European Trends Research Articles

Genesis of the Institute of Procedural Guidance: Historical and Legal Aspect

The result of the reform of the criminal process in 2012 was the introduction of a new institute of procedural guidance for pre-trial investigations. This institute has become the object of many scientific discussions, and therefore there is a need to analyse its historical and legal genesis to clearly understand the place and role of the prosecutor in modern criminal proceedings. The purpose of the study is to examine the institute of procedural guidance in criminal proceedings and identify promising areas for improving its legal regulation. The study used dialectical, system-structural, synthesis, formal-logical, and historical methods. It is proved that the institute of procedural guidance originated quite a long time ago. From the very beginning, monarchs used civil servants to represent exclusively their interests in certain processes that were important to them. It is established that the genesis of the institute of the prosecutor’s office began to be used quite widely, up to the development of a separate structure of the relevant state bodies and assigning them the function of supervision over certain spheres of life, that is, the functions of the prosecutor’s office expanded sufficiently and representation of the interests of the state in criminal proceedings became part of the overall function of supervision. With the change in the socio-political orientation of Ukraine’s development after independence, the place and role of the prosecutor’s office in the system of state bodies have evolved under the influence of advanced European trends. The reverse process of changing the functions of the prosecutor’s office in criminal proceedings has begun, namely, the function of total prosecutor’s supervision has begun to narrow and be reduced to procedural guidance of the criminal process and representation exclusively in certain cases. As a result of the study, it was stated that the legislation regulating the legal status of the prosecutor’s office has contradictions, namely, the Law of Ukraine “On Prosecutor’s Office” imposes broader powers on the prosecutor than the Constitution of Ukraine, which undoubtedly requires legislative correction by making appropriate changes. The findings of the study can be used in rule-making and law enforcement activities.

Rhetoric of Belonging and Transnational Appropriation in the Development and Marketing of the Bulgarian Popular Feature Love.net

This article focuses on issues of representation and belonging, in an attempt to uncover how popular cinema in Bulgaria caters to national sensitivities while at the same time making the link with the global film industries. The Bulgarian popular feature Love.net (Ilian Djevelekov, 2011) is an example of the shift towards treating filmmaking in Bulgaria as a business as much as a cultural venture. It emerged as part of broader European trends, which put an emphasis on film development, marketing and stars, with the aim to counter Hollywood’s dominant market position. Love.net focuses on the role of the Internet as facilitating love, relations and communication in the contemporary world. On a textual level, and similarly to Love Actually (Richard Curtis, 2003), it explores the six degrees of separation theory, implicitly advocating for a world of interconnectedness. Contextually, Love.net created a sense of virtual belonging among the local online community, allowing them to participate in the film’s development and engage with its interactive marketing. Transnational stars provided a further point of contact and involvement. Through its mixed cast featuring home-grown and locally popular foreign actors, Love.net both channelled and challenged Hollywood, positioning European cinema as similar in glamour and attraction but different in identity.

European Trends in the Development of Ukrainian Surgery of the Early Modern Era (On the Example of the Distribution of Professional Functions of Balvers and Hairdressers)

The article is devoted to the review of some aspects of the history of Ukrainian surgery of the early modern period, as one of the least studied subject sections and periods in the history of domestic medicine. In particular, on the basis of a significant array of documentary material (most of which is first introduced into scientific circulation), it is argued that in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries among Ukrainian surgeons, there was a division into "balvers" and "barbers", which was carried out in accordance with the peculiarities of their medical specialization. The etymology of the terms "balver" and "barber" is partially covered. Features of professional competencies of balvers and barbers are partially reconstructed. It is believed that the profession of barbers consisted in haircare and the so-called "minor surgery", while the balvers specialized in the treatment of severe injuries acquired in everyday life or during numerous armed conflicts. The list of diseases and injuries that were successfully treated by Ukrainian surgeons of that time is given. The division of surgeons into "higher" and "lower" in Western Europe (England, France, Italy, Germany) is partially covered. Based on the method of historical analogies, it is argued that the development of Ukrainian surgery corresponds to the general vector of development of European surgery. The way of spreading European principles of surgical practice in Ukraine is traced. It is emphasized that the terms "balver" and "barber" are completely independent, not synonymous, as Ukrainian and foreign (especially Polish and Belarusian) historiography claims to this day. On the example of successful cooperation of balvers and barbers, the question of the presence in the Ukrainian lands of the 16th–17th centuries of the effective healthcare system (in its original form) is raised. Specific examples refute some historical myths, including the ineffectiveness of medical care at the time and the ignorance and incompetence of physicians themselves. The need to continue research in the field of history of domestic surgery is emphasized.

From conformance to performance? A comparative analysis of the European Union territorial policy trends in Serbia and Bosnia and Herzegovina

As several Western Balkans countries aspire to become members of the European Union (EU) in the (near) future, it is interesting to explore to what extent EU territorial trends are adopted in both the official national regulations and spatial planning practice. To do so, we: 1) screen EU territorial policies to elucidate the trends and principles of territorial development, 2) analyse the contents of spatial plans in Serbia and Bosnia and Herzegovina, and 3) compare the practical application of the principles such as decentralisation, diffusion of power, subsidiarity, multi-actorship, synergy, transparency, citizen participation, coordinated action (among various disciplinary bodies), and holistic strategies. The findings show the ineffectiveness of declaratively adopted EU territorial trends against place-based territorial policy approaches.

Ukrainian book art: ways of formation and development

The purpose of the article is to study the development of the directions of Ukrainian book art, the formation of new creative features in the European cultural space. The research methodology consists in the application of general scientific methods (analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction) and methods of art history (comparative, typological, descriptive). The scientific novelty lies in the study of book art, which has always been important in Ukrainian art. Conclusions. Today, we have a large amount of fine works in the genre of book illustrations. These works reflected both the history of the Ukrainian literature, history of the national graphic art, as well as the history of cultural progress of Ukraine in general. Thus, book art is an extremely fruitful object of study, an intersection point, where the complicated process of interaction of socio-political, spiritual, cultural and artistic and aesthetic factors is underway. Thus, Ukrainian book graphics in different periods reflected all European trends – modernism, symbolism, neo-primitive art, futurism, cubism, expressionism, constructivism, realism, surrealism, Art Deco, neoclassicism. The originality of the artistic language emerged through the use of traditional motifs and vanguard image creation tools. Keywords: research, culture, illustration, book, art, national traditions.

USING THE GERMAN EXPERIENCE OF FURNITURE DESIGN IN TRAINING OF FUTURE DESIGNERS

The article points to the need for constant updates on the modern designers’ vocational education content, taking into account the European experience of design education. The first “Frankfurt kitchens” and the latest trends in the formation of the cooking and eating area environment on the example of furniture from Hacker, Nolte, ALNO, Bulthaup, SieMatic, Leicht, Poggenpohl have been analyzed. The value of studying the centuries-old German experience of furniture design in the professional training of future Ukrainian designers has been demonstrated.The article shows that under conditions of high tempos of using information technologies in all spheres of science and industry, the contents and methods of training the designer have changed. The article indicates that as furniture design is based on the layout method, computer and computer graphics technology become the most attractive and the most effective tools. It is connected with the high quality of the program usage, optimal implementation of the design features in it, a sufficient amount of baseline information on the project, the high reliability of its daily use.Realizing the fact that the integrity principle is fundamental in the future designers’ training process, as well as understanding that the integration of knowledge is a prerequisite for any project task, regardless of style, on the example of the German kitchens’ designing the author shows future designers what a difficult path sometimes must be covered to take into account all aesthetic, economic, technical, ergonomic, social and other factors that affect the quality of the design product.It has been also concluded that acquainting Ukrainian students with the advanced developments of German designers will provide them with demand and competitiveness in the labor market in the field of design, which is the main task of design education.
 Keywords: interior design; activities of German furniture companies; design education; German experience; future designer; German kitchen design; furniture design; European design trends.

Multilingual education development in Ukraine

In a world that is becoming more globalized, learning a language is a crucial component of developing one's consciousness and their capacity for social mobility. Changes in the definition of the degree of foreign language proficiency, new definitions of the selection of content and organization of resources, and the employment of appropriate forms and methods of control are all necessary in response to new realities. In light of Common-European polymeric trends, our state's integration into the European educational space, the proliferation of student exchange practices, and the accessibility of our nation's educational system to international students, multilingual education on the principle of Ukrainian + foreign is of particular relevance. The expansion of foreign language learning is consistent with European directives, which advise that Member States teach two more EU languages in addition to their national tongue in educational institutions. The issue of linguistic and cultural diversity in Europe can be adequately addressed through multilingual education in Ukraine. The consideration of regional demands of local ethnic populations, national features, and Common European trends is a crucial aspect of multilingual education in Ukraine.

Rokokowe rzeźby z ogrodzenia pałacu Mniszchów w Gdańsku. Autorstwo – styl – program ikonograficzny

In 1751, Jerzy August Mniszech purchased a plot in Długie Ogrody Street: the area where a large -scale residence was erected. Its designer was most probably Pierre Ricaud de Tirregaille. An important element in shaping the spatial composition of the entire palace and garden ensemble was formed by the main gate, characterized by an extremely dynamic, sculptural form, typical of Rococo art. At the top of the gate and on the fence posts there were figures: personifications of Minerva and Ceres, four putti representing the seasons and vases. At the beginning, the article presents the history and style of the sculptures. Then the question of attribution is discussed. In literature, Johann Heinrich Meissner is the most frequently indicated creator of the entire sculptural ensemble. This attribution, in view of the shortage of sources, requires confrontation with other, preserved works of the artist. Johann Heinrich Meissner (1701–1770) was born in Królewiec. He was present in Gdańsk, where from 1726 he owned a valued workshop. Having lived in the Old Town, near the Church of St Catherine, in 1755 he moved to Długie Ogrody where he located his studio, so he was a direct witness to the project carried out for Jerzy August Mniszech. Meissner’s workshop created, among other things, garden sculptures and elements of temple decorations. Among the sacred implementations, mention should be made of the decoration of the main altar in the Cathedral in Frombork, which includes four full -figure angelic figures, vases, flames and garlands made of pine wood. Meissner was also responsible for the statues of angels from the organ front in Gdańsk’s Church of St Mary, expanded in 1757–60. The soft modelling of forms precisely emphasizes the anatomy. Figures’ gestures are naturalistic. The sculptures in front of the Mniszech Palace are stylistically different from them: strongly stylized, exaggerated, they feature vibrating surface characteristic of the Rococo. Their authorship should therefore be associated with another sculpture workshop operating in Gdańsk in the mid -18th century. Another thread is the symbolic diagram of the fence decoration. In order to understand the ideological meaning of the figures in question, it is necessary to juxtapose them with the iconography found in Gdańsk’s art (e.g. Minerva decorated the façade of the Great Armory and the hall of the Main Town Hall, while the statues of Ceres were placed at the tops of tenement houses) and with European trends.

Prometheus bound? European initiatives and trends on Higher Education and their association with economic competiveness, skills and employability.

Globalization and increasing internationalization of Higher Education has clearly resulted in a persistent demand for the further transformation of Higher Education Institutes (HEIs), towards competitiveness and contribution to development. What is actually in stake is the employability, while another key issue is the harmonization with the economy and the labor market. That raises, of course, a lot of issues concerning the gradual transformation of the Higher Education and the relation between Higher Education and Society at Large. Globalization has affected all the abovementioned, which is crystal clear in large scale initiatives, in Europe, such as the “Bologna Process” and the subsequent development of the European Higher Education Area, in the case of Europe. Given all the abovementioned, the present article mainly focuses on the European trends, transformations and initiatives in Higher Education, related to HEIs’ active and potential contribution to economic development and the enhancement of graduates’ employability and skills.

Z problematyki restytucji samorządu terytorialnego w Polsce i w Chorwacji w końcu XX w. – kwestia ich konstytucjonalizacji

The subject of this analysis is the restoration of the institutions of local self-government in the two socialist states, Poland and Croatia, in the early 1990s, with some references to the past. The key research question involves the issue of constitutionalisation of local self-government in the two post-socialist countries. The article examines how the process of constitutionalisation proceeded, which specific phases can be identified in its evolution, and whether the constitutionalisation is part of broader Central European or even broader European trends. The basic research question is: What actual model of local self-government was drawn up by legislators in both the Polish and Croatian cases? Several research methods were adopted as appropriate for the analysis conducted – they include the legal-institutional analysis, historical-descriptive analysis and comparative method. The paper is written from the perspective of the science of politics and administration, but there are also threads undertaken in analyses originating from the legal sciences. We are of the opinion that the broadening of the research perspective should be regarded as a positive fact for the analytical conclusions obtained.

Вплив новітніх концепцій державного управління в країнах ЄС на розвиток системи соціальної роботи

Розглянуто досвід та інноваційні методи управління і стандартні процедури вдержавному управлінні країн Європейського Союзу та їх вплив на ефективність надання соціальних послуг. Зроблено аналіз розповсюдження неоліберальних політичних переконань та принципів нового державного управління (далі – NPM) у європейських країнах із початку 80-х рр. ХХ ст. і до сьогодні, що суттєво вплинуло на існуючу систему соціальної роботи. Виокремлено дієві інструменти: інформатизація, дебюрократизація, децентралізація, деінституціалізація, деконцентрація (аутсорсинг), приватизація та запровадження економічних механізмів регулювання управлінських процесів і сервісне адміністрування, які можна впровадити у реформування державного управління системою соціальної роботи в українському суспільстві.

Supervision Support of Practical Training of Social Work Specialists: Polish Experience

The article deals with the specifics of supervisory support for practical training of social workers in Poland. The international relevance of the research lies in the need to study the experience of implementing such support in the countries with relatively young democracies (post-Soviet republics). This experience can be useful for developing countries which strive to create their models of social supervision using the leading European experience. The article proves that supervisors, individually creating their professional roles in social care centers and non-governmental organizations, create the basis for a new professional environment - the environment of social work managers in Poland. According to the results of the research, the tendencies of supervisory support of the departments of social work on the practical training of social workers in Poland are traced: compliance with the pan-European orientation to the early special training of all social specialists; bilateral connection between the development of the scientific school of social work and the system of professional training; training of a social worker in church educational institutions; decentralization of vocational training management; rapid response of the system to changes in the social nature, the demands of the regional labor market. The article reveals the disadvantages of the Polish model of supervisory support, which has not yet adjusted to the final Western European trends and is on the path to development.

Analysis of the Scope and Implementation of the Strategies Promoted by Local Urban Agenda in Relation to European and National Trends. The Case of the Basque Country

Analysis of the Scope and Implementation of the Strategies Promoted by Local Urban Agenda in Relation to European and National Trends. The Case of the Basque Country

Subnational spatial variations of fertility timing in Europe since 1990

Compared with European fertility trends, little is known on the spatial variations of fertility timing. This is particularly true within countries. While theories such as the Second Demographic Transition have brought good understanding to both the nature and origins of the recent changes in fertility behaviours including concerning fertility postponement, the predilection for empirical studies and cross-country analyses left the spatial organization of fertility timings relatively unrecognised. However, spatially differentiated fertility behaviours are expected theoretically. This geographical analysis presents spatial variations of fertility timing across Europe. The focus on subnational yet transnational data contribute to highlight the importance of local contexts on fertility patterns.After discussing the validity of the indicators and methods, we used mean age at birth in NUTS-2 regions and age specific fertility rates for the fine NUTS-3 spatial units to map the patterns of fertility in more than 30 countries over the 1990-2017 period. Several major results emerged. Despite general postponement of fertility to later ages in Europe resulting in a slight trend towards homogenisation, results reveal existing subnational differences. Most importantly, these differences are spatially organised. Across time the East-West divide remains a structuring contrast but other important disparities strengthen, highlighting the specificity of fertility patterns in Southern Europe and in the largest urban settlements. Eventually this inductive analysis discusses theories to explain the main spatial variations exposed. The study proves the importance to consider subnational contexts, especially metropolitan ones, when studying fertility behaviours.

Measurements Result Analysis of Deformation Characteristics of Transition Zones on the Modernized Line Púchov – Považská Teplá

Abstract The current trend in Europe and worldwide is to support the development of so-called green transport, characterized by lower energy consumption and lower CO2 emissions. Rail transport meets these conditions and therefore considerable funding is being spent not only on the construction of high-speed lines but also on the modernization of existing railways, especially those forming part of the trans-European corridors. Three corridors of the basic TEN-T network pass through the territory of the Slovak Republic. In the Žilina Region, there are two corridors, Balt – Adriatic and Rhine – Danube, with a common section Púchov – Žilina, which is currently being modernized. It is a known fact that railway lines often show a greater degree of degradation in the transition zones between the earthwork and the structures of sub-ballast layers. Since every railway infrastructure management aims to minimize maintenance costs, while ensuring the safety and comfort of passengers, it is necessary to pay increased attention also to transiton zones. In this context, the presented paper deals with the analysis of values of deformation characteristics on the modernized line section Púchov – Považská Teplá, which is characterized by several bridge structures and tunnels. The values were obtained within the quality inspection of work in transition zones located between the earthwork and the structures of sub-ballast layers.

Power-to-hydrogen pathway in the transport sector: How to assure the economic sustainability of solar powered refueling stations

The transition to a hydrogen-based mobility requires the development of an infrastructure that must be able to satisfy the hydrogen demand. In the short and medium term, the lack of the hydrogen distribution infrastructure can be overcome through the on-site hydrogen production. However, the costs of the plants for hydrogen production, storage and distribution are currently too high and, therefore, the levelized cost of hydrogen is high above all if it is produced by renewable sources. To reduce this cost and to sustain the economic profitability of the on-site hydrogen production and distribution plants, a strong policy support and investments are required. This paper is focused on the evaluation of an incentive strategy that can assure the economic sustainability of on-site hydrogen refueling stations powered by a grid-connected solar plant. The strategy is based on the economic valorization of the carbon dioxide equivalent emissions that are avoided by adopting the proposed hydrogen pathway in comparison to the gasoline one that represents the reference for the current European powertrain technologies and trends. These carbon dioxide equivalent emissions have been estimated by applying the Well-To-Wheel analysis and the Life Cycle Cost analysis has been used to estimate the economic incentive to be paid to the avoided emission by fixing the discounted pay-back period and the current hydrogen selling price. The WTW analysis results have shown that the annual avoided equivalent emissions of the hydrogen pathway are equal to 320 tons and the corresponding economic incentives are 65.72 €/tCO2eq and 327.49 €/tCO2eq, by considering the Discounted Pay Back Periods of 10 and 8 years, respectively. Moreover, these incentives allow to achieve the Levelized Cost of Hydrogen and the Profitability Index equal to 9.02 €/kg and 1.75 (10 years) and 7.86 €/kg and 2.12 (8 years), respectively. In conclusion, the proposed incentive strategy is a suitable option to support the on-site HRS powered by grid-connected solar plants which are a promising solution for a sustainable mobility.

Guest Editor's Introduction: The Ballets Russes in North America

Guest Editor's Introduction: The Ballets Russes in North America

Writing for the Family Audience

Abstract Családi Kör (1860–1880) was the leading Hungarian domestic magazine of the mid-19th period, which, under the editorship of the first Hungarian woman of letters Emília Kánya, played a major role in introducing the domestic readership to contemporary European literature and in discussing the struggle of women’s employment opportunities before a wider public. Critical studies have also suggested that it was edited and published under the influence of the German Gartenlaube (1853–1944), the journal credited with embedding the journal of domestic magazine in the broader regime of 19th century print culture. Based on a close reading of the two magazines’ coverage in its European cultural historical context, this chapter offers an account of the possible connections and affinities between the two periodicals, and argues that the Hungarian magazine was significantly more daring in its politics and more systematic in its pursuit of introducing the local audience to European literary trends and works.

Current Issues of Protection of State Sovereignty of Ukraine in the context of Globalization

Abstract The relevance of the research topic is based on modern rapid European integration trends in Ukraine and the definition of one of the main vectors of foreign policy accession to the European Union, among the prospects of which is the need to protect Ukraine’s state sovereignty. The purpose of the article is to study the essence of sovereignty in the modern world and the relevance of the protection of state sovereignty on the example of Ukraine. The paper reveals the essence of sovereignty in the context of globalization of society. Along with this, the article analyzes the main trends in the formation of state sovereignty on the example of Ukraine. Also, it determines the main characteristics of state sovereignty in terms of integration. Finally, the paper reveals the content of the main integration vectors of Ukraine and their impact on state sovereignty. The scientific novelty of this study lies in the innovative understanding and justification of the essence, feasibility and necessity of protecting the state sovereignty of Ukraine during integration processes. The author proposes to improve the legal regulation of the prospects of Ukraine’s integration, based on the elaborated works of domestic and foreign researchers and her own vision of the problem.

Active diagnostics of dementia in the inland region of Portugal

AbstractBackgroundAccording to Alzheimer Europe (2019), it is estimated that in 2018, there were 8,885,101 people with dementia in Europe (EU‐28), with a prevalence of 1.73%. In Portugal, it is estimated that this figure is 193,516, with a prevalence of 1.88%, surpassing the European trend, since it is expected to almost double the number of cases in 2050 (346,905), reflecting the significant increase of people over 70 years and, specifically over 85. The OECD's “Health at a Glance 2020” report indicates that Alzheimer's and other dementia accounted for 5% of all deaths in 2017.Thus, it becomes relevant to study the magnitude of this problem also at the local level.This study aims to identify and characterize people with dementia in a region of the inland region of Portugal. It is assumed as the first stage of a more comprehensive study on the quality of life of the person with dementia and his/her family, within the framework of the NEUROQUALYFAM Project (0541_NEURO_QUALYFAM_6_E).MethodThis is a cross‐sectional descriptive epidemiological study of people with dementia. The data, provided by health services, refer to the active diagnoses of the disease, according to the International Classification of Primary Health Care ‐ ICPC‐2 (P70 ‐ Dementia) and do not allow to trace any of the individuals.ResultThe total number of people with active diagnosis of Dementia (P70) was in 2019, around 1603 cases, with an increase of 363 cases between 2014 and 2019. The proportion of active diagnoses in the resident population was 1.13%, with higher values in women (0.80% versus 0.33% in men). Most active diagnoses (95.51%) are from people aged 65 years or older, also reflecting the results a higher proportion in the higher age groups, namely 25.02% in the 80–84‐year‐old group and 43.54% in the 85‐year‐old group.ConclusionThe identification and characterization of people with dementia, in the geographic area under study, will now allow the development of the study of the quality of life of these people and their families so that it is possible to implement more specific and targeted strategies for this target population.