European Trends Research Articles

The elusiveness of the common school in Austria. PISA, politics and the survival of selection in a conservative regime

ABSTRACT This article investigates the failure of introducing comprehensive schooling in Austria, one of few ‘conservative’ outliers in the European post-war reform trend where early selection survived reform attempts in the 1970s. In particular, the focus is on the most recent attempt to postpone tracking from the age of 10–14 in the wake of Austria’s ‘PISA-shock’ in the 2000s. Based on in-depth process tracing and drawing on interviews and documentary sources this article examines the nuances of contemporary politics of comprehensive schooling reforms, assessing the interplay between PISA and long-standing reform barriers, the ambivalence of political parties in comprehensive schooling reforms and the role of policy feedback effects on broader societal support for reform.

European waste management trends: analysis, problems, solutions

European waste management trends: analysis, problems, solutions

СУСПІЛЬНА ПРАКТИКА ВИКОРИСТАННЯ МІСЦЬ ДЛЯ ПОХОВАННЯ У ГЕТЬМАНЩИНІ У ДРУГІЙ ПОЛОВИНІ XVIII CТ.

Статтю присвячено проблемі вивчення місць для поховання покійних у містах Гетьманщини у другій половині XVIII ст. З’ясовано, що функція майданчика навколо церкви не зводилася лише до місця для поховання. «Чистий» цвинтар контрастував із іншими територіями, де покійні могли знайти останній спочинок (присадибні поховання, скудельниці, «кладбищенские места» тощо).
 Наголошено на різниці між поняттями «цвинтар» і «кладовище». Особливо виокремлено значення цвинтаря у просторі ранньомодерного міста, коли «свої» мерці немовби отримували гарантію спасіння на Страшному суді, спочиваючи в освяченій землі. Визначено, що парафіяльний цвинтар перебував під контролем священника. Однак ця обставина не сприяла належному доглядові цієї території.
 Особливу увагу сфокусовано на спробі російського імперського уряду винести місця для поховання покійних за межі поселень Гетьманщини у намаганні наслідувати західноєвропейські зразки та організувати функціонування «добре регульованої держави». Для цього було створено відповідну імперську законодавчу базу, яка врегулювала облаштування спеціально відведених місць для поховання померлих («кладбищенские места»).
 З’ясовано, що діяльність імперського уряду з облаштування кладовищ і численні церковні вимоги упорядкувати території для поховання небіжчиків не були унікальним явищем для тогочасної Європи. Виявлено, що імперська влада зазнала певних труднощів у сфері організації кладовищ. Це було пов’язано з тим, що безпосередньо займатися цим мали священники. Однак самотужки вони не могли облаштовувати місця для поховання. На допомогу парафіян сподіватися не доводилося, хоча більшість покійників знаходили останній спочинок на цвинтарі. Варто зазначити, що деякі заможні віряни вдавалися до практики присадибного поховання і будували сімейний склеп, а найбідніші парафіяни потрапляли до скудельниць.
 Отже, в Гетьманщині існували інші місця для поховання покійних, а цвинтар був багатофункціональною територією. Імперська реформа мала на меті скорочення кількості варіантів місць для поховання померлих до одного згідно із загальноєвропейськими тенденціями, однак просувалася повільно. Її втілення навіть у містах розтягнулося майже на 100 років.

Evaluation of the Legal Framework for Building Fire Safety Regulations in Spain

There is a trend in Europe towards increasing the quality and performance of regulations. At the same time, regulatory failure has been observed in the area of building fire safety regulation in England and elsewhere. As a result, an analysis of the appropriateness of fire safety regulations in Spain is warranted, with the objective being to assess whether a suitable level of fire safety is currently being delivered. Three basic elements must be considered in such analysis: the legal and regulatory framework, the level of fire risk/safety of buildings that is expected and the level which actually results, and a suitable method of analysis. The focus of this paper is creating a legal and regulatory framework, in particular with respect to fire safety in buildings. Components of an ”ideal” building regulatory framework to adequately control fire risk are presented, the existing building regulatory framework is summarized, and an analysis of the gaps between the ideal and the existing systems is presented. It is concluded that the gaps between the ideal and the existing framework are significant, and that the current fire safety regulations are not appropriate for assuring delivery of the intended level of fire risk mitigation.

SDGs and the ability to manage change within the European green deal: The case of Ukraine

The European Green Deal by the European Commission is an ambitious policy aimed at achieving a climate-neutral economy. For Ukraine, the EGD is a priority in accelerating its European integration processes until 2030. The study aims to determine the country’s ability to manage change towards the implementing the concept of sustainable development, adjusted in accordance with the European Green Deal’s provisions, based on the analysis of SDG achievements in Ukraine, as well as on the identified quantitative results of readiness for change. The ability to manage change is determined by applying methods of analysis and generalization of descriptive statistics related to aspects of sustainable development and the EGD, as well as quantifying intermediate and final integral values of change management in Ukraine in the EGD context. The relationship between the SDGs and the EGD provisions on the “need for very high sustainability – sufficiency of weak sustainability” continuum was prioritized. The proposed provisions of the cooperation program provide for a thorough analysis of Ukrainian, European and global trends in the field of climate change and relevant sustainable development policies, use of statistical data, constant monitoring of indicators characterizing the dynamics of socio-economic, environmental and demographic status of the state and regions in connection with climate change, generalization of the experience of a climate-neutral economy, green energy, European integration processes, etc. The program is interdisciplinary in nature, which allows to get a comprehensive vision and provide a systematic solution to the problem of transforming the national economy in accordance with the European Green Deal. AcknowledgmentThe paper contains the results of research conducted under the President of Ukraine’s grant Formation and Use of Natural-Resource Assets of the Recreational and Tourism Sphere (0120U100159).

The Influence of the Evolution of Economic Activity in the Late Middle Ages and the Renaissance on the Emergence of the Dualistic Concept in Accounting

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to demonstrate that the basic assumptions of double accounting were created by the same premises that contributed to the revival of humanistic trends in Europe in the 13th–14th centuries, especially in the socio-economic sphere. Approach: This is a historical overview of the section of the literature devoted to the rise and evolution of double entry accounting. The study is the result of research and literature studies, based on Polish and foreign sources. Conclusions: It can be stated with full conviction that accounting as we know it today is a product of the end of the Middle Ages, and especially of the early period of the Italian Renaissance in Italy. The preserved documents show that the accounting based on double entry, in the period of the thirteenth and fifteenth centuries, was shaped in several stages. First, it covered receivables and liabilities, initially by banks, then by other companies, and then, other assets were entered twice: goods, cash and liabilities. The use of equity in accounting led to the inclusion of result events in the accounting records. At this point, the entity’s accounting became a closed system as we know it today. Limitations: Taking into account a large number of – especially foreign-language – source materials on the origin of accounting, only a small part of these sources were analyzed and cited during the preparation of the article. It seems that the topic is worth further research and literature studies. Practical implications: The study is primarily epistemological in nature, not focused on economic practice. Originality: It is one of the few studies in accounting in Poland devoted to the origins of accounting based on double entry and its evolution as a result of economic development in Europe in the late Middle Ages and early Renaissance.

The combined impact of smoking, obesity and alcohol on life-expectancy trends in Europe.

BackgroundSmoking, obesity and alcohol abuse greatly affect mortality and exhibit a distinct time dynamic, with their prevalence and associated mortality rates increasing and (eventually) declining over time. Their combined impact on secular trends in life expectancy is unknown but is relevant for understanding these trends. We therefore estimate the combined impact of smoking, obesity and alcohol on life-expectancy trends in Europe.MethodsWe used estimated national age-specific smoking-, obesity- and alcohol-attributable mortality fractions for 30 European countries by sex, 1990–2014, which we aggregated multiplicatively to obtain lifestyle-attributable mortality. We estimated potential gains in life expectancy by eliminating lifestyle-attributable mortality and compared past trends in life expectancy at birth (e0) with and without lifestyle-attributable mortality. We examined all countries combined, by region and individually.ResultsAmong men, the combined impact of smoking, obesity and alcohol on e0 declined from 6.6 years in 1990 to 5.8 years in 2014, mainly due to declining smoking-attributable mortality. Among women, the combined impact increased from 1.9 to 2.3 years due to mortality increases in all three lifestyle-related factors. The observed increase in e0 over the 1990–2014 period was 5.0 years for men and 4.0 years for women. After excluding lifestyle-attributable mortality, this increase would have been 4.2–4.3 years for both men and women.ConclusionWithout the combined impact of smoking, obesity and alcohol, the increase over time in life expectancy at birth would have been smaller among men but larger among women, resulting in a stable increase in e0, parallel for men and women.

Healthcare and economy: Increasing investments in the healthcare for a better local economy

The stability of its economy is of paramount importance for the development of a country, and this is impossible without a healthy and able to work population. The purpose of this review is to show the importance and necessity of investments in health care, as a guarantee for the successful economic development of a country or region, especially in the trends in Europe, including Bulgaria, related to population aging, life expectancy. etc.

Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) and late presentation in Poland - data from Test and Keep in Care (TAK) Polska project.

Late presentation (LP) at HIV diagnosis is associated with worse prognosis and an increase in the number of new infections. We analyse the proportion of patients diagnosed late and factors related to LP in Poland in 2016-2017. Data were obtained from 13 out of 17 HIV centres in Poland from 2016 and 2017, including date of diagnosis, age, sex, transmission route, anti-hepatitis C virus (anti-HCV), Venereal Diseases Research Laboratory (VDRL) antibodies, AIDS diagnosis, baseline HIV viral load and CD4 count. Out of 1522 patients, 88.9% were male with median age of 33.6years. Men who have sex with men (MSM) comprised 69.4% of all new infections, heterosexual route of transmission (HTX) 18.2% and injecting drug use (IDU) 4.7%. Late presenters comprised 44.8% of the study group. Factors associated with LP were female sex [odds ratio (OR) = 1.5, 95% confidence interval (95% CI): 1.09-2.08], older age (OR = 1.59, 95% CI: 1.42-1.79 per decade), route of transmission (HTX: OR = 1.96, 95% CI: 1.50-2.56; IDU: OR = 3.17, 95% CI: 1.92-5.37), positive HCV results (OR = 1.90, 95% CI: 1.23-2.95) and syphilis diagnosis (OR = 2.06, 95% CI: 2.29-3.31). Adjusting for these factors, the only independent factors associated with LP were age (OR = 1.52, 95% CI: 1.35-1.71) and route of transmission (HTX: OR = 1.73, 95% CI: 1.23-2.44; IDU: OR = 2.24, 95% CI: 1.25-4.10). Late presentation in Poland follows European trends. A total of 44.8% of all newly diagnosed patients in Poland continue to present late or at the AIDS stage. Independent factors associated with LP/AIDS were older age, IDU and HTX. Patients from these groups should be targeted to improve early diagnosis and medical care.

European context of the diversity and phylogenetic position of SARS-CoV-2 sequences from Polish COVID-19 patients

To provide a comprehensive analysis of the SARS-CoV-2 sequence diversity in Poland in the European context. All publicly available (n = 115; GISAID database) whole-genome SARS-Cov-2 sequences from Polish samples, including those obtained during coronavirus testing performed in our COVID-19 Lab, were examined. Multiple sequence alignment of Polish isolates, phylogenetic analysis (ML tree), and multidimensional scaling (based on the pairwise DNA distances) were complemented by the comparison of the coronavirus clades frequency and diversity in the subset of over 5000 European GISAID sequences. Approximately seventy-seven percent of isolates in the European dataset carried frequent and ubiquitously found haplotypes; the remaining haplotype diversity was population-specific and resulted from population-specific mutations, homoplasies, and recombinations. Coronavirus strains circulating in Poland represented the variability found in other European countries. The prevalence of clades circulating in Poland was shifted in favor of GR, both in terms of the diversity (number of distinct haplotypes) and the frequency (number of isolates) of the clade. Polish-specific haplotypes were rare and could be explained by changes affecting common European strains. The analysis of the whole viral genomes allowed detection of several tight clusters of isolates, presumably reflecting local outbreaks. New mutations, homoplasies, and, to a smaller extent, recombinations increase SARS-CoV-2 haplotype diversity, but the majority of these variants do not increase in frequency and remains rare and population-specific. The spectrum of SARS-CoV-2 haplotypes in the Polish dataset reflects many independent transfers from a variety of sources, followed by many local outbreaks. The prevalence of the sequences belonging to the GR clade among Polish isolates is consistent with the European trend of the GR clade frequency increase.

From Content- to Competence-Based Curricula – An Educational Account of Curriculum Policy in Kosovo

This qualitative study examines the changes introduced in curriculum policy in Kosovo in the latest curriculum reform of 2011. Framed by curriculum and didaktik education traditions theoretically, the findings reveal that introduction of key competences and associated learning outcomes in 2011 marked the most substantial departure from the previously content-based curriculum policy in place. It is concluded that European education trends provided the macro narrative and legitimation for the 2011 competence-based curriculum reform in Kosovo.

ПОЛИТИЧЕСКИЙ ТЕАТР НА СЦЕНАХ БЕЛГРАДСКОГО ТЕАТРАЛЬНОГО ИНТЕРНАЦИОНАЛЬНОГО ФЕСТИВАЛЯ

The article presents a cultural and political analysis of the activities of the Belgrade International Theater Festival (BITEF) - a significant theatrical, general cultural and social phenomenon in Serbia, the Balkans / South-Eastern Europe, and throughout Europe as a whole. Before the collapse of the SFRY (1991-1992), being the official showcase of self-government socialism, the festival was at the same time one of the most representative shows of new theatrical trends in Europe. It was attended by troupes from the countries of the East and West - Western and Eastern Europe, the USSR, the USA, Latin America, China, Japan. Not being by definition a festival of political theater, thanks to the moral and civic position of its founders and leaders M. Trailovich and Y. Chirilov, BITEF has become a space of aesthetic and social free-thinking in the SFRY and in neighbouring socialist countries. The organizers of BITEF found an opportunity to provide a platform for theatrical «dissidents» with their performances dedicated to rethinking modernity and the recent past in any genre. During the existence of the FRY (1992-2003), BITEF became an annual cultural manifestation in opposition to the regimes in power in Serbia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, with their ideology of chauvinism and isolation from the outside world. At this time, the compilers of the festival programs began to attach special importance to performances of a political and social orientation. Many theaters from Serbia, as well as from the former neighbours of the Yugoslavian federation, and now the newly independent states, in their productions offered not so much a political, as a moral and ideological alternative to ethnic nationalism, militarism and political intolerance. Since 2006, in the independent Republic of Serbia, BITEF has strived not only to revive the traditions of Serbian theater, but also to preserve the best traditions of the theatrical art of the peoples of the former Yugoslavia, placing them in the context of the common European and global development of theater and culture, ideology and philosophy, literature, aesthetics, ethics. In principle opposing nationalism and militarism from the standpoint of humanism, BITEF plays an outstanding role in shaping public attitudes in Serbia, in weakening and overcoming conflicts, in normalizing relations between the peoples of the disintegrated Yugoslavia, in creating an atmosphere of freedom and tolerance.

Prekogranični naslednopravni slučajevi i pokušaji harmonizacije srpskog zakonodavstva sa evropskim zakonodavstvom u oblasti naslednog prava

The study deals with the importance of harmonization processes related to the succession rules in the European Union. During the examination of the harmonization processes, a particular attention has been paid to migration, which nowadays has a deep impact on inheritance cases. In this regard the study demonstrates how the judicial cooperation is being realized in the European Union when it comes to succession-related issues. Among these, the study examines the current norms of the Serbian Act on private international law, which, from some aspects, has an obsolete system considering the conflict of laws rules in matters of succession with an international element. Namely, these rules are not harmonized with those of the European Succession Regulation, which means that the Serbian IPL system does not currently follow the European trends in legislation. Furthermore, it does not take into consideration certain current phenomena, especially the international migration and globalization. At the same time, Serbia is working hard to achieve a certain level of legal harmonization with the EU legislation. One proof of the harmonization attempts is the draft of the new PIL act of Serbia. The new concept of the conflict of laws rules and the new systemic approach of connecting factors is nearly completely identical with that of European legislative trends, especially regarding the scope of succession. If the draft act comes into force, it will mean, beyond any doubt, a giant leap for the country towards the European Union.

Innovation development and entrepreneurship management in tourism of Azerbaijan: current trends and priorities

The article examines modern trends and priority areas of innovation development of entrepreneurship in tourism of Azerbaijan, considering national peculiarities and European trends in the tourism market. The author focused on the importance of tourism, its accessibility, and socially responsible entrepreneurship in tourism services in the sustainable development of society and the achievement of its goals. The economic effect from the tourism sector development was substantiated. Special emphasis was placed on the role and key aspects of tourism digitalization and management innovations in tourism services. At the same time, the systematization of scientific research and developments on these issues indicated the absence of a unified approach to assessing the impact of the innovation development of entrepreneurship in the tourism sector on the country's macro indicators. The main aim of the article is to study, on the one hand, the impact of increasing the tourism development level on economic growth, and on the other, innovation activity on the competitiveness of the tourism sector (based on the experience of the EU countries and Azerbaijan). The information base contains statistical and analytical data of the World Bank, World Intellectual Property Organization, World Tourism Organization, World Economic Forum. The work analyzed the main trends of the tourism services market to achieve the set goals. A SWOT analysis was carried out to determine the market's strengths and weaknesses, opportunities, and threats. The key directions in the management of innovation development of entrepreneurship in tourism were characterized based on the assertion of the need to promote successful innovations in tourism and the entrepreneurial ecosystem through the stakeholders' interaction. Special attention was paid to the growing role of the state in increasing the innovation activity of tourism entrepreneurship, especially in the face of the negative consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic. The Arellano-Bond dynamic regression model for assessing panel data was built to empirically confirm and formalize the positive impact of the tourism development increase (based on the indicators of the share of the revenue from tourism services in total exports, the number of tourists arriving, and the number of tourist departures) on the economic growth of EU countries and Azerbaijan (expressed in GDP per capita growth). Its quality was checked using the Sargan test employing the STATA 14.2 software package. The interrelation of the studied indicators was preliminarily characterized according to the correlation analysis (Shapiro-Wilk test, calculation of Pearson / Spearman correlation coefficients with time lags). A comparative correlation and regression analysis regarding the influence of the EU countries and Azerbaijan readiness for information and communication technologies and the innovation development in general on the tourism sector competitiveness of the countries was carried out. Attention is focused on the fact that one should not dwell only on innovations in ICT in tourism and its digitalization. It is necessary to develop financial, insurance, marketing, managerial, administrative, medical, socio-cultural, environmental, and other innovations in tourism, which today are closely connected and complementary to each other.

Between anarchism and communism: Independent socialists and the attempt for a fourth power in the Bohemian left in 1923–1925

The presented study first summaries the development of Czech anarchism (independent socialism), or its nationally orientated part before World War I and its becoming mainstream in Czech politics between 1914 and 1918 culminating in a merger with national social party. It further describes the marginalisation of this stream in Bohemian politics in 1918–1923 given the calming of the post‑war situation and the radicalisation of this group, which culminated in its exclusion from the ranks of the socialist party. The main theme of the text is an analysis of the attempt by this group to build its own party entity in 1923–1925. In looking for the cause of the failure of this attempt, I argue that the Czechoslovak political landscape was stabilised, which made it difficult for new parties to form, even though they could rely on several nationally known personalities and several thousand activists. As a result of the radical left‑wing orientation of the independent socialists, they did not aim for social democracy after realizing their failure, but for the ranks of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia (KSČ), which was close to it mainly because of the Czech anarchists’ admiration for the Bolshevik revolution. In conclusion, I argue that the people representing this stream did not have much success in the Communist Party, because they differed from the members of this party in their rather middle‑class habitus and, as former members of the Socialist Party, they had biographies that were suspicious for the KSČ and they did not gain much respect as it was a group that had been unsuccessful in previous years and was quite small compared to the membership base of the KSČ. The failure of the Czech independent socialists does not deviate from European trends, where the political groups between the Social Democrats and the Communists did not gain a foothold even in other countries in the 1920s and 1930s, because the dilemma of going with Moscow or remaining on the platform of parliamentary democracy did not allow for compromise.

Proportional Representation and Right-Wing Populism: Evidence from Electoral System Change in Europe

How much do electoral institutions matter for the rise of populist parties? Evidence on this question is mixed with some scholars arguing that the role of electoral rules is small. We provide new evidence for the impact of electoral system change. The United Kingdom's adoption of a proportional electoral system for European elections in 1999 provides a unique opportunity to study the link between electoral rules and the ascendancy of right-wing populist parties. Employing both synthetic control and difference-in-difference methods, we estimate that the electoral reform increased the vote share of right-wing populists by about 12 to 13.5 percentage points on average. During a time when populism was rising across Europe, the reform abruptly shifted populist votes in the UK above the European trend and above more plausible comparison cases. Our results also imply that caution is needed when empirical results based on partial reforms are extrapolated to electoral system change.

ІНДИКАТОРИ СТАЛОЇ МІСЬКОЇ МОБІЛЬНОСТІ

The article deals with the sustainable urban mobility indicators framework. Currently, over half of the world’s population resides in cities. This urbanization trend is expected to continue and more than 80 per cent of humanity is expected to live cities by 2050. The urbanization process is accompanied by economic growth, but also drives the consumption of materials and energy, the production of waste, and the emission of greenhouse gases and impacts city mobility quality. Sustainable development is the main paradigm of modern city development which presupposes a balance between the needs of the present and development opportunities for future generations. Strategic transport planning in modern European cities takes the form of developing and implementing Sustainable Urban Mobility Plans. Ukrainian cities do not stand aside from European trends and are gradually developing and implementing urban mobility plans. An integral part of transport planning is the development of indicators of sustainable urban mobility. Sustainable mobility indicators provide information on current trends in the development of the society, city system viability, and the functioning of its elements. The development of effective, easily calculated, and interpreted indicators will reduce public costs and increase the efficiency of strategic transportation planning. The development of indicators of sustainable urban mobility involves careful analysis and systematization of data and finally results in indicators frameworks development. Sustainable mobility indicators frameworks based on important relationships between infrastructure needs and the environment, infrastructure and transportation impacts on the economy, environment, and social well-being. These frameworks can be used to help agencies refine their visions as well as develop policies, planning procedures, and measurement and monitoring systems for achieving sustainable city mobility. The development of such frameworks for Ukrainian cities requires the study of international experience and taking into account the national characteristics of the country.

Political Aspects of Public Administration in the Public Sector of Ukraine

The article reveals the basic theoretical principles of public administration. The stages of formation and development of public administration are studied. It was found that public administration, as a system of public administration in Ukraine, needs to be reformed in a market economy and democratization of society. The main problems of formation and development of the system of public administration in terms of compliance with the European political trend of integration of public and personal factors, expanding the sphere of state influence while maximizing rights and freedoms, absolutization of the administrative factor of social transformations are considered. It is established that public administration: provides implements the decisions of the authorities; applies democratic, public, liberal forms and methods of managing the social, social and economic development of the country. The main factors that influenced the emergence in many countries of the world of such a new form of government in the public sector as public administration. Based on the understanding of the peculiarities of the evolution of the management model in the public sector, the need to introduce the concept of "public administration" into scientific circulation is substantiated. Recommendations for decentralization of management in the context of domestic reforms to increase the efficiency of the system of public authorities on an innovative basis are offered. In this context, it is extremely important to implement initiatives on constitutional changes in the decentralization of power, the priorities of the Public Administration Reform Strategy of Ukraine for 2016-2020; development of a new version of the Law of Ukraine "On Civil Service", which regulates the basic principles, legal and organizational principles of public service.

СТИЛИСТИЧЕСКИЕ ОСОБЕННОСТИ ЕВРОПЕЙСКОЙ АРХИТЕКТУРЫ БАНКОВСКИХ УЧРЕЖДЕНИЙ Г. ГУАНЧЖОУ КОНЦА XIX – НАЧАЛА XX В. НА ПРИМЕРЕ О. ШАМЯНЬ

The article is devoted to the architecture of European banking institutions in Guangzhou, built on the territory of Shamyan island in the late 19th – early 20th century. A brief historical excursion into the history of the formation of the British and French concessions is given. This publication examines the stylistic and compositional features of the architecture of such banking institutions as: Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking Corporation; The Chartered Bank of India, Australia and China; International banking corporation (City Bank); Bank of Taiwan; Commercial Corporation of Mitsubishi; Yokogama Specie Bank; The E.D.Sassoon & Co.Ltd. и D. Sassoon Sons Co. Ltd; Bank of Indochina; China & France Industry Bank. A composite and stylistic analysis was conducted, an iconographic description of the buildings of the main banks located within the boundaries of the former European concessions on Shamyan Island is given The study reveals the general principles of the development of the architecture of banking institutions in Guangzhou. The materials and results of the research carried out by the authors of this article allowed us to formulate the following conclusions: 1. The territorial isolation of the Shamyan island from the Chinese part of Guangzhou, as well as the operation within the concessions of British and French laws, contributed to the fact that the development of the architectural ensemble of the island as a whole was carried out in line with the advanced West European architectural and urban trends. 2. Most of the banking buildings here are built in the eclectic style with the predominance of neoclassicism features, of course, this fact is connected with the desire of the owners of bank corporations to demonstrate to the clients and competitors the financial strength of their organizations. 3. In the architecture of the considered banking institutions there is an active use of tectonics and elements of the order system, colonnades, arcades, the allocation of the first floor in the form of a rustic plinth. The motifs of Renaissance architecture, Baroque and Art Nouveau are also traced. 4. The formation of the appearance of banking buildings in Shamyan was strongly influenced by local conditions. The hot and humid subtropical climate of the south of China contributed to the spread in the architecture of the structures of this type of order colonnades, forming deep open verandas, as well as the use of X-shaped creaks-elements to ensure the natural ventilation of buildings, which, in addition, became an expressive element of the facade decoration

Institutional and socio-economic factors of the educational trend in Ukraine in the context of European integration

Purpose. To assess institutional factors and the results of education reform in Ukraine, considering economic and social development of the country; to specify the main institutional European integration tendencies of Ukraine in the field of education taking into account the factor of human capital. Methodology. The methodological basis of the work proposed involves such universal methods of scientific knowledge as analysis; synthesis; inductive method; deductive method; causal modeling; combined application of complementary approaches and methods based on the principles of general scientific methodology, in particular, competency-based, person-centered, culturological ones. Findings. It is found that the conditions for reforming Ukrainian education taking into account the global educational and European integration trends provide for institutional processes in the socio-economic sphere and radical changes in the content, forms of organization and methods of teaching and education. Namely, this refers to designing the educational process as an institution of successful personal and professional socialization based on EU requirements, which will lead to the growth of national capital through accelerated human accumulation and bring Ukraine closer to complete European integration. Originality. The study identifies key trends in Ukrainian, European and world educational spheres, as well as the reasons that negatively affect the development of education in Ukraine and do not allow it to significantly influence the competitive potential of countries and deliver on European integration opportunities. In contrast to previously suggested investigations, this approach focuses on the institutional and socio-economic factors of the educational trend. Practical value. The results of the research can be used by experts in the formation of institutional requirements for designing the trend of the education system in Ukraine, taking into account the requirements of European integration.