European Trends Research Articles

Seventh Freelance Business Survey: The freelance landscape 2018–2023

The freelance medical writing landscape has evolved in recent years, with more market demand for competent medical writers who can work on a project basis. In January 2023, the European Medical Writers Association’s (EMWA) Freelance Business Group launched the 7th EMWA Freelance Business Survey (FBS), with the aim of analysing current trends in freelancing. Our analysis includes previously unpublished data from the 6th EMWA FBS to report changing behaviours in freelancing from 2018 to 2023. The 2023 FBS had a total of 223 respondents, more than in 2018 (n=142), most of whom were generally younger and less experienced (<5 years). Hourly rates charged were on average higher than those reported by respondents in 2018. Median hourly rates across all services provided was €82.2 and increased with years of experience. Networking and business advertising saw a decline in 2023, and word of mouth was considered the greatest influencer in gaining new business. Professional development efforts have taken a shift to personal research and online courses. Data presented here highlights the most current predominantly European trends in freelance medical writing.

МІФОЛОГІЗАЦІЯ ПАМ'ЯТІ: ЧИ МАЮТЬ ПРАВА ПОМЕРЛІ? РЕЛІГІЄЗНАВЧИЙ НАРИС

In the article, the author raises the question of the relationship between the religious factor and the culture of collective remembrance. The very issue of how societies and communities remember affects the present. The source base for the work was the works of famous foreign researchers, such as Alayda Assman, Marianne Hirsch, Winfried Georg Sebald. However, the author also consolidates their research on the problems of burials and attitudes towards the dead from a religious perspective. Myth is one of the combined categories with which the shared memory problem is combined. In addition, the correlation of these problems with the formation of national memory and society's work with its traumatic past is deduced. The author consistently reveals the approach to memorizing the dead through the prism of the history of religion, singling out the religious root of the memory issue. An analysis of current European projects regarding this issue is carried out. The article tries to answer how religious researchers can work with the problem of a shared past. Mythologization is considered an approach to cataloguing the collective remembrance of the past. The question arises of the importance of a complex collective memory rather than a simplified one engaged in political projects. The development of such a problem can create an organic project for Ukrainian society and fit it into the general European trend. In order to avoid possible problems and a formal approach, the author proposes a complex combined project where the place of religious studies plays a vital role along with history, philosophy, political science, art and cultural studies.

Charitable Activities of the Spanish Mining Holding HUNOSA for the Preservation of Industrial Heritage in the Context of Decarbonization

Charitable activities of mining companies undertaken out of commitment to corporate social responsibility (CSR) are aimed at creating a favourable environment in the regions of operational presence. Mining companies mainly support the areas which are directly related to their core business or influence the life of local communities. The caste-based nature of mining as a profession has evolved over the centuries, as it combines hard physical labour and adverse working conditions. The mining labour union was the main social and political pillar of Asturias throughout the 20th century, while working class history largely accounted for the history of the region. The industry crisis of 1966 led the miners to submit a request to the government for nationalisation of their companies, as they sustained irreparable economic losses. As a response to their request, National Institute of Industry (INI) integrated into the coal sector, and in 1967 the mining company HUNOSA (Hulleras del Norte S. A.) was founded. After the democractic transition the mining labour movement maintained its social, political and cultural hegemony; however, industrial decline and decarbonisation undermined these foundations, no matter how deep-rooted they were. By the end of the 20th century the Asturian coal industry was faced with another phase of crisis. While the first blow came in the 1970s with the end of protectionist energy policies, the second one had to do with the inability to adapt to the conditions of the world market. In the 1990s Asturias faced a rapid population loss as well as rising unemployment. At the same time, general Western European trend of phasing out coal-fired power in line with the Paris Agreement of 2015 brought about a grave crisis of the coal industry. HUNOSA, the only monopolist on the Spanish coal market, is responsible for implementing a fair “coal transition”. The mining tradition that was passed down through generations and seemed immutable has come to an end. One of the responses of former miners to the dissolution of the industry is to become actively involved in the protection and promotion of the mining heritage. It manifests both a nostalgic yearning for the past and a willingness to preserve and pass on the memory of it to future generations.

From Individual to Community: Geometry as a Mediating Tool in Jan Verhoeven’s School Architecture

Drawing from Aldo van Eyck’s theories of ‘twin phenomena’, the Dutch architect Jan Verhoeven (1926-1944) found in the manipulation of geometrical patterns a powerful design tool for reflecting on the duality of individual and community. Despite the key contribution of Verhoeven's work to the emergence of Dutch structuralism, and although it was acclaimed by critics and the wider public at the time, that work has not received the academic attention that it deserves, overshadowed as it is by other figures of his generation, such as Herman Hertzberger, Piet Blom, and Joop van Stigt. Expressed in all his projects is a keen interested in the symbolic and existential meaning of geometry, a meaning unabashedly loaded with classical connotations from the point of view of the design process yet manifesting in a daring vernacular appearance in its built form. This is especially true of the eight nursery and primary schools that Verhoeven designed from 1973 to 1984. This paper focuses on analyzing Verhoeven’s first two such projects, the schools in Rozendaal and Cuijk. In both projects, he tried to bring architecture close to its users through formal, constructional, and perceptional resources  - directly derived from the application of geometry - while accepting a general European trend towards the wearing away of the modern movement in favor of a transition to other aesthetic and ideological horizons.

COVID-19 as a game-changer? The impact of the pandemic on urban trajectories

Will the COVID-19 pandemic interrupt the recent European urbanization trends – and if so – what is the magnitude of this sudden shock, and how deaths, births, and net migration contribute to this disruption? Until now, most discussions on the topic have circled either around the anecdotal evidence of city center decline, or contrarian speculations about residential inertia and the forthcoming business-as-usual. Bringing clarity to the uncertainty and confusion surrounding COVID-19, this paper seeks to detect overarching patterns in and the magnitude of its sudden shock to long-term urban trajectories, understood as a reversal of the pre-pandemic population development trend, across European cities in the early 2020s. It reveals that during the first year of COVID-19, population growth in European cities significantly slowed down to −0.3 % per annum, with 28 % of all European cities having experienced a U-turn from population growth to loss. Out-migration was the main driver of such rapid urban shrinkage, while excess mortality associated with COVID-19 has also contributed to population loss in several European city-regions; some, especially, smaller cities suffered from a significant drop in birth rates. Based on the factorial, hierarchical, and temporal dimensions of the COVID-19 crisis, the paper provides a plausible forecast about the future of Europe's post-coronavirus city.

STUDENTS’ DESIGN ACTIVITY AS A MEANS OF FORMING ECOLOGICAL AND AESTHETIC COMPETENCES

The article clarified the need for the formation of pupils’ and student youth’s technological artistic and project competence based on the modern vision of reforming national education in the context of the world and European civilization trends in the development of society (increasing the intellectual potential of nations, all-round development of the individual as the highest value of society and avoiding environmental hazards and disasters caused by military actions).
 The study aimed to choose the multifaceted nature of the formation of future technology teachers’ ecological and aesthetic competencies by studying and systematizing aspects of national experience, summarizing the theoretical ideas and practices of leading design specialists, opportunities for design education, and design activities of future specialists.
 The support of the scientific position regarding the fact that the means and methods of design activity can be used to protect nature from the standpoint of cultural values, to fight for the environmental cleanliness of construction and processing materials, to improve the condition of the subject environment of many spheres of people’s lives, led to the selection of design education tools for the educational discipline «Fundamentals of Landscape Design», proposed for future teachers of the educational field «Technology» to study. These means include awareness of the socially significant functions of design, knowledge of socially essential tasks of design activity, the structure of future technology teachers' ecological and aesthetic competencies based on design education, and ways to increase student youth’s ecological and aesthetic competencies in design activities together with the teacher.
 From the perspective of the research, the need to use the national characteristics of Ukrainian people’s culture in the educational process of secondary education, their ideas about the aesthetics of nature and man, and the ability to aesthetically improve the living environment by means of design are determined.

Economy of knowledge and transfer of innovations: Ukraine’s progress through the lens of European development trends

In advanced economies, the acceleration of scientific and technological progress, the introduction of innovations are connected with the opportunities for developing the knowledge economy, commercialization of technologies and innovation transfer networks. The current stage of scientific and technical progress takes place in conditions of dynamic global competition and at the same time requires cooperation and collaboration. This paper aims to determine the dependence of economic development on indicators characterizing the potential of a country’s knowledge economy and transfer of innovations. The study focuses on finding ways to assess the impact of the potential of the country’s scientific and educational activities on innovative development using the characteristics of the “business-education-science” system in the field of innovation transfer. The methodological research tools are the abstract-logical method and correlation-regression analysis, which allowed establishing relevant links between the indicators of the development of education, science and the economy in the context of the knowledge economy and the transfer of innovations for Ukraine and European countries in the period 2016–2021. It was found that in many countries of the “new” Europe (Bulgaria, Greece, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Cyprus, Malta, Portugal), as well as in Ukraine, the trend of independence of GDP growth from indicators of the development of science and education is maintained. At the same time, the countries of “old” Europe maintain their innovative progress at a high level, investing in science-intensive activities, infrastructure and the R&D sector. The results can be used to improve the efficiency of innovation transfer in Ukraine, for which the paper provides relevant recommendations.

THE PROFESSIONAL ACHIEVEMENT OF STUDENTS AS A MEASURE OF THE QUALITY OF EDUCATION IN THE UNIVERSITY OF SHUMEN

The autonomy possessed by the higher schools in Bulgaria for conducting the educational process and research activity explains their responsibility in implementing policies and activities to ensure the quality of educational services. In the context of European and national trends, Shumen University „Konstantin Preslavski“ successfully fulfills its mission of ensuring the quality of education. The university has built a very good system for maintaining and ensuring quality, presented by the documents developed at the institutional level (strategy, handbook, policy, regulations, etc.), a system for monitoring, evaluating, maintaining and managing the quality of training and academic composition and activities for the realization of the goals and tasks of the annually developed projects by the quality commission. The emphasis in the university project „Pedagogical practices and continuing education – current problems and challenges“ developed in 2022 is placed on the practical training of students, the success of their implementation. Its priority goal is to track the realization of graduated students in order to evaluate the effectiveness of training in the specialties of the professional fields. In the context of the tasks set by the project, this article presents the results of two types of research – surveys among regional administrations in the country regarding the realization of Shumen graduates with a pedagogical profile (information on 7,018 graduates was processed); survey conducted in 2022 among 794 Shumen graduates (students from two graduations, respectively: graduates of 2021 – one year after graduation; graduates of 2018 – three years after graduation). Based on the analysis of the survey results, conclusions were drawn regarding the effectiveness of the activities to improve the quality of education.

Regional Focus of Ukrainian Book Design Formation

The purposeof the article is to study specific regional features in Ukrainian book design and determine the degree of their mutual influence. The research methodology is based on art analysis in the context of historical-chronological, iconographic, inductive, deductive, and comparative methods. The scientific novelty is represented by theses on the differences of conventionally defined Kyiv, Lviv, Kharkiv and Odesa graphic schools, which had an impact on the development of local book design, and, consequently, on the formation of the artistic image of the modern Ukrainian book. The conclusions are conditioned by significant phenomena and trends in regional graphic art, which caused the corresponding processes in the formation of the image of the book publishing industries of Kyiv region, Lviv region, Kharkiv region, and Odesa region. In particular, the Kyiv school of graphic design in the all-Ukrainian cultural and artistic context is distinguished by a bold desire to master the latest technologies, active consumption of the experience of specialists from other collaborations, high genre elasticity, and a tendency to multivariate interpretations of traditional forms, which was accordingly reflected in local book design. On the other hand, the Lviv art book, which is a bright and heterogeneous phenomenon from the point of view of design due to the irregularity of its own development, today is an original product, formed after a long search for an individual image against the background of gravitation to European trends, which was manifested by the diversity of creative methods and author's approaches in its design. The artistic design of the Kharkiv book looks relatively more restrained and constructive, due to the dominance of the infographic approach in the design of multi-genre publications and the production of the classical tradition of Ukrainian bookmaking. In addition, the printing of books from this region deserves high praise. The Odesa graphic school, which from the middle of the 20th century had a solid foundation of realism with a flavour of social art, is characterised by the interpenetration of various regional features of book design due to the active migration of book artists between publishing houses and the multinationality of the creative center. Key words: book design, book graphics, Kyiv graphic school, Lviv graphic school, Kharkiv graphic school, Odesa graphic school, book art, regional features.

Landscape of short-acting beta-agonists (SABA) overuse in Europe.

This review article provides an overview of short-acting beta-agonist (SABA) use and prescribing trends in Europe, summarizing updated data on the results from the industry-funded SABINA program (SABA use IN asthma) and other studies on this matter. SABA use continues to increase worldwide. Overuse has been defined as ≥3 canisters/year. Almost a third of European patients with asthma, at all severity levels, overuse SABA. Guidelines recommend close monitoring of patients who overuse SABA and avoiding over-reliance on SABA monotherapy. SABA overuse is associated with increased risk of asthma exacerbations and mortality, increased use of health services and negative physical and mental health outcomes. Reliance on SABA monotherapy can be unsafe and therefore it is necessary to change asthma treatment approaches and policies. Changes in physician and patient behaviours towards SABA use are required to ensure that patients with asthma are not over-reliant on SABA monotherapy. Notwithstanding, the limitations of the studies on the use of SABA should be considered, taking into account that the prescription/purchase of medication canisters does not always represent the actual use of the medication and that associations between SABA overuse and poor asthma outcomes may not be directly causal. National health systems and asthma guidelines must align asthma management with global recommendations and adjust them to local needs.

Abstract #1322195: Perceptions and Practices of Management of Graves’ Orbitopathy: A Survey of Endocrinologists from the Middle East and Africa

Management of Graves’ orbitopathy (GO) continues to challenge clinical endocrinologists. Recent surveys on GO management have elucidated trends in Europe, Latin America, and China. This study sought to determine management patterns among adult endocrinologists who treat GO patients in the Middle East and Africa.

Burden of disease among older adults in Europe-trends in mortality and disability, 1990-2019.

It is important to understand the effects of population ageing on disease burden and explore conditions that drive poor health in later life to prevent or manage these. We examined the development of disease burden and its components for major disease groups among older adults in Europe over the last 30 years. Using data from the Global Burden of Disease 2019 Study, we analyzed burden of disease trends between 1990 and 2019 measured by years of life lost (YLL), years lived with disability (YLD) and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) among older adults (65+ years) in Western, Central and Eastern Europe using cause groups for diseases and injuries. Between 1990 and 2019, the crude numbers of DALYs for all causes increased substantially among older Western Europeans. In Eastern Europe, the absolute DALYs also increased from 1990 to 2005 but then decreased between 2006 and 2013. However, DALY rates declined for all European regions over time, with large differences in the magnitude by region and gender. Changes in the YLL rate were mainly driven by the contribution of cardiovascular diseases. This study found an increased overall absolute disease burden among older Europeans between 1990 and 2019. The demographic change that has taken place in Eastern European countries implies a potential problem of directed resource allocation to the health care sector. Furthermore, the findings highlight the potential health gains through directing resources to health promotion and treatment to reduce YLDs and to prevent YLLs, primarily from cardiovascular diseases.

The Dionysian clown in movies: the Homicidal Joker in the Dark Knight (2008), Batman the Killing Joke (2016) and Joker (2019)

The Clown, as a comic archetype, has been demonically possessed by killer clown culture. The latter had produced, all whilst subverting the erotic Greek clowning of satyr plays, several trends, ranging from Commedia dell’Arte in medieval Italy, to British pantomime tradition of leery clown characters like Joseph Grimaldi, and Deburau’s French theatrical performances which led to the development of the lofty and violent pantomime shows of the Hanlon-Lees. These shows inspired European and American literary trends to adopt killer clown personas; most notable of which, perhaps, is the controversial killer clown character ‘The Joker’. This American pop culture ‘anti-hero’ was depicted, controversially, in the movie The Dark Knight, the movie Batman the Killing Joke (2016) and the movie Joker (2019). In modern literary trends, the culture of killer clowns in literature exists for various reasons. Though the lens of philosophical and mythical studies, this article considers the Joker’s killer clown as a descendant of the continuous development of the interpretation of the art of clowning in relation to the Dionysian cult. It views modern clowns as characters that mirror the Greek god Dionysus.

Measuring territorial cohesion trends in Europe: a correlation with EU Cohesion Policy

ABSTRACT Territorial cohesion is a formal EU policy goal since 2010, when it was placed in the Lisbon Treaty, alongside the long-term EU goals of economic and social cohesion. Understandably, by itself, a policy goal is irrelevant if it cannot be assessed. In this light, this article discusses potential methodological approaches to measure territorial cohesion trends in a given territory, their advantages and limitations, based on existing literature. It uses European NUTS 2 and the Portuguese and Polish NUTS 3 as concrete case studies to assess territorial cohesion trends from 2005 to 2020 via a Territorial Cohesion Index. As such, it presents an updated and unique picture on the territorial cohesion trends in Europe and in two specific EU member states, based on available data. It concludes that measuring territorial cohesion trends is challenging mainly due to lack of available data in certain key dimensions of territorial cohesion, but it is possible and needed.

European Union Green Energy: Risks and Opportunities for Ukraine

The article analyzes the state and motives for the development of green energy in the European Union. The level and pace of improvement in the field of renewable energy in Ukraine has been found out. The critical consequences of Russian aggression for the Ukrainian energy sector have been described. Prospects and risks for Ukraine, shaped by European trends and problems in the field of energy, have been identified. The role of Ukraine’s involvement in the European Green Deal, Horizon 2020, EU4Energy and INOGATE programs has been considered. The negative impact of Europe’s energy dependence on the Russian Federation has been emphasized, and the way to overcome such a challenge has been outlined. The main components of the REPowerEU plan and the 2022 EU Strategy for an EU external energy engagement, where it is stated that the EU’s short-term goal is to neutralize Putin’s influence, which he uses due to the presence of significant energy resources, have been highlighted. The predicted changes in the energy landscape caused by the transition of the EU and Ukraine to renewable energy sources have been analyzed. A conclusion about the ambiguity of the impact of green energy processes and EU “green” policy for Ukraine, which needs to be regulated together with the European Union, has been made.

Medieval Shields of Europe and Rus’ (Construction, Military Symbolic Significance, Development)

The article considers the problem of the development of shields, the main element of medieval protective equipment, and an important military and heraldic symbol in Ukrainian medieval state of Rus’ and in Europe in general. The state of the research and the source base are outlined. The main trends in the development of the design and symbolic significance of shields in Europe during the Middle Ages are outlined. At the same time, emphasis was placed on sources concerning Rus’ lands and adjacent territories. The author draws attention to the need to compare archaeological, written and iconographic sources in one study. The study focuses on the most representative sources, especially those that can be to apply on material from the Rus’ lands. It is emphasized that the shield as a basic element of protective equipment during the Middle Ages, іn Rus’ lands largely developed in line with European trends. Which in turn makes it impossible to isolate local features about to beginning of the ХІІІ century. At the turn of the XII–XIII centuries in some regions of Eastern Europe, namely the Rus’-Baltic-Polish border, a relatively new type of shield is being formed, the so-called “protopaveza”. This in turn had a direct impact on the armaments of Rus’ and the Teutonic Order in the ХІІІ–ХІV centuries. The author analyzes the main interactions and borrowings of types of shields between different regions of Eastern Europe during the Middle Ages. It is noted that in the Ukrainian medieval state of Rus’, which was at the intersection of Eastern and Western military traditions, shields of both European types and the eastern “kalkan” could be used. However, given the available sources, it is safe to say that the European trend of development of this protective equipment had an advantage. The author came to the conclusion that the shields used in Rus’ and Europe in the X–XII centuries generally belonged to the same types. In particular, it is round, almond-shaped and triangular shields. The issue of shields of the XIII–XV centuries remains more complicated. During this period can be observed as the influence of Western Europe on Rus’, for example, the spread of the knight's “tarch”. And trends that began in Eastern Europe, namely the spread of pavises in the XIV–XV centuries.

Managerial control systems and innovation partnership success: an empirical analysis in Italian firms

PurposeThis study analyses the link between product/service innovation, partnerships and Managerial Control System (MCS). Particularly, it aims to analyse empirically the role of MCS in supporting the innovation partnership successful functioning and management.Design/methodology/approachThe sample of this study consists of 106 Italian manufacturing firms belonging to the sectors of the Italian economy with the largest number of registered patents according to the European trend chart on innovation.FindingsThe results show that MCS may play a key role in reducing risks and lowering the likelihood of failure of innovation partnerships. Particularly, the authors found a positive correlation between the use of informal control mechanisms and a partnership’s successful performance. Moreover, among informal control, the findings show that trust is the only true informal mechanism that can guarantee a successful collaboration. The results of this study may offer relevant implications for practitioners. With regard to the control of the partnership’s activities, the initiatives and creativity of those who are actively involved in the innovation process should not be inhibited; therefore, stifling them with strict rules and procedures would be ineffective but if a firm is not willing to give up formal control mechanisms altogether because it does not believe that a trust-based coordination is sufficiently reassuring, it should opt for “weak”, albeit formal, control mechanisms based on a shared production and management of plans and reports, thus ensuring a perfect information symmetry among different partners.Originality/valueNotwithstanding the different opportunities provided by partnerships and strategic alliances to support there is a growing body of evidence of a high failure rate in such organisational forms. One of the causes cited in the literature is the high level of risk associated with alliances as compared to internal development of innovation. The risks mainly arise from the difficulties to obtain cooperation with partners that might have different objectives, and from the potential opportunistic behaviour of some of the partners. This is particularly true in innovation networks where the uncertainty of producing an interesting result is very high and the investments that the partners make are considerable. In this context, MCS could play a relevant role in reducing the risks and decreasing the likelihood of failure.

Disentangling Aerosol and Cloud Effects on Dimming and Brightening in Observations and CMIP6

AbstractPeriods of dimming and brightening have been recorded in observational datasets of surface solar radiation (SSR) between the mid‐20th century and present day. Atmospheric components affect SSR, including aerosols and clouds, though studies disagree somewhat about the relative effect of each component in different regions. Current Earth system models (ESMs) are unable to simulate observed trends in SSR. This study includes an investigation into observed SSR variations between 1961 and 2014 and an evaluation of the effects of cloud cover variations and impacts of aerosol extinction, using timeseries of SSR and cloud cover from in‐situ measurements. Historical simulations by 42 ESMs participating in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 6 (CMIP6) have also been studied and compared to observations. The observational study indicates that cloud cover has had a dampening effect on the variations of SSR and that emissions of aerosol and aerosol precursors are the main cause of the general trends in observed SSR in four regions—China, Japan, Europe, and the United States—during 1961–2014. The study of simulated SSR in CMIP6 yields the conclusion that current ESMs remain unable to simulate the magnitude of observed dimming and brightening in China, Japan, and the United States, but that the European SSR trends between 1961 and 2014 are fairly well reproduced in the ESMs. A rough quantification of the regional surface radiation extinction efficiency of aerosol and precursor emissions in the simulations is found to agree with observed values in Europe, but not in the other three regions.

Organ Procurement, Donation, and Transplant Awareness in an Urban Eastern European Region: A General Population Survey.

BACKGROUND Despite significant improvements in Romania's transplantation system, actual donor numbers have paradoxically fallen, contrary to the European trend. With a donation rate of 3.44 donors per million inhabitants, Romania ranks near the bottom of European countries. This study aimed to identify several predictors of a positive attitude toward organ donation in the Romanian population that could aid in reshaping public policies to improve donation and transplantation rates. MATERIAL AND METHODS The study included a representative Iasi population. Data were collected by means of a questionnaire focused on revealing attitudes toward organ donation, importance of consent, willingness to donate a family member's organs, and role of medical staff in the donation decision. A perception score was calculated as a methodological approach to validate attitudes toward organ donation. RESULTS Of all respondents, 55% agreed to donate their organs if declared brain-dead, while 20% opposed this idea; 72.7% considered consent necessary; 70% believed that consent must belong to the family when it comes to brain-dead organ donors; and 44.5% supported the idea of financial compensation. Higher monthly income was correlated with a positive attitude toward organ donation. CONCLUSIONS Even though the study population had a positive attitude toward organ donation, the willingness to donate was lower than in other European countries and did not translate into actual donations. The necessity of informed consent, lack of knowledge on the topic, bureaucratic aspects, and openness to financial compensation could explain the current situation of the Romanian transplantation system.

Perceived climate change risks among other risks affecting private forest owners in a top-down decision-making process

Abstract Forest management adaptation to climate change is a matter of forest type, disturbances regime, and forest owners’ behavior face the climate change issue. Knowing factors that determine people respond to climate change challenges is essential to explaining their perceptions of climate change adaptation. We have conducted astudy in North-Eastern Romania applying the Model of Private Proactive Adaptation to Climate Change. The aim was to identify private forest owners’ perceptions about climate change and forest management threats and constraints and to analyse what variables differentiate private forest owners’ adaptation behavior. The PFOs with higher education were aware of the forest regime regarding private management. They knew how to assess climate change risk, while those with secondary education were the only interest was obtaining wood. The PFOs’ risk experience played an important role in adaptation. The perceptions and beliefs of PFOs were strongly influenced by socio-economic status, and they believe in climate change effects on forests but not on theirs. Adaption has become less urgent because forest management problems blur climate change beliefs. Assuming that the Romanian PFOs’ perceptions and beliefs about climate change will follow the European trend, they will want to improve their knowledge about climate change impacts and adaptive measures. Therefore, aggregating the interested PFOs, creating suitable communication channels, and organizing trainings on forest management adaptation to climate change will be needed to prevent this need.