Fatty Arachidonic Acid Research Articles

Lipoprotein(a) concentration is associated with plasma arachidonic acid in subjects with familial hypercholesterolaemia.

Elevated lipoprotein(a) (Lp(a)) is associated with CVD and is mainly genetically determined. Studies suggest a role of dietary fatty acids (FA) in the regulation of Lp(a); however, no studies have investigated the association between plasma Lp(a) concentration and n-6 FA. We aimed to investigate whether plasma Lp(a) concentration was associated with dietary n-6 FA intake and plasma levels of arachidonic acid (AA) in subjects with familial hypercholesterolaemia (FH). We included FH subjects with (n 68) and without (n 77) elevated Lp(a) defined as ≥75 nmol/l and healthy subjects (n 14). Total FA profile was analysed by GC-flame ionisation detector analysis, and the daily intake of macronutrients (including the sum of n-6 FA: 18 : 2n-6, 20 : 2n-6, 20 : 3n-6 and 20 : 4n-6) were computed from completed FFQ. FH subjects with elevated Lp(a) had higher plasma levels of AA compared with FH subjects without elevated Lp(a) (P = 0·03). Furthermore, both FH subjects with and without elevated Lp(a) had higher plasma levels of AA compared with controls (P < 0·001). The multivariable analyses showed associations between dietary n-6 FA intake and plasma levels of AA (P = 0·02) and between plasma levels of Lp(a) and AA (P = 0·006). Our data suggest a novel link between plasma Lp(a) concentration, dietary n-6 FA and plasma AA concentration, which may explain the small diet-induced increase in Lp(a) levels associated with lifestyle changes. Although the increase may not be clinically relevant, this association may be mechanistically interesting in understanding more of the role and regulation of Lp(a).

Evidence for leptin receptor immunoreactivity in the gastrointestinal tract and gastric leptin regulation in the rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

In this study, evidence for leptin receptor (LR) and gastric leptin immunoreactivity along the digestive tract of the rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), is reported. Besides this, the regulation of gastric leptin and its transcript by fatty acids was analyzed in vitro. LR was detected mainly in the cells of the stomach gastric glands and in the brush border of the epithelium of the anterior, middle and distal intestine. In the stomach LR was co-distributed with leptin. The regulation of gastric leptin and its transcript by fatty acids was analyzed by in vitro incubations. Rabbit polyclonal antibodies anti rainbow trout leptin were developed and employed to detect leptin concentration in the stomach and in the incubation medium. Stomach slices were incubated with butyric (4:0), oleic (18:1n-9), α-linolenic (18:3n-3) and arachidonic fatty acids (20:4n-6). All fatty acids caused an increase in the protein in both the stomach and culture medium, while leptin transcript was not modified. Overall, the results confirm the gastric leptin release upon nutritional modulation.

Effect of low-cost substrate on the fatty acid profiles of Mortierella alpina CBS 754.68 and Wickerhamomyces siamensis SAKSG

ABSTRACTFungi and yeast species as good sources of arachidonic acid and polyunsaturated fatty acids have been attracting a lot of attention from scientists in recent years. In this study, we used the oleaginous yeast Wickerhamomyces siamensis SAKSG isolated from the gills of trout caught from the Caspian Sea. Low-cost polysaccharides hydrolyzed by enzymatic digestion of immobilized whole cells of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens ATCC 23350 served as substrates to evaluate the effects of each on the biomass and the fatty acid profiles of Mortierella alpina CBS 754.68 and Wickerhamomyces siamensis SAKSG. By using sprouted wheat, millet and wheat as starch sources adjusted to 150 g/L we obtained reducing sugar content of 102.57, 57.50 and 51.62 g/L, respectively. The highest and lowest dry weight (biomass) of M. alpina was obtained in sprouted wheat (3.7% of media) and rice-formulated media (1.72% of media), respectively. Each formulated media significantly affected the profiles of M. alpina fatty acids. The highest content of linoleic acid (41.873%), oleic acid (30.061%) and arachidonic acid (27.054%) was obtained with corn, rice and potatoes used as the carbon sources. The yeast lipid content was high, consisting of C6 up to C12 fatty acids, accounting for about 55.7% of the total fatty acids. Some amount of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and (ecosapentanoic acid) EPA was also observed in W. siamensis.

Maternal dietary intake of polyunsaturated fatty acids modifies association between prenatal DDT exposure and child neurodevelopment: A cohort study

BackgroundMaternal 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethylene (DDE) serum levels during pregnancy have been negatively linked to child neurodevelopment in contrast to intake of omega-3 and -6 (ω-3 and ω-6) fatty acids. ObjectivesTo assess whether maternal dietary intake of ω-3 and ω-6 during pregnancy modifies the association between exposure to DDE and child neurodevelopment from age 42–60 months. MethodsProspective cohort study with 142 mother–child pairs performed in Mexico. DDE serum levels were determined by electron capture gas chromatography. Dietary ω-3 and ω-6 intake was estimated by questionnaire. Child neurodevelopment was assessed by McCarthy Scales. ResultsDocosahexaenoic (DHA) fatty acid intake significantly modified the association between DDE and motor component: increased maternal DDE was associated with lower motor development in children whose mothers had lower DHA intake (βlog2DDE = −1.25; 95% CI: −2.62, 0.12), in contrast to the non-significant increase among children whose mothers had higher DHA intake (βlog2DDE-motor = 0.50; 95% CI: 0.55, 1.56). Likewise, arachidonic fatty acid (ARA) intake modified the association between DDE and memory component: increased maternal DDE was associated with a significantly larger reduction in the memory component in children whose mothers had lower ARA intake (βlog2DDE = −1.31; 95% CI: −2.29, −0.32) than children whose mothers had higher ARA intake (βlog2DDE-memory = 0.17; 95% CI: −0.78, 1.11). ConclusionsDietary intake of DHA and ARA during pregnancy may protect against child neurodevelopment damage associated with prenatal maternal DDE levels.

Association between plasma fatty acids and inflammatory markers in patients with and without insulin resistance and in secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease, a cross-sectional study

BackgroundProinflammatory biomarkers levels are increased among patients with cardiovascular disease, and it is known that both the presence of insulin resistance and diet may influence those levels. However, these associations are not well studied among patients with established cardiovascular disease. Our objective is to compare inflammatory biomarker levels among cardiovascular disease secondary prevention patients with and without insulin resistance, and to evaluate if there is any association between plasma fatty acid levels and inflammatory biomarker levels among them.MethodsIn this cross-sectional sub-study from the BALANCE Program Trial, we collected data from 359 patients with established cardiovascular disease. Plasma fatty acids and inflammatory biomarkers (interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12, high sensitive C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), adiponectin, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha) were measured. Biomarkers and plasma fatty acid levels of subjects across insulin resistant and not insulin resistant groups were compared, and general linear models were used to examine the association between plasma fatty acids and inflammatory biomarkers.ResultsSubjects with insulin resistance had a higher concentration of hs-CRP (p = 0.002) and IL-6 (p = 0.002) than subjects without insulin resistance. Among subjects without insulin resistance there was a positive association between stearic fatty acid and IL-6 (p = 0.032), and a negative association between alpha-linolenic fatty acid and pro-inflammatory biomarkers (p < 0.05). Among those with insulin resistance there was a positive association between monounsaturated fatty acids and arachidonic fatty acid and adiponectin (p < 0.05), and a negative association between monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids and pro-inflammatory biomarkers (p < 0.05), as well as a negative association between polyunsaturated fatty acids and adiponectin (p < 0.05). Our study has not found any association between hs-CRP and plasma fatty acids.ConclusionsSubjects in secondary prevention for cardiovascular disease with insulin resistance have a higher concentration of hs-CRP and IL-6 than individuals without insulin resistance, and these inflammatory biomarkers are positively associated with saturated fatty acids and negatively associated with unsaturated fatty acids.

The endogenous subcellular localisations of the long chain fatty acid-activating enzymes ACSL3 and ACSL4 in sarcoma and breast cancer cells

Fatty acid uptake and metabolism are often dysregulated in cancer cells. Fatty acid activation is a critical step that allows these biomolecules to enter cellular metabolic pathways such as mitochondrial β-oxidation for ATP generation or the lipogenic routes that generate bioactive lipids such as the inositol phospholipids. Fatty acid activation by the addition of coenzyme A is catalysed by a family of enzymes called the acyl CoA synthetase ligases (ACSL). Furthermore, enhanced expression of particular ACSL isoforms, such as ACSL4, is a feature of some more aggressive cancers and may contribute to the oncogenic phenotype. This study focuses on ACSL3 and ACSL4, closely related structural homologues that preferentially activate palmitate and arachidonate fatty acids, respectively. In this study, immunohistochemical screening of multiple soft tissue tumour arrays revealed that ACSL3 and ACSL4 were highly, but differentially, expressed in a subset of leiomyosarcomas, fibrosarcomas and rhabdomyosarcomas, with consistent cytoplasmic and granular stainings of tumour cells. The intracellular localisations of endogenously expressed ACSL3 and ACSL4 were further investigated by detailed subcellular fractionation analyses of HT1080 fibrosarcoma and MCF-7 breast cancer cells. ACSL3 distribution closely overlapped with proteins involved in trafficking from the trans-Golgi network and endosomes. In contrast, the ACSL4 localisation pattern more closely followed that of calnexin which is an endoplasmic reticulum resident chaperone. Confocal immunofluorescence imaging of MCF-7 cells confirmed the intracellular localisations of both enzymes. These observations reveal new information regarding the compartmentation of fatty acid metabolism in cancer cells.

Actividad citotóxica y genotóxica de ácidos grasos omega en células de cáncer de próstata PC-3

Introduccion: en el mundo, el cancer de prostata es la principal causa de muerte en hombres. Algunas evidencias sugieren que los acidos grasos omega-3 reducen la viabilidad de las celulas tumorales mientras que los acidos omega-6 promueven su proliferacion; al respecto, otros estudios han mostrado resultados controvertidos. Objetivo: evaluar los efectos citotoxicos, genotoxicos y anticlonogenicos de acidos omega-3: α-linolenico (ALA), eicosapentaenoico (EPA) y docosahexaenoico (DHA), omega-6: linoleico (LA), araquidonico (AA) y omega-9: oleico (OA) en celulas de cancer de prostata (PC-3). Metodologia: se evaluo el efecto sobre la viabilidad celular relativa mediante las pruebas de MTT y Azul de Tripano, el efecto genotoxico mediante intercambios de cromatidas hermanas (ICHs) y ensayo cometa, y el efecto anticlonogenico in vitro, en diferentes concentraciones (25, 50, 100 y 150 µM) de seis acidos grasos omega en celulas de cancer de prostata (PC-3). Resultados: la viabilidad relativa por MTT mostro valores ≤ IC50 con las concentraciones mayores (100 y 150 µM) para los acidos grasos omega-3 EPA y DHA y omega-6 AA (150 µM), mientras que la viabilidad relativa, evaluada con Azul de Tripano, con estos mismos acidos, redujeron la viabilidad a 0 %. DHA y EPA mostraron efecto genotoxico y la disminucion de la clonogenicidad celular (p < 0,01). Por otro lado, LA y AA disminuyeron la viabilidad relativa observada con Azul de Tripano, sugiriendo diferentes mecanismos de accion de los acidos grasos en la membrana celular. Conclusion: los resultados mostraron que los acidos grasos omega-3, EPA, DHA, y omega-6, AA, disminuyen la formacion de colonias, reducen la viabilidad celular y aumentan el efecto genotoxico respecto al control no tratado, en el modelo in vitro de celulas tumorales de prostata PC-3

Effects of Different Doses of Metformin on Serum Fatty Acid Composition in Type 2 Diabetic Rats

Background: Several studies have shown association of fatty acids with type 2 diabetes (T2D), as well as metformin effects on blood glucose concentrations through affecting lipid metabolism. Objectives: Since the exact therapeutic mechanism of metformin is not clear, in this study we investigated effects of different doses of metformin on serum fatty acids in rats with T2D. Materials and Methods: Twenty-five adult albino male Wistar rats were divided into the following groups: Healthy, untreated T2D, and T2D rats receiving metformin for 4 weeks with doses of 100, 150, and 200 mg/kg/d. Serum insulin and triglyceride (TG) were measured using commercial kits. Serum total lipids were extracted by the Bligh-Dyer method and then compositions of fatty acids were evaluated using gas chromatograph. Results: Monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) levels in T2D rats were lower than those in healthy rats (P &lt; 0.05). We also observed that diabetic rats treated with 100 or 150 mg/kg/d of metformin had higher levels of arachidonic acid and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in comparison with the healthy group (P &lt; 0.05). Moreover, the T2D+Met (150 mg/kg) group showed increased levels of MUFA compared with the T2D group. Such a difference was seen in levels of arachidonic acid between the T2D+Met 100 mg/ kg group and untreated T2D group. In the group treated with high doses of metformin (200 mg/kg/d), levels of palmitic acid, palmitoleic acid, and saturated fatty acid (SFA) were higher and levels of oleic acid, linoleic acid, arachidonic acid, MUFA, PUFA, and also SFA/UFA ratio were lower compared with other metformin treated and untreated groups (P &lt; .05). In untreated T2D group, there were positive correlations between glucose levels and linoleic acid and PUFA levels (r = 0.707, P = .049 and r = 0.726, P = .041 respectively). Arachidonic acid levels were positively correlated with glucose levels in T2D rats treated with 100 mg/kg/d of metformin (r = 0.969, P = .031). Conclusions: Our study showed that different doses of metformin could have different effects on serum levels of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, as 200 mg/kg/d of metformin could increase and decrease saturated and unsaturated fatty acids respectively, while lower doses increased unsaturated fatty acids, particularly arachidonic acid.

Spectrometric determination of clinically relevant fatty acids in the blood serum

The content of fatty acid (FA) triglycerides in food and biological media is predicting traditionally using gas and liquid chromatographic methods. Named techniques aren’t available for clinical labs due to their complexity. So, our objective was to develop the method and apparatus for rapid assay of a few clinically important FA as the saturated palmitic, mono unsaturated oleic and others in serum using near infrared spectrometer. As a result, the applicability of the FT spectrometer in the wavelength range of 0.9 -1.8 μ to analyze these FA in serum without sample preparation was confirmed. Besides, measurement specifications were determined and a correlations of the absorption spectra and contents of total triglycerides and cholesterol, palmitic, oleic, linoleic and arachidonic FA in serum were established

Genetic parameters for fatty acids in intramuscular fat from feedlot-finished Nelore carcasses

The aim of the present study was to estimate covariance components and genetic parameters for beef fatty acid (FA) composition of intramuscular fat in the longissimus thoracis muscle in Nelore bulls finished in feedlot. Twenty-two FAs were selected. The heritability estimates for individual FAs ranged from 0.01 to 0.35. The heritability estimates for myristic (0.25 ± 0.09), palmitic (0.18 ± 0.07), oleic (0.28 ± 0.09), linoleic (0.16 ± 0.06) and α-linolenic (0.35 ± 0.10) FAs were moderate. Stearic, elaidic, palmitoleic, vaccenic, conjugated linoleic acid, docosahexanoic, eicosatrienoic and arachidonic FAs had heritability estimates below 0.15. The genetic-correlation estimates between the individual saturated FAs (SFAs) were low and negative between myristic and stearic FAs (–0.22 ± 0.84), moderate between palmitic and myristic FAs (0.58 ± 0.56) and negative between palmitic and stearic FAs (–0.69 ± 0.45). The genetic correlations between the individual long-chain polyunsaturated FAs (PUFAs) were positive and moderate (&gt;0.30). However, the genetic-correlation estimates between long-chain PUFAs and α-linolenic acid were low (&lt;0.30), except for the correlation between arachidonic and α-linolenic acids. The genetic correlation estimates of the sums of SFAs with monounsaturated fatty acids and omega 6 FAs were low (0.25 ± 0.59 and –0.02 ± 0.51 respectively), high with PUFAs and omega 9 FAs (–0.85 ± 0.15 and 0.86 ± 0.17 respectively) and moderate with omega 3FAs (–0.67 ± 0.26). The present study demonstrated the existence of genetic variation and, hence, the possibility to increase the proportion of healthy and favourable beef FAs through selection. The results obtained in the study have provided knowledge to elucidate the additive genetic influence on FA composition of intramuscular fat. In addition, genetic-relationship estimates of intramuscular FA profile help seek strategies for genetic selection or genetic-based diet management to enhance the FA profile in Zebu cattle.

Lipid composition of the canine sperm plasma membrane as markers of sperm motility.

The fatty acid composition of the sperm membrane is an important factor involved in the overall sperm quality, including motility. However, in the canine species, the exact composition of the plasma membrane is still unknown. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the plasma membrane lipid composition of motile sperm cells and to compare it with asthenospermic samples, as an attempt to determine possible involvements of membrane lipids in dog sperm cell motility. The sperm-rich fraction of ten mature dogs was collected, and samples were subjected to density gradient centrifugation by Percoll® , in order to separate motile and asthenospermic samples. Processed semen samples were evaluated for sperm motility, plasma and acrosome membrane integrity, mitochondrial activity and susceptibility to oxidative stress. Lipid plasma membrane composition was identified by mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS). The motile sperm samples presented the following phospholipids in a high frequency in the plasma membrane: phosphatidylcholine 38:4 (composed of stearic and arachidonic fatty acids), phosphatidylcholine 36:1 (stearic and oleic fatty acids), phosphatidylethanolamine 34:4 (myristic and arachidonic fatty acids), glycerophosphatidic acid 36:4 (palmitic and arachidonic fatty acids), phosphatidylcholine 40:4 plasmanyl and phosphatidylcholine 40:5 plasmenyl. Furthermore, no lipid markers were found in the asthenospermic samples. Results also indicate that differences on plasma membrane composition between motile and asthenospermic samples are crucial factors for determining sperm motility, sperm functionality and susceptibility to oxidative stress. In conclusion, plasma membrane lipid composition varies considerable between motile and asthenospermic samples. Therefore, lipid markers of sperm motility can be considered, such as phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylcholine plasmanyl, phosphatidylcholine plasmenyl and phosphatidic acid.

Qualitative feed restriction for late finishing pigs on meat quality and fatty acid profile

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of including cashew bagasse bran (CBB) as a food ingredient in qualitative feed restriction programs on the carcass traits and meat quality of barrows and gilts. Twenty–four crossbred pigs (12 barrows and 12 gilts) were used, with an average initial body weight of 57.93 ± 3.67 kg/LW. The experimental design was a randomized block 3x2 factorial arrangement with three levels (0%, 15% and 30% CBB), two sexes (barrows and gilts) and four repetitions. The treatments were composed of the basal diet (BD) formulated with corn, soybean meal and a commercial base mix for finishing pigs, to which different levels of CBB were added. At the end of the trial period, the animals were slaughtered for the evaluation of the meat quality and carcass traits. The inclusion of CBB in the diets did not affect the carcass traits of the gilts but affected the carcass traits of the barrow positively, increasing theyield of meat in the chilled carcass and reducing the thickness of subcutaneous fat. In the longissimus dorsi muscle and in the adipose tissue of the pigs, the myristic (C14:0), palmitoleic (C16:1), oleic (C18:1), linoleic (C18:2), linolenic (C18:3) and arachidonic (C20:4) fatty acids were evaluated, and no effect was observed (P &amp;gt; 0.05) from the levels of CBB in the diets. In the comparisons between the sexes, a greater concentration of C20:4 fatty acid was observed in the carcass of the gilts. In this context, CBB was considered for use as a feed ingredient in programs of qualitative feed restriction for finishing pigs.

Abstract 5133: Targeting the eicosanoid 20-HETE suppresses pancreatic cancer growth and metastasis through regulation of inflammation

Abstract Pancreatic cancer incidence and death rates are on the rise. Most available therapies fail partly due to the uniquely inflammatory pancreatic tumor stromal compartment. Prolonged and unresolved inflammation is implicated in the pathogenesis of pancreatic cancer, yet the critical inflammatory mediators remain largely unknown. The role of lipid autacoids in pancreatic cancer, which are metabolites of arachidonic acid and other related fatty acids, has not been thoroughly studied. Among these, metabolites of the cytochrome P450 (CYP) epoxygenases and ω-hydroxylases, including EETs and 20-HETE, respectively, have been mostly neglected in cancer. We previously showed that epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) stimulate multi-organ metastasis and tumor dormancy escape. Here we show that elevated levels of 20-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (20-HETE), a product of ω-hydroxylases of the CYP4A/F subfamilies, stimulated pancreatic primary tumor growth and metastasis. We measured 20-HETE and other lipid autacoids via LC/MS/MS in multiple cell lines and found that 20-HETE was produced primarily by pancreatic cancer cells, which express the 20-HETE generating enzyme, CYP4F2. Overexpression of CYP4F2 and exogenous 20-HETE induced Ras activity in HEK293 cells or pancreatic cancer and macrophage cell lines, respectively. 20-HETE attracted human macrophages in vitro, while macrophage migration was reduced towards pancreatic cancer cells treated with an inhibitor of 20-HETE synthesis, HET0016. Inhibition of 20-HETE synthesis in human macrophages and pancreatic cancer cells decreased HB-EGF and M-CSF production. Systemic administration of 20-HETE promoted primary human and murine pancreatic tumor growth in subcutaneous and orthotopic murine models. Transgenic mice overexpressing 20-HETE (Tie2-CYP4F2 Tr) exhibited spontaneous liver and mediastinal lymph node metastasis following resection of subcutaneous primary pancreatic tumors, in contrast to wild type control mice. Targeting 20-HETE by HET0016 or siRNA towards CYP4F2 suppressed primary pancreatic tumor growth. Systemic treatment of orthotopic pancreatic tumors with HET0016, 14,15-EEZE, and gemcitabine regressed established pancreatic tumors and prolonged survival without overt toxicity. Thus, 20-HETE critically regulates Ras activation, inflammation, and pancreatic tumor growth and metastasis. Our studies offer a mechanistic rationale for pharmacologically targeting 20-HETE as a novel approach to treat pancreatic cancer. Citation Format: Yael Gus-Brautbar, Julia Piwowarski, Jessica A. Casper, Diane R. Bielenberg, Jennifer Cheng, Birgitta Schmidt, Bruce D. Hammock, Darryl C. Zeldin, Mark W. Kieran, Dipak Panigrahy. Targeting the eicosanoid 20-HETE suppresses pancreatic cancer growth and metastasis through regulation of inflammation. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr 5133.

N-3 vs. n-6 fatty acids differentially influence calcium signalling and adhesion of inflammatory activated monocytes: impact of lipid rafts.

Anti-inflammatory n-3 fatty acids (FA) like docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) opposed to the pro-inflammatory n-6 FA arachidonic acid (AA) might modulate lipid rafts within the cell membrane by differential incorporation. In inflammation, monocyte adhesion to endothelial cells is a crucial step mediated by intracellular calcium changes. We investigated whether lipid rafts mediate FA-induced modulation of adhesion and intracellular calcium. In isolated human monocytes and monocytic U937 cells we measured adhesion to human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) using a parallel flow chamber and a static assay, adhesion molecules by FACScan, and intracellular calcium by fluorescence. Monocyte lipid rafts were isolated by ultracentrifugation and submitted to gas chromatography for FA analysis. Pre-incubation with AA or DHA resulted in a predominant incorporation of the respective FA into raft compared to non-raft fraction. DHA as compared to AA significantly reduced monocyte adhesion and calcium release after stimulation with TNF-α while expression of adhesion molecules remained unchanged. Pre-treatment with a calcium chelator abolished the effect of FA on calcium and adhesion. Disruption of lipid rafts prevented FA-induced modulations. Incorporation of FA into lipid rafts seem to be crucial for modulation of adhesion under inflammatory conditions.

Urinary metabolic profiling research on the protective function of Schisandra chinensis against glomerulonephritis of rat models

Objective To study the effect of Schisandra chinensis on the treatment of glomerular nephritis in rats by gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Methods The rats were randomly divided into normal group, model group, and the treatment group, 10 rats in each group. We employed the C-BSA injuction to induce situ immune complexes nephritis rate model. Then 24 hour urinary protein was detected after 12 days and a urine metabonomic technology combined with pattern recognition method was used to identify the network analysis, which focuses on the key metablites and enzmys with glomerulonephritis disease. Results After 12 days, compared with the control group, the 24 h urinary protein content (9.24±2.69 mg vs. 76.04±18.88 mg) significantly decreased (P<0.01). Urine metabonomicsi dentified 15 endogenous biomarkers, which included unsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis, pyruvate metabolism and glycolysis metabolism. These metabolic pathways are associated with kidney diseases. Conclusion The effect of Schisandra chinensis on glomerular nephritis may treated by regulating the metabolism of arachidonic acid and fatty acid in four. Key words: Schisandra chinensis; Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry; Metabonomics; Glomerulonephritis; Biomarkers

ДИНАМИКА ПОКАЗАТЕЛЕЙ ЛИНОЛЕВОЙ И АРАХИДОНОВОЙ ЖИРНЫХ КИСЛОТ В КРОВИ ПУПОВИНЫ НОВОРОЖДЕННЫХ ОТ МАТЕРЕЙ С ЦИТОМЕГАЛОВИРУСНОЙ ИНФЕКЦИЕЙ

Due to the broad spectrum of influence of polyunsaturated fatty acids of ω-6 family on the development of the fetus and newborn child, the composition of arachidonic fatty acid and its predecessor linoleic fatty acid were studied in blood of the umbilical cord blood of newborns from mothers with chronic reactivation of cytomegalovirus infection. 82 newborns were examined; among them there were 42 infants (the main group) from mothers who had cytomegalovirus infection (titer of IgG antibodies to cytomegalovirus was 1:1600) in the III trimester. The control group included 42 newborns from healthy women. In the umbilical cord blood of newborns the contents of arachidonic and linoleic fatty acids were identified with gas-liquid chromatography. The study found out that the reactivation of cytomegalovirus infection in the mother (titer of IgG antibodies to cytomegalovirus 1:1600) leads to an increase in the content of linoleic acid by 56% (p&amp;#60;0.001) and of the predecessor of pro-inflammatory eicosanoids - arachidonic acid by 34% (p&amp;#60;0.001) in the cord blood of newborns; it is one of the causes of disturbance of the structural and functional organization of the umbilical artery vessels. Identified changes in umbilical cord blood and umbilical artery endothelium can cause disturbances of the elastic properties of vessels, stagnation and thrombosis of blood vessels and, consequently, disturbances of blood flow between mother and fetus, which can then serve as a factor in the development of fetal hypoxia.

Meat quality of lambs fed diets with peanut cake

Replacement of soybean meal by peanut cake was evaluated on the meat quality of 45 Dorper × Santa Inês crossbred lambs. Animals were distributed in a completely randomized design, with five treatments and nine repetitions, and fed Tifton-85 hay and a concentrate mixed with 0.0%, 25.0%, 50.0%, 75.0% or 100.0% peanut cake based on the dry mass of the complete diet. The longissimus lumborum muscle was used to determine the proximate composition, physical–chemical characteristics and fatty acid profile. Significant differences (P<0.05) were found for the crude protein and ether extract levels, with average values of 23.38% and 2.15% in the sheep meat, respectively. The physical–chemical characteristics of the loin were not affected (P>0.05) by the diets. The fatty acid profile was affected by peanut cake supplementation for myristic, myristoleic, palmitoleic, linolenic and arachidonic fatty acids. Peanut cake can be added in the diet of lambs no effect on physical–chemical characteristics. However, the total replacement of the soybean meal altered the proximate composition and fatty acid profile of the meat.

Research of fatty acid and mineral composition of soft body of freshwater bivalves (genus Anodonta) in the northern Ukraine

The fatty acid and mineral composition of the freshwater bivalves (genus Anodonta) in the north of Ukraine are determined for the first time and compared with the investigated data on the type of shellfish of genus Mytilus (Mytilus galloprovincialis specie). It was proved that lipids of freshwater aquatic are presented by valuable polyunsaturated fatty acids of family ⱷ-3 and ⱷ-6. Freshwater bivalves of genus Anodonta are particularly rich in eicosapentaenoic, docosahexaenoic , linoleic, linolenic, arachidonic and oleic fatty acids, which can’t be synthesized in humans. Also a study of iodine and heavy metals such as cadmium and lead was conducted for the soft body of freshwater bivalves of genus Anodonta and genus Mytilus (Mytilus galloprovincialis specie). It was revealed that the amount of iodine contained in a soft body of bivalves of genus Anodonta provides almost half the daily requirement of this element and contained amount of salts of heavy metals doesn’t exceed the maximum permissible concentrations for aquatic organisms. Amount of calcium and phosphorus in the soft body of bivalves of genus Anodonta in the obtained ash in times greater than their number in the body of the soft marine counterparts, which provides a better absorption of iodine in the body because these elements are its synergists. The possibility of using freshwater bivalves of genus Anodonta as a complete and biologically healthy food was proved. This product provides the body with vital essential fatty acids, micro and macro elements and helps the prevention of iodine deficiency disorders.

Biochemical composition of New Zealand geoduck clam broodstock (Panopea zelandica ) conditioned under different temperature and feeding regimes

Geoduck clams are amongst the most valuable cultured shellfish available on the world market, driving interest in the establishment of the native New Zealand species, Panopea zelandica (Quoy & Gaimard, 1835), as a candidate for aquaculture. A critical element of domestication is the effective management of breeding stock to optimize gamete and offspring quality. To develop a reliable broodstock conditioning protocol for P. zelandica, we investigated the biochemical composition of geoducks exposed to nine factorial treatment combinations of temperature (7.5, 11.5 and 16.5°C) and feeding ration [10 000, 50 000 and 100 000 cells mL−1 of a (1:1 cell count) mixture of Tisochrysis lutea and Chaetoceros muelleri]. In addition, a reference group of geoducks was conditioned in an aquaculture pond-nursery system, providing a dilute, mixed phytoplankton culture at ambient temperature. Glycogen, protein, lipid and fatty acid contents of flesh and viscera were measured at days 0, 36 and 73 of conditioning. Glycogen, protein and lipid analyses indicated that geoducks within all treatments achieved a positive energy balance, except for those in the treatment combining the highest temperature and lowest feeding ration. Comparisons of fatty acid profiles of animals among treatments and with the reference group revealed that eicosapentaenoic (EPA, C20:5n-3), docosahexaenoic (DHA, C22:6n-3) and arachidonic (ARA, C20:4n-6) fatty acids were important contributors to gametogenic development for geoduck conditioning.

Arachidonic acid and fatty acid profiles as indicators of contamination from the leachates of animal carcasses

Because many livestock with avian influenza and foot and mouth disease have been disposed of at landfills, underground water contamination is a big problem for people living near these landfills as well as burial sites. Biological oxygen demand (BOD), NH4, total dissolved solids (TDS), chloride and potassium have been used as markers of contamination from the leachates of animal carcasses. However, livestock manure and vegetable oils from compost are also a source of these markers. In this study, we propose arachidonic acid (C20:4) as a specific indicator of leachates from animal carcasses, and the presence of arachidonic acid in underground water is suggested to be a potential marker of contamination from the leachates of animal carcasses. Based on the specific fatty acid composition, the fatty acid profiles of the carcass leachates, livestock manure and vegetable oil were examined, and multidimensional scaling (MDS) analyses of the fatty acids showed pronounced differences between the carcass leachates, livestock manure and vegetable oils in this study. MDS analyses of fatty acids can also be used as a potential indicator of contamination from the leachates of animal carcasses in groundwater.