Ethyl Acetate Root Research Articles

In vitro and Insilico cytotoxicity activity of Aconitum Heterophyllum Phyto niosomes and its ethyl acetate root extract

Niosomes as a novel drug delivery system is a nonionic surfactant-based vesicle, have attracted much attention in pharmaceutical fields due to their excellent behavior in encapsulating both hydrophilic and hydrophobic agents. In the present study a comparative free radical scavenging and anti-proliferative potential of ethyl acetate root extract of Aconitum heterophyllum (EAEAH) and Aconitum heterophyllum roots loaded phyto-niosomes (nEAEAH) were investigated. Initially the EAEAH and nEAEAH were prepared and their antioxidant potential were studied in terms of DPPH, Super oxide, Hydroxyl radical scavenging by employing the In-vitro method. Assessment of anti-proliferative activity of these extracts was done using MCF-7 cancer cell lines (human breast cancer) by employing MTT assay and trypan blue exclusion assay. In-silico docking was performed using Auto Dock Vina software to identify the suitable antagonistic ligand which can inhibit the proteins BRCA1, BRCA2 and HER2 to exert the cytotoxic effect. In the present study a concentration dependent antioxidant, and cytotoxic activity was observed for both the extracts. IC50 values were calculated for MTT and trypan blue assay and the nEAEAH showed 41.71μg/ml, 49.36μg/ml respectively, whereas for EAEAH it was found to be 54.89 and 67.13μg/ml.

IN VITRO AND IN VIVO ANTIDIABETIC EFFECTS OF SALACIA OBLONGA WALL LEAF AND ROOT EXTRACTS

The present study was framed out to evaluate the antidiabetic effects of S. oblonga Wall leaf and root ethyl acetate and toluene extracts in vitro and in vivo. The root ethyl acetate extract found significant inhibition of alpha amylase and alpha glucosidase enzyme functions in vitro. The in vivo studies are carried out according to the guide line of CPCSEA and IAEC. The acute toxicity test of the extracts resulted in the no effect on the animals. The ethyl acetate extract of root showed the increase in body weight of animals at the end of the experiment. The blood glucose levels of diabetic rats are significantly reduced after the treatment of root ethyl acetate extract. The leaf toluene and ethyl acetate extract exhibited average antidiabetic activity. We conclude that root extract exhibited good antidiabetic activity comparing to leaf extract.

Phytochemical Analysis and Dermo-Cosmetic Evaluation of Cymbidium sp. (Orchidaceae) Cultivation By-Products.

Cymbidium is one of the most popular genera in Orchidaceae family, commercialized either as loose flowers or as potted plants in floriculture worldwide. The non-marketable parts are typically discarded (e.g., unsuitable flowers, leaves, pseudobulbs, roots), generating an enormous quantity of unutilized biomass. The above by-products were studied through phytochemical analysis and investigated for their dermo-cosmetic potential. The initial antioxidant, anti-tyrosinase, anti-elastase, and anti-collagenase assays of the total extracts indicated that the pseudobulb and root ethyl acetate extracts were the most potent. Those extracts were then submitted to chromatographic separation leading to the isolation of 16 secondary metabolites (four phenanthrenes, three 1,4-phenanthrenquinones, three dibenzyls, two phenolic acid derivatives, two sterols, one dehydrodiconiferyl alcohol derivative, and one simple phenolic compound), including 6-hydroxy-5,7-dimethoxy-1,4-phenanthrenequinone (cymbisamoquinone), which was identified as a new natural product. In parallel, 48 metabolites were identified by UPLC-HRMS analysis of the extracts. The biological evaluation of the isolated compounds revealed that gigantol and tristin present important anti-tyrosinase activity, while bulbophyllanthrin, 3-hydroxy-2,4,7-trimethoxy-phenanthrene, marylaurencinol A, 5-hydroxy-2-methoxy-1,4-phenanthrenequinone, and ephemeranthroquinone B show dose-dependent anti-collagenase activity. In contrast to isolated metabolites, which may act selectively on specific enzymes, the initial total extracts exhibited inhibitory activity against tyrosinase, elastase, and collagenase enzymes, thus showing better prospects for use in dermo-cosmetic formulations.

Qualitative and Quantitative Determination of Secondary Metabolites and Antioxidant Potential of Centaurea behen L. Root Extracts

Plants have been used by humans as a natural source for treatments and cures since ancient times, and medicinal herbs have gained popularity due to their widespread usage and lack of adverse effects. Plant study has grown in popularity across the world in recent years, and a large body of data has been gathered to demonstrate the enormous potential of medicinal plants employed in diverse traditional systems. Centaurea behen L (C. behen) is a South Asian root that belongs to the Astarcease family and is known as Safed Behman. C. behen is used to treat brain, heart, and liver weakness, as well as palpitation, hepatitis, melancholia, sexual debility, neurasthenia, spermatorrhoea, weariness, and stomach and bowel problems. It is also a heart tonic and is used to treat jaundice. Several sesqueterpene lactones, the guaianolides cyanraopicrin, augerin B, desacylcynaropicrin, grosshemin, and traces of a ketone closely related to solstitialin A were found in aerial sections of C. behen. The goal of this study was to assess in vitro antioxidant activity, as well as qualitative and quantitative phytochemical analyses of C. behen root gathered in the Bhopal region of Madhya Pradesh. The well-known test methodology was used to determine qualitative analysis of various phytochemical ingredients and quantitative analysis of total flavonoids. The antioxidant activity of an ethyl acetate extract of the roots was tested in vitro using conventional techniques against DPPH and nitric oxide (NO) radical scavenging assays. Phenols, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, alkaloids, and other phytochemicals were discovered by phytochemical investigation. Ethyl acetate, methanol, and aqueous root extract of C. behen contained 0.740, 0.381, and 0.465 mg/100mg of total flavonoids, respectively. The anti-DPPH and anti-NO actions of ethyl acetate extracts were concentration dependant. The plant's broad variety of phytochemicals implies that it has medicinal potential, which might be investigated in the pharmaceutical sector as well as in traditional medicine.

Anticancer Activity of Pasak Bumi Root Extract (Eurycoma longifolia Jack) on Raji Cells.

<b>Background and Objective:</b> The use of the roots of the pasak bumi (<i>E. longifolia</i> Jack) to treat cancer has been studied widely, however, the scientific basis of these plants used as an anticancer drug is widely unknown. The purpose of this study was to examine the anticancer activity of ethyl acetate and non-ethyl acetate fractions of pasak bumi roots in Raji cells. <b>Materials and Methods:</b> The cytotoxicity test is using the direct cell count method with trypan blue staining. The growth inhibition is using doubling time analysis of Raji cells. Observation of the apoptotic events of Raji cells used ethidium bromide staining, while observing the expression of p53 protein in Raji cells was done by immunohistochemical staining. <b>Results:</b> The results of the cytotoxicity and doubling time test showed that the activity of the non-ethyl acetate fraction was greater than that of the roots of pasak bumi. The lower concentration of non-ethyl acetate fraction of pasak bumi roots was able to delay the multiplication time of Raji cells which was greater than that of ethyl acetate. The results of the cytotoxicity and doubling time test showed that the activity of the non-ethyl acetate fraction was greater than that of the roots of pasak bumi. <b>Conclusion:</b> It can be concluded that the ethyl acetate and non-ethyl acetate fractions of the roots of pasak bumi have cytotoxic and antiproliferative activity on Raji cells, however they cannot induce apoptosis in Raji cells. The death of Raji cells is through the mechanism of inhibiting Raji cell proliferation as evidenced by an increase in p53 protein expression.

Gas chromatography\u2013mass spectrometry (GC\u2013MS) analysis of ethyl acetate root bark extract of Strychnos innocua (Delile)

BackgroundMajority of phytochemicals have been known to bear valuable therapeutic activities such as insecticidal, antibacterial, antifungal, anticonstipative, spasmolytic, antiplasmodial and antioxidant activities. Strychnos innocua is straight-stemmed tree belonging to the family Loganiaceae and can grow up to 18 m tall. The plant is used for various pharmacological purposes. The aim of this study was to determine the chemical composition of the ethyl acetate extract of root bark of S. innocua using GC–MS analysis. The root bark was collected, air-dried and then crushed to powder. Standard extraction method (maceration) was used to obtain the ethyl acetate extract. The GC–MS was carried out on the extract using GC 7890B, MSD 5977A, Agilent Tech.ResultsThirty-seven compounds were identified among which dibutyl benzene-1,2-dicarboxylate showed the highest peak area (31.03%) and monomethyl pimelate showed the lowest peak area (0.39%). The major compounds identified were cyclooctane (methoxymethoxy), 2,4-dimethylheptanedioic acid dimethyl ester, azelaic acid, 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid, bis(2-methylpropyl) ester, dibutyl benzene-1,2-dicarboxylate, butyl 8-methylnonyl benzene-1,2-dicarboxylate, 9,15-octadecadienoic acid, methyl ester, cis-vaccenic acid, linoleic acid ethyl ester and ethyl oleate.ConclusionsIn conclusion, these phytoconstituents might be responsible for the medicinal efficacy of the root bark of S. innocua and can be used as a source therapeutic drug.

Phytochemical analysis, antioxidant, antibacterial, and cytotoxic activities of leaves and roots of Rubus hyrcanus Juz.

Rubus hyrcanus Juz. (Rosaceae), known as Caspian blackberry, is wildly distributed around the Caspian Sea. This study focused on antioxidant, cytotoxic, and antibacterial activities of total extracts and different fractions from the roots and leaves of this species. The total phenolics and flavonoid contents were also evaluated. Finally, the phenolic profiles of selected fractions were determined using HPLC–DAD and LC–MS/MS. The results indicated that the total phenolics content (TPC) of root total extract (RTE) was 3.5 times that of leaves (340.4 and 102.7 mg GAE/g, respectively). The TPC of three root fractions ranged from 226.6 to 392.9 mg GAE/g, while in leaves fractions, it ranged between 68.3 and 101.8 mg GAE/g. The total extract of leaves had higher contents of total flavonoids than roots (70.5 and 8.9 mg QE/g, respectively). The methanol fractions of both parts had the highest amounts of flavonoids. The root methanol fraction (RMF) had the best antioxidant effect in both DPPH radical scavenging assay (IC50: 9.16 μg ml−1) and total antioxidant capacity test (1010.5 mg ɑTE/g). The RMF and RTE had potent antibacterial activities against Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus (MIC 1.5 mg ml−1). In the MTT assay, ethyl acetate fractions of roots and leaves exhibited the best cytotoxicity (IC50 247 and 227 μg ml−1, respectively) and the highest selectivity indexes (4.73 and 5.31, respectively). Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of gallic acid, p-coumaric acid, and chlorogenic acid in leaves ethyl acetate fraction, chlorogenic acid in leaves methanol fraction, and gallic acid in the root ethyl acetate fraction.

Evaluation of antibacterial and acute oral toxicity of Impatiens tinctoria A. Rich root extracts.

The high prevalence of morbidity and mortality from bacterial infections, together with the growing threat of antibacterial resistance, necessitated the development of alternative new drugs from traditional medicine. In Ethiopia, Impatiens tinctoria A. Rich has been traditionally used for the treatment of fungal infections such as ringworms that cause tinea pedis and it have also different medical values. Scientific information on its biological activity against a broad range of bacteria and safety data is scant, compared to its folklore data. In this study, we evaluated antibacterial activities and acute oral toxicity of aqueous, ethanol and ethyl acetate root extracts of Impatiens tinctoria A. Rich. Aqueous, ethanol and ethyl acetate extracts of the plant were evaluated using agar hole diffusion and agar dilution methods. Biological activities of the plant extracts were expressed as a zone of inhibition diameter, minimum inhibitory concentration (mg/ml), and minimum bactericidal concentration (mg/ml). The safety studies were performed by oral acute toxicity study according to the organization of economic cooperation and development test Guidelines 420.Gram-positive bacteria were more susceptible to the extracts compared to gram-negative bacteria, especially against S. aureus and S. epidermidis, which are commonly found in the skin. Ethyl acetate extract was more potent than ethanol and aqueous extracts. The 50% lethal dose (LD50) of tested mice was above 9600 mg/kg. This study provides a scientific basis for the antibacterial activity of the root extracts of I. tinctoria A. Rich, where, the ethyl acetate extract showed the most promising activity. Therefore, the antibacterial potential and practical non-toxicity of the study plant extracts suggested the possibility of using it for the development of antimicrobial drugs by further studying the plant in different directions.

PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING AND GC-MS ANALYSIS OF ROOT EXTRACTS OF PARKIA BIGLANDULOSA (WIGHT&ARN.)

The current research work estimated to explore the qualitative and quantitative analysis of the major bioactive constituents of medicinally imperative plant Parkia biglandulosa in, the five solvent (petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate, methanolic and distilled water) root extracts of Parkia biglandulosa were predictable and characterized using GC-MS analysis. The explorations were accepted out in terms of five solvent extractions, intact extractive values, qualitative analysis, quantitative estimation and characterization of phytochemicals. The percentage value of yield extraction in petroleum ether extract was 34.74%, chloroform extract was 24.2%,ethyl acetate extract was 25%, methanol was 50% and distilled water was 54%. The preliminary phytochemical analysis showed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids & phenolic compounds. The total metabolites content of five solvent extracts were compared with standards. The GC-MS analysis reveals the presence of various metabolites in three solvent(petroleum ether, ethyl acetate, methanol) extracts. It signifies that results revealed the presence of various bioactive metabolites which could be demoralized for their credible solicitations for therapeutic resolves.

Directly Purification of Ostruthin from Paramignya trimera roots by CPC (centrifugal partition chromatography)

AbstractOstruthin was successfully isolated from the extract of Paramignya trimera (Oliver) Burkill roots by centrifugal partition chromatography (CPC) in one run. The two‐phase solvent system composed of n‐hexane‐ethyl acetate‐methanol‐water (2:1:2:1 v/v) in ascending mode (the upper organic phase was the mobile phase), with flow rate of 8.0 (mL/min) and rotation speed of 1600 rpm, was used. The purity of the ostruthin after isolation is 97.5 % confirmed by HPLC‐DAD at 320 nm. The present study highlights the ability of a CPC system to obtain high purity ostruthin directly from the P. trimera roots ethyl acetate extract.

In vitro antifungal activity, phytochemical screening and thin layer chromatography profiling of Impatiens tinctoria A. Rich root extracts

Background: The emergence of microorganisms’ new resistance mechanism, the emerging and re-emerging of new infectious disease and side effects of antimicrobials threatening our ability to treat infectious diseases. Therefore, researches for the innovation of new drugs are needed through identification of the best candidate like plants which are used in traditional medicine. In Ethiopia, women dye their palms and nails by a root paste of the study plant (Impatiens tinctoria A. Rich) as a beauty treatment, to toughen the skin and to control fungal infections.Objectives: To investigate the antifungal activities, phytochemical screening and Thin Layer Chromatography profiling of aqueous, ethanol and ethyl acetate root extracts of Impatiens tinctoria A. Rich.Methods: The roots of Impatiens tinctoria A. Rich were collected from Gurage Zone around Butajira town and processed and extracted using solvents of ethyl acetate, ethanol and water. Agar well diffusion and agar dilution methods were used for screening the antifungal activity of the extracts and for determination of minimal inhibitory concentration, respectively. The minimum fungicidal concentration of the extracts was determined and the plant extracts were subjected to phytochemical screening.Result: From the tested fungi T. rubrum and T. mentagrophytes were more susceptible. The study screened the presence of at least 7 phytochemicals (alkaloids, flavonoids, anthraquinens, terpenoids, glycosides, quinones and saponins) and 6 compounds in the roots of the study plant. Ethyl acetate extract was more potent and broader spectrum of antifungal activities than ethanol and aqueous extracts.Conclusion: The roots of the study plant showed notable antifungal potency. However, further research should be undertaken to elucidate the involved phytochemicals and compounds present in the extracts and mechanism of action which clear out the road for developing new antifungal drugs.

ISOLATION OF BIOLOGICALLY ACTIVE PLANT SECONDARY METABOLITES IN ALBIZIA CHEVALIERI USING COLUMN-CHROMATOGRAPHIC TECHNIQUES.

Plants have served human beings as natural source for treatments and therapies from ancient times to date; amongst them medicinal herbs which have gain attention because of its wide use and less side effects. Chromatographic techniques have significant role in natural products chemistry as well as contribute dramatically in the discovery of novel and innovative compounds of pharmaceutical and biomedical limportance. In the present study, phytochemical analysis of Albizia chevalieri was carried out for the three Arial parts of the plant extracted with three different solvents (methanol, ethyl acetate and n-hexane). This study also focused on step-by-step visual demonstration of fractionation and isolation of biologically active plant secondary metabolites in A.chevalieri using column-chromatographic techniques. Isolation of bioactive compounds using column-chromatographic involves: Preparation of sample; Packing of column; Pouring of sample into the column; Elution of fractions; and Analysis of each fractions using thin layer chromatography. Based-on the column-chromatographic technique, it was observed that in each fraction one band were detected. Qualitative analysis showed that methanol extracted almost all the secondary metabolites in all the three Arial parts of the plant. After quantification, it was observed that methanol Root extract was having the highest phenolic contents (44.83µg/GAE/g), followed by methanol leaf extract (38.89 µg/GAE/g), and methanol stem bark extract (22.00 µg/GAE/g). Root ethyl acetate extract (8.19 µg GAE/g), stem bark ethyl acetate extract (13.49 µg GAE/g), and leaves ethyl acetate extract (23.66 µg GAE/g), while n-hexane extracts were having a very low phenolic content with; n- hexane root (0.66 µg GAE/g), n-hexane stem bark extract (2.69 µg GAE/g), and n-hexane leaves extract (7.80 µg GAE/g). The presence of high amount of phytochemical compounds suggest that A. chevalieri plant has high medicinal value and can be carefully studied to extract the natural compounds which are beneficial to human beings and that could be commercialized for higher production than using synthetic drugs with side effects. However, depending on nature of research, compounds can be further purified using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)spectral analyses.

Chemical profiling and quantification of potential active constituents responsible for the antiplasmodial activity of Cissampelos pareira

Ethnopharmacological relevanceCissampelos pareira is used traditionally in India as a remedy for the treatment of various diseases including malaria but the active ingredients responsible for antiplasmodial activity have not yet been investigated.Aim of the study: The identification and quantification of compounds responsible for antiplasmodial activity in different parts (leaf, stem and root) of C. pareira is the target of current study. Material and methodsThe hydro ethanolic parent extracts of different parts of C. pareira and fractions prepared from these extracts were evaluated against Pf3D7 (chloroquine sensitive) and PfINDO (chloroquine resistance) strains in culture to quantify the IC50 for extracts and fractions. Promising fractions of root part of plant were subjected to silica gel column chromatography to obtain pure compounds and their structures were elucidated by detailed spectroscopic analysis. Pure compounds were also tested against Pf3D7 and PfINDO strains. A rapid and simple UPLC-DAD method was developed for the identification and quantification of pharmaceutically important metabolites of C. pareira. ResultsAmong different extracts, the hydro ethanolic extract of root part of C. pareira was found most active with IC50 values (μg/ml) of 1.42 and 1.15 against Pf 3D7 and Pf INDO, respectively. Tested against Pf 3D7 the most potent fractions were root ethyl acetate fraction (IC50 4.0 μg/ml), stem water fraction (IC50 4.4 μg/ml), and root water fraction (IC50 8.5 μg/ml). Further, phytochemical investigation of active fractions of root part led to the isolation and characterization of a new isoquinoline alkaloid, namely pareirarine (8), along with five known compounds magnoflorine (5), magnocurarine (10), salutaridine (11), cissamine (13) and hayatinine (15). Hayatinine (15), a bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid, isolated from root ethyl acetate fraction was most promising compound with IC50 of 0.41 μM (Pf INDO) and 0.509 μM (Pf 3D7). Magnocurarine (10) and cissamine (13) were also found active with IC50 values of 12.51 and 47.34 μM against Pf INDO and 12.54 and 8.76 μM against Pf 3D7, respectively. A total of thirty compounds were detected in studied extracts and fractions, structures were assigned to 15 of these and five of these biologically important compounds were quantified. Isolation of saluteridine (11) from C. pareira and the evaluation of antiplasmodial activity of pure compound from C. pariera is disclosed for the first time. ConclusionThis study concludes that the antimalarial potential of C. pareira may be attributed to isoquinoline type alkaloids present in this plant and also provides the scientific evidence for the traditional use of this plant in treatment of malaria.

Study of the Chelating Ability of Hexane, Chloroform, Ethyl acetate and Methanolic Root Extracts from Algerian Phragmites australis Species

Introduction: Heavy metals that enter organisms can cause illness and disease. Chelation therapy is a solution that uses chelating agents to protect these organisms by high accumulation. Materials and methods: The objective of this study is to evaluate the capability of different roots extracts from reed or EDTA (as standard) to complexate iron using, ferrozine-ferrous reducing assay or Zn and Cu using the murexide-Zn or Cu reducing assay in vitro. Results: the results proved that the organic phase of the first extract and EDTA (standard chelator), have the strongest chelation activities with respective rates of 70% and 97% for iron, 55% and 56% for zinc and 47% and 88% for copper compared to the control groups considered to be 100% of the complexation. Finally, the HPLC analysis showed the presence of six organic acids, which are probably responsible for this effect. Conclusion: The hexane extract and EDTA (standard), have the strongest chelation activities.
 Keywords: Phragmites australis, Chelation, Heavy metals, Organic acids, Ferrozine, Murexide.

Cytotoxic Activity of Christia vespertilionis Root and Leaf Extracts and Fractions against Breast Cancer Cell Lines.

Christia vespertilionis, commonly known as ‘Daun Rerama’, has recently garnered attention from numerous sources in Malaysia as an alternative treatment. Its herbal decoction was believed to show anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer effects. The present study investigated the cytotoxicity of the extract of root and leaf of C. vespertilionis. The plant parts were successively extracted using the solvent maceration method. The most active extract was further fractionated to afford F1–F8. The cytotoxic effects were determined using MTT assay against human breast carcinoma cell lines (MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231). The total phenolic content (TPC) of the extracts were determined. The antioxidant properties of the extract were also studied using DPPH and β-carotene bleaching assays. The ethyl acetate root extract demonstrated selective cytotoxicity especially against MDA-MB-231 with the highest TPC and antioxidant properties compared to others (p < 0.05). The TPC and antioxidant results suggest the contribution of phenolic compounds toward its antioxidant strength leading to significant cytotoxicity. F3 showed potent cytotoxic effects while F4 showed better antioxidative strength compared to others (p < 0.05). Qualitative phytochemical screening of the most active fraction, F3, suggested the presence of flavonoids, coumarins and quinones to be responsible toward the cytotoxicity. The study showed the root extracts of C. vespertilionis to possess notable anti-breast cancer effects.

Studies on the Qualitative and Quantitative Phytochemical Constituents of Albizia chevalieri's Leaf, Root and Stem bark

A plant serves as a natural source of treatments and therapies for human beings as from prehistoric times to date; amongst them medicinal herbs is the best because of its extensive use and fewer side effects. In the present study, phytochemical analysis of Albizia chevalieri was carried out as this plant may be among one of the imperative medicinal herbs for the treatment of ailments like malaria, diabetes, diarrhea, and dysentery. Phytochemical analysis was carried out for the three Arial parts of the plant extracted with three different solvents (methanol, ethyl acetate and n-hexane). Qualitative analysis showed that methanol extracted almost all the secondary metabolites in all the three Arial parts of the plant. After quantification, it was observed that methanol Root extract was having the highest phenolic contents (44.83µg/GAE/g), followed by methanol leaf extract (38.89 µg/GAE/g), and methanol stem bark extract (22.00 µg/GAE/g). Root ethyl acetate extract (8.19 µg GAE/g), stem bark ethyl acetate extract (13.49 µg GAE/g), and leaves ethyl acetate extract (23.66 µg GAE/g), while n-hexane extracts were having a very low phenolic content with; n- hexane root (0.66 µg GAE/g), n-hexane stem bark extract (2.69 µg GAE/g), and n-hexane leaves extract (7.80 µg GAE/g). The presence of high amount of phyto-constituents suggest that A.chevalieri may have high medicinal value and it can be carefully studied in order to extract the natural compounds present, which may be beneficial to human beings and that which may be commercialized for higher production than using synthetic drugs with side effects.

EFFECT OF SALACIA OBLONGA ROOT EXTRACT AGAINST CLINICAL ISOLATES STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS

Objective: Salacia oblonga Wall. is an important medicinal plant belonging to the family Celastraceae. The study reports the effect of S. oblonga root extracts against clinical isolate Staphylococcus aureus &#x0D; Methods: Antibacterial activity was evaluated by agar diffusion method and assay for minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of extract. Further, the effect of S. oblonga extract determined by DNA fragmentation and respiratory dehydrogenase enzyme activity assays.&#x0D; Results: S. oblonga ethyl acetate root extract was evaluated for antibacterial activity towards clinical isolate S. aureus. Bacterial growth was determined in treated and control cells. Extract displayed good growth inhibition and MIC of the extract was 80 μg/ml. DNA fragmentation assay was carried out, this result has shown that treated bacterial cell has DNA damage compared to the control cell. Further, respiratory dehydrogenase enzyme activity was determined. In the treated cells, enzyme activity was low compared to the control cells.&#x0D; Conclusion: Salacia oblonga root extract inhibiting the growth of S. aureus by different modes of action.

Assessment of Antiplasmodial Activity and Toxicity of Crude Extracts and Isolated Compounds from Oncoba spinosa (Flacourtiaceae)

Aims: The medicinal plant Oncoba spinosa is used by the local communities in Butebo County in Eastern Uganda for treatment of malaria and other diseases. In vitro antiplasmodial activities of the crude extracts and isolated compounds were screened against chloroquine sensitive 3D7 and resistant Dd2 strains. In vivo acute toxicity of the extracts and structure elucidation were also determined in the study.&#x0D; Experimental: Crude extracts of: n-hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate and methanol were prepared. Isolation and purification of these extracts were done using chromatographic techniques which consisted of column and thin layer chromatography. The structures were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic evidence. In vitro antiplasmodial activity was performed on chloroquine sensitive 3D7 and resistant Dd2 strains of Plasmodium falciparum using SYBR Green 1 assay technique. Lorke’s method of acute toxicity was used to determine the in vivo acute toxicity of the crude extracts in mice.&#x0D; Results: The root ethyl acetate crude extract had highest antiplasmodial activity of IC50:4.69 ± 0.01 µg/mL and 3.52 ± 0.02 µg/mL against 3D7 and Dd2 strains respectively while the remaining three were inactive against both strains of Plasmodium. Isolation resulted in the identification of three known compounds which included: β-sitosterol, benzoic acid and chaulmoogric acid. Among the tested compounds β-sitosterol showed the highest activity of IC50 3D7: 5.51 µM. Dichloromethane and hexane extracts were non-toxic with LD50 &gt; 5000 mg/kg while the EtOAc and MeOH extracts were slightly toxic with LD50 of 547.72 mg/kg. Statistically significance existed between the antiplasmodial activity of the crude extracts and compounds when compared with the controls at (p &lt; 0.05). Extracts and compounds exerted a significant (P &lt; 0.05) decrease in antiplasmodial activity compared to the positive controls.&#x0D; Conclusion: The findings confirm the ethnobotanical use of O. spinosa by the local communities in Butebo County for the treatment of malaria. The results also suggest that the crude extract of this plant is safe and possesses antimalarial activity which can be used as a basis for in vivo and clinical studies to be done. Therefore the plant can offer a potential drug lead for developing a safe, effective and affordable antimalarial.

EVALUATION OF PHYTOCHEMICAL COMPOUNDS IN Moringa oliefera Lam. EXTRACTS ON CYTOTOXICITY OF MCF-7 CELL LINE

Moringa olifera Lam. which called Miracle tree was an enormous usage of medical, nutritional and economic benefits so its leaves and roots extracts were vitro examined for phytochemicals contents, antioxidant, and cytotoxicity against MCF-7 cell line. Leaves and roots both extracts were estimate using 2,2-di phenyl-1-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to determine phenolic and flavonoids compounds. The leaves aqueous and ethyl acetate extracts contained a significantly (p<0.05) more phenolic compounds than root extracts, while roots ethyl acetate extracts were significantly more active in DPPH assay comparing with aqueous extracts . However, the leaves aqueous extract and roots ethyl extracts were contained high values flavonoids compound but in case of phenolic compounds the aqueous roots ex tract recorded the greatest highest number followed by the leaves ethyl acetate extract. The ethyl acetate extractions for leaves and roots have a high inhibition percentage against breast adenocarcinoma MCF-7 cell line comparing with aqueous extracts.

Investigation of Mode of Action of Anti Bacterial Activity of Salacia Oblonga Extract Against Drug Resistant Pathogen

Abstract Salacia oblonga Wall belonging to family Celastraceae contains vital phytoconstituents and has been used since long for the treatment of diabetes, inflammation and burn wounds. S. oblonga ethyl acetate root extract was evaluated for antibacterial activity towards drug resistant pathogens Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Further 260 nm absorbing material was estimated in the control and treated cells. Interestingly 260 nm absorbance material is higher in the Staphylococcus aureus. Further the effect of the plant extract on drug resistant pathogen S. aureus was examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). SEM results have shown that treated bacterial cells have changed in morphology, size and reduced in number. Based on these results it can be concluded that S. oblonga extract acts on membrane of the drug resistant pathogen S. aureus.