gain of 26 dBi leading to an aperture efficiency of 45and the differential beams show a null depth of 30.

АКТИВНОСТЬ ДУОДЕНАЛЬНЫХ ФЕРМЕНТОВ В ПОСТЭМБРИОНАЛЬНЫЙ ПЕРИОД ОНТОГЕНЕЗА ЦЫПЛЯТ-БРОЙЛЕРОВ КРОССА «СМЕНА 9» ПРИ РАЗНОМ УРОВНЕ ПРОТЕИНА В РАЦИОНЕ

The work has been dedicated to study of age changes in digestive enzymes and alkaline phosphatase activ- ity in duodenum tissues in “Smena 9” cross broilers in ontogenesis postembryonic period with changes of raw protein level in start feed. The results of poultry intestine tissue gomogenate investigation at this stage have shown amylase, lipase and alkaline phosphatase activity decreasing and also protease activity increasing comparing these traits in day age. Raw pro- tein content increasing in feed by 1.5% in the first 14 days of raising has increased intestine proteases activity in 21–35 days in comparison with the control group. Therefore first two weeks of raising are one of the critical periods in broiler ontogenesis and feeding and maintaining disturbances in this period influence sufficiently the next broiler development stages.

Milk yield and quality of crossbred and indigenous boran cows fed on different levels of energy diets

Different levels of energy feed supplemented and assessed for nutrient intake, milk yield, quality, and weight changes of cross-bred (Holstein Frisian × Boran) and indigenous Boran dairy cows. The experimental cows are with an average body weight of 439.55 10.41 kg and milk yield of 8.07±0.61 liter/ day; 250±1.71kg, and 2.21±0.42 liter/ day for cross-bred and Boran respectively. Treatment diets are T1=1*metabolizable energy (ME), T2=1.25*ME, T3=1.5*ME, and T4=1.75*ME. There was a significant difference (p < 0.05) in milk yield, but no differences in milk composition. There was a significant difference in average body weight changes among treatments T1= -30.40± 11.4; T3 and T4= -6.00± 11.4 kg. However, there were no weight changes for cows fed on T2. It can be concluded that treatment diets containing 1.5 * and 1.75 × ME intake increase milk yield by 11% and 26% for cross-bred and, by 20% and 24% for indigenous Boran cows.

Habilidades orais e desempenho na mamada de recém-nascidos prematuros internados em unidade neonatal

ABSTRACT Purpose: to compare oral skills and functional breastfeeding performance at the time of speech-language-hearing assessment and tube removal in premature newborns admitted to a neonatal unit. Methods: a cross-sectional observational study in premature newborns without serious pathologies, admitted to the neonatal unit of a hospital of the Public Health System, from May to August 2022. Data were collected from the medical records, and premature newborns were assessed regarding the readiness for oral feeding, breastfeeding performance, and oral skill level at the time of assessment and tube removal. The Wilcoxon test was used to compare these measures at both moments, setting the significance level at 5%. Results: the study sample had 126 premature newborns with a mean weight of 1,937.2 g and a mean gestational age of 33.1 weeks. Both the breastfeeding performance score (from 6.5 to 8.2) and the oral skill level improved between the two moments, with more premature babies in level IV (the most mature), with a statistically significant relationship (p &lt; 0.001). Conclusion: the breastfeeding performance and oral skill levels improved between the speech-language-hearing assessment and tube removal in hospitalized premature infants, indicating development in skills during this process.

Effects of Cashew Nut Shell Liquid on Hindgut Fermentation and Microbiota of Chickens

Cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL), a feed additive for chickens, was evaluated for its influence on the hindgut environment by determining fermentation and bacterial profiles using cecal contents, fecal slurry and pure cultures. A farm-scale study showed that CNSL feeding to broiler chickens from 0 to 42 days of age improved body weight gain and lowered mortality. Cecal levels of short chain fatty acids increased with CNSL feeding, while ammonia and indole levels decreased. Feeding CNSL decreased the relative abundance of cecal bacteria belonging to some clostridial groups and Ruminococcaceae. In particular, Clostridium perfringens was undetectable following CNSL feeding. A pure culture study showed that CNSL (≥ 6.25 μg/ml) inhibited C. perfringens growth, accompanied by cell surface disruption based on electron microscopic observation. Fermentation profiles of slurry cultures prepared from feces of chickens were altered by CNSL supplementation toward less ammonia production. The lowered ammonia was correlated positively with the abundance of unclassified Lachnospiraceae and unclassified Ruminococcaceae, and negatively with unclassified Enterobacteriaceae and Sutterella. These results suggest that CNSL could exert its beneficial influence on the hindgut health of chickens through impacting the microbiota.

Improving growth rates of Ongole crossbred bulls by formulation and level of supplement of by-products

Context Formulating diets using agro-industrial by-product concentrates to increase the growth performance and cost efficiency of Ongole crossbred bulls. Aims This study was conducted to evaluate the inclusion of agro-industrial by-products of dried cassava powder (DCP), mixed copra meal (CM), palm kernel cake (PKC) and soybean hull (SBH) into rations at low and high levels of feeding on bull liveweight gain and farmer profitability. Methods Fifty Ongole crossbred bulls with an initial bodyweight (BW) of 227 ± 66.5 kg and aged between 12 and 18 months, were arranged in a randomised complete-block design of five treatments, with 10 heads per treatment. The control group (T0) was provided the current feeding system (CFS) fed ad libitum. The supplemented treatments consisted of CFS ad libitum + concentrate (50% DCP, 25% CM, 25% PKC) at 1% BW/day (T1), CFS ad libitum + concentrate (50% DCP, 25% CM, 25% SBH) at 1% BW/day (T2), CFS ad libitum + concentrate (50% DCP, 25% CM, 25% PKC) at 2% BW/day (T3), CFS ad libitum + concentrate (50% DCP, 25% CM, 25% SBH) at 2% BW/day (T4). The experiment was conducted for 12 weeks. Key results The BW gain over 12 weeks (kg) for T0, T1, T2, T3 and T4 was 39.5, 56.2, 68.9, 57.5 and 62.1 kg respectively. The income over feed cost was significantly higher in T2. Conclusions Supplementation with by-products increased bull liveweight gain compared with current feeding practices. A concentrate supplementation of DCP mixed with CM and SBH at 1% BW/day was the most effective and profitable supplementation method to increase income of farmers in this district and there was no advantage of increasing the level of supplement. Implications A combination of DCP, CM and SBH to form a concentrate supplement and fed at 1% BW/day will increase bull liveweight gain and income of farmers.

Optimization of the growing of bee keepers of different breeds and their hybrids at an average level of feeding in the conditions of the Carpathian zone

Optimization of the growing of bee keepers of different breeds and their hybrids at an average level of feeding in the conditions of the Carpathian zone

Development of methods and means of livestock control in cattle breeding to manage the physiological state of the herd

Monitoring the temperature and pH of the contents of the rumen can be useful for assessing the health status and detecting physiological heat in cows. The purpose of the research was to develop methods and means of livestock control in cattle breeding to manage the physiological state of the herd based on mathematical models for detecting the heat, upcoming calving, initial signs of diseases, monitoring the level of feeding and water intake. The work was carried out under the production conditions of farms using existing hardware and software. The measurements were carried out using a non-invasive control method using special sensors-boluses designed to monitor the health of cows. Boluses were placed orally in the rumen of the cows under research. As a result of the research, algorithms and mathematical models were compiled to identify the heat, upcoming calving, diseases, as well as monitoring the level of feeding and water intake. The source data was imported from a standard file format compatible with other applications (csv table). Correlations between the temperature and pH of the rumen, as well as the motor activity of cows were also analyzed. As illustrations, graphs of the main indicators of vital activity, as well as graphs of mutually correlative functions and an illustration of the working console of the program have been given. Table of the results of the program for each cow, average values and standard deviation have been given. A mathematical model is a set of algorithms and calculation results. In order to implement it, a program code was created in the Matlab R2019b software package. This mathematical model can be used to process and interpret data placed in the animal’s rumen of measuring elements (boluses).

Evaluation of health status in broilers fed with a mixture of Dayak onion extract and Lactobacillus acidophilus.

The feeding effects of DoLa (a combination of Dayak onion extract and probiotic Lactobacillus acidophilus) on hematological indices and lymphoid organs as indicators of broiler health status were evaluated in the present study. 192 1-day-old unsexed broilers of the CP 707 strain with a body weight of 46.43 ± 1.65 gm were randomly divided into 4 dietary treatments with 6 replications. The dietary treatments applied were basal diet (BD) as a control with a code of DoLa0, BD + 0.1% DoLa (DoLa1), BD + 0.2% DoLa (DoLa2), and BD + 0.3% DoLa (DoLa3). The parameters monitored included hemoglobin (Hb), red blood cell (RBC), heterophile (H), lymphocyte (L), white blood cell (WBC), heterophile-lymphocyte (H/L) ratio, the lymphoid organs (bursa Fabricius, spleen, and thymus) relative weight, as well as carcass weight. The results indicated a significant improvement in WBC, L, and carcass weight (p < 0.05) as the feeding level of DoLa increased while the H and H/L ratio decreased. However, the dietary inclusion of DoLa did not affect the lymphoid organs' relative weight, RBC, and Hb concentrations. The mixture at 0.3% significantly improved health status through the indicators of hematological indices, lymphoid organs, and carcass weight of broilers.

Effects of micronised bamboo powder on growth performance, intestinal development, caecal chyme microflora and metabolic pathway of broilers aged 24–45 days

Context Our previous study revealed that micronised bamboo powder (MBP) can promote the growth performance of broilers aged 1–22 days by improving oxidation resistance, balancing intestinal microflora and regulating metabolic pathways. Aims This study evaluates the effects of MBP on growth performance, intestinal development, caecal chyme microflora and metabolic pathways of broilers during the grower period, age 24–45 days. Methods Slow-growing spotted-brown broilers (n = 880, age 24 days) were randomly divided into two groups according to weight and sex and fed either a maize-based diet (control) or a diet with MBP at 1% replacing equivalent maize. Key results No significant difference was observed in growth performance between MBP and control groups. Broilers receiving MBP exhibited significantly higher (P &lt; 0.05) caecal organ index, jejunum villus height and villi:crypt ratio. The relative abundance of Firmicutes was higher, and relative abundance of Bacteroidetes was lower in the MBP group. Addition of MBP also significantly (P &lt; 0.05) upregulated abundance of p_Firmicutes, f_Alicyclobacillaceae, g_Acutalibacter, f_Peptococcaceae, f_Clostridiaceae, f_Bacillaceae, g_Enterococcus and f_Enterococcaceae, while downregulating abundance of p_Bacteroidetes, f_Bacteroidaceae, g_Bacteroides, o_Bacteroidales and c_Bacteroidia. For the metabolic pathways, 66 were observed to differ between dietary groups, including alanine, aspartic acid and glutamic acid metabolism, butyric acid metabolism, arginine synthesis, linoleic acid metabolism and β-alanine metabolism. Correlation analysis revealed that Firmicutes in caecal chyme were significantly positively correlated (P &lt; 0.05) with some fatty acids including syringic, 3-methyl-2-oxovaleric, 3-(2-hydroxyphenyl) propanoic and butyric acids. Bacteroidetes were positively correlated (P &lt; 0.05) with some amino acids including L-alanine, L-threonine, 3-methylthiopropionic acid and L-glutamic acid. Conclusions Replacing maize with MBP at 1% had no negative effect on growth performance of broilers. Feeding MBP improved intestinal development and increased the relative abundance of bacteria that promotes fatty acid metabolism and fibre degradation. Implications MBP provides an alternative to maize and is a beneficial source of fibre; further research is warranted to determine the optimum feeding level.

Efficacy and Optimal Feeding Level of Rumex Nervosus Leaves on Blood Biochemistry, Carcass Characteristics, Productivity Indices, and Anticoccidial Indicators of Broiler Chickens Infected or Not Infected with Eimeria Tenella

Efficacy and Optimal Feeding Level of Rumex Nervosus Leaves on Blood Biochemistry, Carcass Characteristics, Productivity Indices, and Anticoccidial Indicators of Broiler Chickens Infected or Not Infected with Eimeria Tenella