Feeding Level Research Articles

Safety and efficacy of the feed additive 4-methyl-5-vinylthiazole [15.018] belonging to chemical group 29 for all animal species (FEFANA asbl).

Following a request from the European Commission, EFSA was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the safety and efficacy of 4-methyl-5-vinylthiazole [15.018] belonging to chemical group 29 (thiazoles, thiophene and thiazoline), when used as sensory additive (flavourings) in feed for all animal species. The FEEDAP Panel concluded that 4-methyl-5-vinylthiazole [15.018] was safe at the maximum proposed use level of 0.5 mg/kg complete feed for veal calves (milk replacer), dogs, salmonids and ornamental fish. For the other species, the calculated safe concentrations in complete feed are: 0.4 mg/kg for cattle for fattening, sheep/goat, horses and cats; 0.3 mg/kg for sows and dairy cows; 0.2 mg/kg for piglets, pigs for fattening, rabbits and laying hens; and 0.1 mg/kg for chickens for fattening and turkeys for fattening. These conclusions were extrapolated to other physiologically related species. For any other species, the additive was considered safe at 0.1 mg/kg complete feed. No safety concern would arise for the consumer from the use the additive up to the maximum proposed use level in feed. The additive should be considered as irritant to skin and eyes and the respiratory tract, and as dermal and respiratory sensitisers. The use of 4-methyl-5-vinylthiazole [15.018] as a flavour in animal feed was not expected to pose a risk to the environment. Since the compound under assessment is used in food as flavouring and its function in feed is essentially the same as that in food, no further demonstration of efficacy was considered necessary.

Safety and efficacy of a feed additive consisting of a preparation of essential oils of thyme and star anise, and quillaja bark powder (BIOSTRONG® 510 all natural) for all poultry species (Delacon Biotechnik GmbH).

Following a request from the European Commission, EFSA was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the safety and efficacy of a preparation consisting of essential oils of thyme and star anise, and quillaja bark powder (BIOSTRONG® 510 all natural) as a zootechnical feed additive (functional groups: digestibility enhancer; other zootechnical additives) for all poultry species. BIOSTRONG® 510 all natural is a preparation of partially microencapsulated essential oils, quillaja bark powder, dried herbs and dried spices. The additive contains estragole (up to ■■■■■. For short-living animals, the EFSA Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP) had no safety concerns when the additive is used at the recommended level of 150 mg/kg complete feed for chickens for fattening and other poultry species for fattening. For long-living animals, the use of the additive was considered of concern owing to the presence of estragole. No safety concern would be expected for the consumer and the environment from the use of the additive at the recommended use level in feed. The Panel concluded that the additive is corrosive to the eyes but not irritant to skin. It may be a respiratory irritant or dermal or respiratory sensitiser. When handling the additive, exposure of unprotected users to estragole ■■■■■ may occur. Therefore, to reduce the risk, the exposure of the users should be minimised. The additive BIOSTRONG® 510 all natural was considered efficacious for chickens for fattening at the use level 150 mg/kg complete feed. This conclusion was extrapolated to all poultry species for fattening or reared for laying/breeding. ■■■■■.

A Survey of Community Providers on Feeding Problems in Autism Spectrum Disorder.

Feeding problems, ranging from mild to severe, are common in children with autism spectrum disorder. We conducted a 15-item online survey of community providers to gather information on service demand and current treatment approaches for this clinical population. Respondents, speech-language pathologists, occupational therapists, registered dietitians, and Board-Certified Behavior Analysts, were recruited via e-mail listservs, professional conferences, continuing education programs, social media and electronic newsletters. The survey included questions about professional discipline, years in practice, patient population served, feeding problem types, therapeutic approaches, and level of interest in parent-mediated interventions. A total of 541 community practitioners responded to the survey; 419 provided usable data. Across all providers, 97% (n = 406) reported seeing children with ASD and feeding problems. Of these, 90% (n = 367) offered treatment. Providers (n = 23) who did not treat feeding problems cited "insufficient training." Most common presenting problems included limited dietary variety, texture sensitivity, and disruptive mealtime behavior. Although treatment approaches varied across disciplines, 89.3% indicated openness to parent-mediated treatment. These results indicate a high demand for treatment of children with ASD and feeding problems across disciplines. Food selectivity was the most common problem. Treatment approaches varied across disciplines. Dissemination and implementation of evidence-based, parent-mediated intervention is warranted.

The influence of genotype and feeding level of gilts on their further reproductive performance

Since the efficiency of pig breeding largely depends on the reproductive ability of sows, one of the promising areas of research in animal husbandry is the study of factors whose correction can improve the fertility and quality of the offspring. Our work purpose was to investigate the effect of gilts’ feeding level, MC4R genotype and interaction of these factors on the reproductive traits pigs after reaching puberty. The object of the study was crossbred pigs obtained as a result of the combination of sows of the Large White breed with boars of the Landrace breed. To carry out the research, the animals were divided into four groups that differed among themselves by the genotype of the melanocortin 4 receptor gene and the level of feeding of the experimental animals. To determine the genotype, the PCR-RFLP method was utilized. Genetic studies were conducted in a certified laboratory of the Institute of Pig Breeding and Agroindustrial Production. The reproductive capacity of the pigs was determined after receiving the farrowing by the following traits: piglets born alive per farrowing (animals), weight of litters of piglets at birth (kg), average weight of piglet at birth (kg), number of weaning piglets (animals), weight of litters of piglets at 28 days (kg), average weight of piglet at 28 days (kg), average daily gain of suckling piglets from 0 to 28 days (g). It was established that the traits of reproductive ability of crossbred Large White × Landrace pigs were affected by the interaction of genotype and feeding factors. When limiting the nutritional value of the daily diet, sows with the AG genotype outperformed those with the GG genotype by 1.2 piglets born alive per farrowing, by 3.0 kg for litter weight at birth, and by 0.1 kg for the average weight of a piglet at birth. The advantage of the AG genotype for average piglet weight at 28 days was even larger. Conversely, in conditions of a high level of feeding, animals with the GG genotype had higher productivity in terms of such traits as piglets born alive per farrowing – by 1.6 animals; weight of litters of piglets at birth – by 4.1 kg; for average weight of piglet at birth – 0.2 kg; by number of weaning piglets – 2.0 animals; by weight of litters of piglets at 28 days – 28.8 kg; for average weight of piglet at 28 days – 1.1 kg and for average daily gain from 0 to 28 days – 34.6 g. In the future, the goal is to develop a system of differentiated rationing of pigs' diets depending on their genotype.

Optimum configurations of a compact hollow-fiber water gap membrane distillation module for ultra-low waste heat applications

A huge amount of ultra-low-grade heat, below 80 °C, is wasted in power generation and industrial applications. This research aims at investigating the possibility of exploiting such heat to produce tremendous amounts of potable water using the hollow fiber-based water gap membrane distillation modules (HF-WGMD). A fully coupled numerical model for the brine, membrane, and coolant is developed. Excellent agreement with experimental data was revealed with a maximum deviation of less than 5%. The optimum geometrical specifications of a compact module that maximize the distillate production per unit volume of the module at ultra-low levels of feed and coolant temperatures are investigated. The specifications obtained from the optimization comprise a packing of 91 fibers with a fiber length of 10 cm in a 5 cm shell diameter and an inlet feed velocity of 1.62 m/s. It is shown that HF-WGMD can desalinate saltwater with a production rate of 4.8 m3/day per cubic meter of the unit at feed temperatures as low as 25 °C with a coolant temperature of 5 °C. This production increases to 12.1 m3/day when adopting the optimum configuration and using the feed temperature of 45 °C with a coolant temperature of 25 °C, which is comparable to other desalination technologies. Compared with previous HF-WGMD investigation, the optimum configurations could obtain a product enhancement of about 63% at the same feed temperature and salinity.

Transcriptome Analysis to Elucidate the Effects of Milk Replacer Feeding Level on Intestinal Function and Development of Early Lambs.

Although early feeding strategies influence intestinal development, the effects of milk replacer (MR) feeding level on intestinal structure and functional development and underlying regulatory mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, 14 male Hu lambs were fed MR at 2% or 4% of their average body weight and weaned at 35 days of age. The MR was produced by the Institute of Feed Research of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, and it contains 96.91% dry matter, 23.22% protein, and 13.20% fat. Jejunal tissues were assessed by RNA-seq for differences in the gene expression of lambs at 49 days of age; regulatory pathways and mechanisms of the effects of early nutrition on intestinal function and development were analyzed, along with growth performance, feed intake, jejunal histomorphology, and digestive enzyme activities. Increasing MR- feeding levels increased dry matter intake and daily gain before weaning, as well as lactase, amylase, lipase, trypsin, and chymotrypsin activities and intestinal villus length and muscular thickness. Overall, 1179 differentially expressed genes were identified, which were enriched in nutrient metabolism, coagulation cascades, and other pathways. Further, intensive MR feeding affected insulin sensitivity to reduce excessive glucose interception by intestinal tissues to ensure adequate absorbed glucose release into the portal circulation and promoted lipid and protein degradation in intestinal tissues to meet the energy demand of intestinal cells by regulating AHSG, IGFBP1, MGAT2, ITIH, and CYP2E1 expression.

Biochemical composition of Hediste diversicolor (OF Müller, 1776) (Annelida: Nereidae) reared on different types of aquaculture sludge

IntroductionSustainable growth of the salmon aquaculture industry is highly dependent on the availability of new feed resources as well as improved management and utilization of waste streams from production. Polychaetes are capable of recapturing and recycling valuable biomolecules contained in aquaculture sludge and at the same time constitute a possible resource for aquafeeds.Material and methodsIn this study, the potential of Hediste diversicolor (OF Müller, 1776) to recover nutrients and energy contained aquaculture sludge was evaluated. Hereby, the effect of two different diets, smolt and post-smolt sludge, and different feed levels on polychaete growth, and biochemical and elemental composition was assessed.Results and discussionSurvival ranged from 80-90%, independent of treatment. Specific growth rates at the highest feed levels were significantly higher than at the lowest feed levels and growth was not affected by the type of diet. Similarly, total lipid and total fatty acid content of polychaetes were positively correlated with feed level while the type of diet had a limited effect. Fatty acid composition of polychaetes reflected feed levels: in both diet groups, polychaetes at lower feed levels showed a higher percentage of saturated fatty acids; monounsaturated fatty acids increased with increased feed supply for smolt sludge-fed group and polychaetes fed post-smolt sludge showed increased polyunsaturated fatty acid content with increasing feed levels. Neither diet nor feed levels affected protein content and amino acid composition of polychaetes. In conclusion, H. diversicolor could be successfully cultivated on both smolt and post-smolt sludge and was rich in proteins and lipids as well as essential amino and fatty acids. The species can be considered a promising candidate for recycling valuable nutrients from different types of side streams salmon aquaculture.

The dynamics of the concentration of insulin in the blood of a heifer of different breeds

Purpose : to study the dynamics of insulin in different periods of the flow of different breeds: a golstinized black-and-haired, Simmental, Aberdeen-Angus and Knieuted Netele (Simmental X Aberdin-Anguskaya). Materials and methods . The object of research was not there was a golstinized Black-and-white, Simmental, Aberdin-Anguskaya and crossbreeds (golstinized Black-and-white x Simmental) in each group in each group. Explust animals were grown in the same conditions. During all periods of experience, Kalles took blood samples until morning feeding. In blood samples, the level of insulin was determined by the immunofortment method. The level of feeding of the heels corresponded to the zootechnical norms. Results . Before insemination, the level of insulin in black-and-chilled heifers was 11.0 ± 0.5, in the Simmental-12.1 ± 0.6, in Aberdin-Angus-12.8 ± 0.6, in the combed-13.1 ± 0 , 7 μma/ml. In the future, with an increase in the duration of animals, the concentration of this hormone in the blood increased and by the 5th month the concentration of insulin was noted as the maximum for the entire period. In black-and-playing, in this period, the level of insulin increased to 12.3 ± 0.6, in the Simmental to 13.0 ± 0.8, in the Aberdine-Anguski to 14.1 ± 0.7, in Monnie, up to 14, 4 ± 0.7 μm/ml. By the end, the level of insulin in the blood of the miles was significantly reduced in black-and-playing noles by 9 months of age, it was 10.2 ± 0.6, in the Simmental-10.5 ± 0.7, in the Aberdine-Angus-11.4 ± 0. , 7, in the Knieut - 12.6 ± 0.7 mkm/ml. In all periods, the relatively low level of insulin was marked by black-festivities in relation to the compared breeds: Simmental, Aberdeen-Anguska and Knight Netel.

Phase nonlinearity reduction of a complex receiver having multiple phase correlators

AbstractThis article analyzes and describes phase nonlinearity reduction techniques in detail for ultra wideband complex receivers to qualify airborne system requirements. Phase nonlinearity directly affects the final frequency resolution coming from unknown threats. Thereby, the reduction of phase nonlinearity of all radio frequency (RF) channels including phase correlators is very essential. A simple phase nonlinearity calculation step has been shown in this article without taking the help of any coding (software). A detail excel sheet–based phase nonlinearity calculation has been explained and estimated with examples. Power and phase corrections are especially done to keep the RF response flat over a wide frequency spectrum to enhance better phase linearity. This is done by designing various equalizers with different slope gradients and adjusting power levels by using attenuation pads or reducing feeds by other means. Phase nonlinearity has been kept under control by tracking the phase of mixers, other passive/active components within ±5°, and all the RF channels within ±15°. The power level has been adjusted within P1dB or just beyond the P1dB to keep the harmonic level less, which in turn controls phase nonlinearity in all the active devices. The performance of phase correlators against various power levels has been analyzed to finalize uniform RF and LO power levels (feed) at the input of the phase correlators. The level of uniform feed has been decided after reviewing phase nonlinearity responses of the correlators. Thus, the final resolved frequency become accurate (<3 MHz root mean square). Finally, four receivers have successfully been developed and evaluated over temperature (−40°C to +71°C) and vibration to establish the method for mass production.

Physiological and behavioural effects of intermittent fasting vs daily caloric restriction in meat-type poultry

Intermittent fasting (IF) is the practice of temporal food restriction to promote metabolic switching between a glucose- and a ketone-based metabolism, which has been reported to come with diverse health benefits. IF practices appear to confer many of the advantages of caloric restriction without restricting total energy intake, and studies in both rodents and humans suggest organism-wide improvements in neurological, cardiovascular and metabolic health. IF is also commonly employed in the commercial rearing of breeding meat-type poultry, i.e. broiler breeders, which require strict feed restriction throughout life to maintain physical health. While the scientific poultry literature holds vast amounts of data on such “skip-a-day” feeding schedules, it has been unclear to what extent avian and mammalian literature may be compared as broiler breeders are typically feed-restricted to around 30% of ad libitum intake even in IF schedules. In this study, we set out to disentangle the effects of IF and caloric restriction in meat-type poultry by employing both IF and daily feeding schedules at two different restriction levels. Our results suggest that the physiological response to IF in chickens is only marginally affected by the intensity of feed restriction, while behavioural parameters are more closely related to feeding level and are expected to better mirror animal welfare. Our results suggest that avian and mammalian literature on IF should be comparable. Meat-type chickens do show some peculiarities in response to IF, such as a reduced insulin sensitivity, but it is currently unclear whether this is true for all chickens or is an effect of the intense selection for rapid growth in meat-type chickens.

Determination of safe levels and toxic levels for feed hazardous materials in broiler chickens: a review.

Feed safety is needed to produce and provide safe animal feeds for consumers, animals, and the environment. Although feed safety regulations have been set for each country, there is a lack of clear feed safety regulations for each livestock. Feed safety regulations are mainly focused on heavy metals, mycotoxins, and pesticides. Each country has different safe levels of hazardous materials in diets. Safe levels of hazardous materials in diets are mostly set for mixed diets of general livestock. Although there is a difference in the metabolism of toxic materials among animals, the safe level of feed is not specific for individual animals. Therefore, standardized animal testing methods and toxicity studies for each animal are needed to determine the correct safe and toxic levels of hazardous materials in diets. If this goal is achieved, it will be possible to improve livestock productivity, health, and product safety by establishing appropriate feed safety regulations. It will also provide an opportunity to secure consumer confidence in feed and livestock products. Therefore, it is necessary to establish a scientific feed safety evaluation system suitable for each country's environment. The chance of outbreaks of new hazardous materials is increasing. Thus, to set up appropriate toxic levels or safe levels in feed, various toxicity methods have been used to determine toxic levels of hazardous materials for humans and animals. Appropriate toxic testing methods should be developed and used to accurately set up and identify toxicity and safe levels in food and feed.

The addition of guanidino acetic acid with different protein levels in feed on the growth performance and drumstick meat quality of broiler chicken

Guanidino acetic acid, or GAA, is the only direct precursor of creatinine and is involved in biological processes in the cellular energy of vertebrates. Creatine will be used in muscle and target cells to be phosphorylated into phosphocreatine utilizing creatine kinase, which functions to buffer ATP changes. GAA is involved in the biosynthesis of cellular energy for growth and muscle performance of broiler chickens, and it is also claimed to be capable of conserving arginine. This study employed a 2x3 factorial experimental design with two levels of protein (i.e., high and low) and three levels of GAA (i.e., 0 g/ton, 600 g/ton, and 1,200 g/ton) fed to 1,176 Indian River strain broiler chickens that were reared for 35 days. The R program was used to analyze the data, and if there was a significant difference, the Duncan multiple range test was performed. The results demonstrated that adding GAA on feed with different protein levels did not improve broiler performance. However, the addition of 1,200 g/ton GAA in low protein could reduce the cholesterol levels of broiler drumstick meat. Meanwhile, adding 600 g/ton GAA combined with the low protein treatment had the highest tenderness value. Therefore, to achieve the ideal proportion and enhance the performance and quality of broiler meat, GAA can continue to be added to broiler chicken feed.

Effect of wet fermented diet containing a combination of maggot flour (Hermetia ilucen) and active digestive enzymes on growth and protein retention of hybrid chickens in the early phase of growth

The aim of this study was to determine the effect and level of wet fermented feed containing a combination of maggot flour (Hermetia illucen) and active digestive enzymes on the growth and protein retention of early-phase on hybrid chickens. The experimental design used was Completely Randomized Design consisting of 4 ration treatments and 4 replications. The treatment rations used were: P0 (100% commercial/control feed), P1 (wet fermented feed + 9% maggot flour and 0.5 %), P2 (wet fermented feed + 12% maggot flour and 1% bioresic), P3 (Wet fermented feed). The parameters: ration consumption, weight gain, final body weight, ration conversion and protein retention. The results showed that fermented diet contained maggot flour with different feeding levels and active digestive enzymes had no significant effect (P>0.05) on final body weight, weight gain feed consumption, feed conversion and protein retention of hybrid chickens on 12 weeks of age. However, it had a significant effect (P<0.05) on the weight gain of hybrid chickens on 6 weeks of week. It was concluded that the use of 9-12% maggot flour and 1% active digestive enzymes did not have a negative effect on the growth and protein retention of 12-week-old hybrid chickens and could compensate and replace the role of commercial diet in stimulating the growth in early phase of hybrid chickens.

Development of nutrigenomic based precision management model for Hanwoo steers.

Focusing high marble deposition, Hanwoo feedlot system uses high-energy diet over the prolonged fattening period. However, due to the individual genetic variation, around 40% of them are graded into inferior quality grades (QG), despite they utilized the same resources. Therefore, focusing on development of a nutrigenomic based precision management model, this study was to evaluated the response to the divergent selection on genetic merit for marbling score (MS), under different dietary total digestible nutrient (TDN) levels. Total of 111 calves were genotyped and initially grouped according to estimated breeding value (high and low) for marbling score (MS-EBV). Subsequently, managed under two levels of feed TDN%, over the calf period, early, middle, and final fattening periods following 2 × 2 factorial arrangement. Carcasses were evaluated for MS, Back fat thickness (BFT) and Korean beef quality grading standard. As the direct response to the selection was significant, the results confirmed the importance of initial genetic grouping of Hanwoo steers for MS-EBV. However, dietary TDN level did not show an effect (p > 0.05) on the MS. Furthermore, no genetic-by-nutrition interaction for MS (p > 0.05) was also observed. The present results showed no correlation response on BFT (p > 0.05), which indicates that the selection based on MS-EBV can be used to enhance the MS without undesirable effect on BFT. Ultimate turnover of the Hanwoo feedlot operation is primarily determined by the QGs. The present model shows that the initial grouping for MS-EBV increased the proportion of carcasses graded for higher QGs (QG1++ and QG1+) by approximately 20%. Moreover, there appear to be a potential to increase the proportion of QG 1++ animals among the high-genetic group by further increasing the dietary energy content. Overall, this precision management strategy suggests the importance of adopting an MS based initial genetic grouping system for Hanwoo steers with a subsequent divergent management based on dietary energy level.

PENGARUH TINGKAT PEMBERIAN PAKAN BERBEDA TERHADAP LAJU PERTUMBUHAN IKAN NILEM (Osteochilus hasselti) YANG DIPELIHARA PADA SISTEM BIOFLOK RASIO C/N 20

Biofloc technology is an alternative in overcoming the problem of feed waste in hard-lipped barb culture media. The decline in hard-lipped barb production was caused by limited knowledge and traditional aquaculture. This research was conducted with the aim of knowing the effect of different feeding levels on the ratio of C/N 20 on the growth of hard-lipped barb (Osteochilus hasselti). This research was conducted in May 2021-June 2022 with a trial period of May-June 2021. The design used was a Completely Randomized Design with 3 treatments (feeding rate 1%, feeding rate 3%, feeding rate 5%) and 4 replications. Parameters observed included specific length growth rate (SLGR), specific weight growth rate (SWGR), feed efficiency (FE), and survival rate (SR). Water quality parameters (DO, temperature, Ammonia, CO2, and pH) were analyzed descriptively. The results showed that the different levels of feeding with a C/N ratio of 20 had a significant effect on SLGR, SWGR, FE, and SR. SLGR in the treatment of FR 1% (0.17±0.03), FR 3% (0.28±0.03), and FR 5% (0.32±0.01). SWGR in treatment A (0.33±0.06), B(0.95±0.04), and C(1.53±0.11), FE at 1% FR treatment (16.85±1, 12%), FR 3% (25.04±0.73%), and FR 5% (30.95±1.87%). SR in the treatment of FR 1% (55.83%), FR 3% (59.16%), and FR 5% (68.33%). FR 5% treatment had the highest growth rate compared to FR 1% and FR 3% treatment. The water quality during the 40-day trial period was still within normal limits for Nilem fish cultivation in the biofloc system.

EFFECT OF ADDITION DIFFERENT LEVELS OF SOYBEAN OIL IN COMMERCIAL FISH FEED ON GROWTH PERFORMANCE, FEED EFFICIENCY, EPA AND DHA FOR PERKASA PANGASIID (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus Sauvage, 1878)

Pangasius is a freshwater fish included in the main commodity by the Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries, Indonesia. Siamese catfish production ranked 4th in freshwater fish commodities in 2016 after goldfish, tilapia, and catfish. Pangasius has a lack of EPA (Eicosapentaenoic acid) and DHA (Docosahexaenoic acid) if compared with fish from the sea. Application of additional different levels of soybean oil in commercial fish fed to enhance EPA (Eicosapentaenoic acid) and DHA (Docosahexaenoic acid) in Perkasa pangasiid flesh. This study was conducted to determine the effect of adding soybean oil with different levels of commercial fish feed given to Perkasa striped catfish on growth performance, feed efficiency, EPA (Eicosapentaenoic acid), and DHA (Docosahexaenoic acid). This experimental study used a Complete Randomized Design (CDR) with triplicates and five treatments with additional levels of soybean oil in commercial fish fed: (a) 0%, (b) 2%, (c) 4%, (d) 6%, and (e) 8%. The result showed that treatment of (e) is the best treatment for increasing the EPA (Eicosapentaenoic acid) and DHA (Docosahexaenoic acid) in Pangasius flesh. However, additional different levels of soybean oil in the commercial fish feed have no negative effect on growth performance and feed efficiency in Perkasa pangasiid.

Influence of levels of mineral nutrition and foliar feeding on the change in morpho-biometric parameters of barley plants

As a result of the experiments carried out in 2020–2022, which were laid at the Bogdanovskoye Agricultural Enterprise LLC in the Staroshaigovsky District of the Republic of Mordovia on the alluvial soil of the Sivin River the influence of the levels of mineral nutrition and foliar feeding with liquid complex fertilizers "Agris" brand "AzotKaliy" on the morpho-biometric parameters of barley plants was established. The fertilization contributed to an increase in plant height by 4.5–9.5 cm and ear length by 0.6–1.5 cm. The highest plant height (73.0 cm), ear length (8.4 cm), grain weight per ear (0.69–0.78 g) and the weight of 1000 grains (39.6–41.7 g) was in the third variant (N60P60K60). Foliar top dressing with "Agris" brand "AzotKaliy" positively influenced the change in the height of barley plants by 2.7–5.9 cm, ear length by 0.7–1.6 cm, grain weight per ear and weight of 1000 grains. A further increase in the level of mineral nutrition (N90P90K90) and foliar fertilizing with "Agris" brand "AzotKaliy" in the amount of 6 l/ha did not contribute to a significant change in the studied parameters. Mineral fertilizers on average over three years increased the yield of barley by 14.6–5.8%, the highest values was after N60P60K60 fertilization. Foliar top dressing with "Agris" brand "AzotKaliy" increased crop yield by 0.31–0.56 t/ha, or 11.4–16.7%, depending on the level of mineral nutrition. The most favorable factors for the formation of the barley crop were after application of mineral fertilizers in the amount of N60P60K60 (3.40–3.95 t/ha) and foliar top dressing of "Agris" brand "AzotKaliy" in the amount of 4 l/ha (3 92 t/ha), this is evidenced by the data of the studied biometric indicators of plants.

Effect of N- carbamylglutamate and feeding level on amino acids and biochemical parameters in goats

The effect of feed additive N- carbamylglutamate (NCG) with different feeding levels on some biochemical parameters and amino acids in the serum of goats was investigated. Thirty male goats aged 10-11 months were distributed into three levels of concentrate 70%, 50%, and 30% with or without N- carbamylglutamate (NCG) in a 2×3 factorial experiment/ Completely Randomized Design (CRD). After 77 days of individual feeding, jugular blood was sampled before morning feeding. The results showed that additive NCG with high concentrate (70%) led to a decrease (P&lt;0.01) in total blood protein, triglycerides, and globulins, and a decrease (P&lt;0.05) for creatinine, uric acid, and VLDL. Blood magnesium increased (P&lt;0.01) with NCG of low concentrate (30%) treatment, while phosphor increased with NCG of 50% concentrate treatment. Calcium increased with all NCG treatments. The results of adding N- carbamylglutamate with high roughage led to a negative effect on blood amino acids. In conclusion, increasing roughage feeding without NCG is the best for blood homeostasis, and don't use N- carbamylglutamate without non-protein nitrogen additives.&#x0D; Keywords: Amino acids, blood traits, N-carbamylglutamate, feeding level.

Effect of yeast peptide dietary supplementation on nutrient digestibility, growth performance, and blood metabolites in geese

A study was conducted to evaluate the effect of yeast peptide supplementation on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and blood metabolites in geese. One-day-old Sichuan white geese (n = 300, 95.16 ± 1.98 g) were randomly assigned to five dietary treatment groups containing either 0 (control), 100, 200, 300, or 400 mg/kg commercial yeast peptide product. Compared with the control, dietary supplemental yeast peptide at 200 mg/kg substantially improved feed conversion ratio, body slope length, half-eviscerated percentage, and the apparent digestibility of phosphorus. With the increase in dietary yeast peptide, breast width, carcass percentage, serum triglyceride and high-density lipoprotein increased linearly. The average daily gain, pelvis width, half-diving depth, low density lipoprotein, and digestibility of gross energy exhibited quadratic responses with the increase in dietary yeast peptide, with the 200 mg/kg or 300 mg/kg feeding level being the most effective. It can be concluded that dietary supplementation of yeast peptides improves growth performance and affects nutrient digestibility and blood metabolites, which were optimized at 200 mg/kg or 300 mg/kg of yeast peptide in the present study.

Arsenic, mercury, cadmium and lead contents in Algerian continental and marine farming fish and human health risk assessment due to their consumption

This study evaluates the level of arsenic (As), mercury (Hg), cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) in the flesh of grey & red tilapia, sea bream & bass reared in sea and continental waters from four Algerian aquaculture farms. For this purpose, 145 fish samples, 15 samples of fish feed and 20 samples of farms waters were analysed using an accredited method based on inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. The most abundant contaminant found in the fish samples was As (0.39–1.56 mg kg −1 wet weight (wet wt)) followed by Hg (0.02–0.08 mg kg −1 wet wt). A negative correlation was observed between the As level and the fish size, while this correlation was found to be positive for Hg. The levels of Pb and Cd were very low in all fish species, generally below the quantification limit. In fish feed, the contaminants levels were consistently higher compared to those in fish muscle, ranging from 0.03 to 0.09 mg kg −1 (wet wt) for Hg and from 0.9 up to 1.7 mg kg −1 (wet wt) for As. A positive correlation between the contaminant level in feed and in the fish muscle was observed only for As. The levels of Pb, Cd and Hg in the farming waters samples were below the detection limits, whereas As was quantified only in the water samples of Bejaia and Chlef farms (0.11 and 0.08 mg kg −1, respectively). The estimated daily intake and the target hazard quotient related to the consumption of the fish species analysed in this study indicate no non-carcinogenic adverse effects on humans. The carcinogenic risk related to As in red tilapia (3.75 × 10−4) and sea bream (2.03 × 10−4) exceeded the acceptability thresholds (10−4). This indicates that over their lifetime, an individual consuming the above mentioned fish species, may be at a higher risk to develop cancer.