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Abstract
Christia vespertilionis, commonly known as ‘Daun Rerama’, has recently garnered attention from numerous sources in Malaysia as an alternative treatment. Its herbal decoction was believed to show anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer effects. The present study investigated the cytotoxicity of the extract of root and leaf of C. vespertilionis. The plant parts were successively extracted using the solvent maceration method. The most active extract was further fractionated to afford F1–F8. The cytotoxic effects were determined using MTT assay against human breast carcinoma cell lines (MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231). The total phenolic content (TPC) of the extracts were determined. The antioxidant properties of the extract were also studied using DPPH and β-carotene bleaching assays. The ethyl acetate root extract demonstrated selective cytotoxicity especially against MDA-MB-231 with the highest TPC and antioxidant properties compared to others (p < 0.05). The TPC and antioxidant results suggest the contribution of phenolic compounds toward its antioxidant strength leading to significant cytotoxicity. F3 showed potent cytotoxic effects while F4 showed better antioxidative strength compared to others (p < 0.05). Qualitative phytochemical screening of the most active fraction, F3, suggested the presence of flavonoids, coumarins and quinones to be responsible toward the cytotoxicity. The study showed the root extracts of C. vespertilionis to possess notable anti-breast cancer effects.
Highlights
Breast cancer is one of the vastly occurring cancers worldwide, especially among women concerning after-treatment effects
The inhibitory effect of the root extracts was seen to be stronger than the leaf extracts against the breast cancer cell lines, toward the MDA-MB-231 cell line
The highest amount of total phenolic content was found in the root extracts of ethyl acetate
Summary
Breast cancer is one of the vastly occurring cancers worldwide, especially among women concerning after-treatment effects. The fuel for each breast cancer type varies, making each case unique and posing multiple challenges in treatment. This incurs a need to discover a safer alternative to cancer control and prevention. Potential therapeutic plants are believed to possess good antioxidant strength which subsequently contributes toward the anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory abilities especially toward breast cancers [3,4,5]. Plant-based bioactive phytochemicals are capable of inhibiting tumor cytogenesis through various means by inhibition or modification of epigenetic processes which suppresses gene initiation, suppression and progression [6] In this regard, compounds such as polyphenols, terpenoids and alkaloids reported in plant extracts are mostly seen to demonstrate anti-proliferative and anti-cancer properties [7,8]. The present study, investigated the possible phytocompounds responsible toward the anti-cancer activities of C. vespertilionis through its antioxidant properties
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