Ethanol Extract Of Stems Research Articles

Antioxidant and Antidiabetic Potential of Galing Stem Extract (Cayratia trifolia Domin)

Galing (Cayratia trifolia Domin.) have been used empirically to treat various diseases, one of them is antidiabetic. Objective: To determine the phytochemical content and the activity of the ethanol extract of the galing stem as antioxidant and antidiabetic. Method: The galing stem extract was investigated for phytochemical by Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) and its antioxidant activity using DPPH scavenging activity assay. In vivo, antidiabetic test was conducted by animal diabetes modeling that has given streptozotocin 150 g/kg BW and 10% of sucrose solution intraperitoneally. The average level of fasting blood glucose at 307 mg/dL. Mice were divided into 6 groups, normal control group, diabetes induction group, positive group (treated by glibenclamide) and treatment group consisted of three groups were treated by ethanol extract of galing stem in dose 400, 500, and 600 mg/kg BW, respectively. Mice treated with appropriate doses of each treatment once a day for 7 days. The measuring blood glucose level was using a photometer 5010V5+. Results: The ethanol extract of galing stem contained the alkaloid, flavonoid, saponin, tannin, and triterpene. It is potential as an antioxidant with the IC50 61,52 mg/L which indicated that the extract had strong antioxidant. The antidiabetic activity showed that the effect of extract 400 and 500 mg/kg BW are not different significantly with glibenclamide in reducing blood glucose levels subset of the statistics ANOVA (p> 0.05). Conclusion: The ethanol extract of galing steam is potent as an antioxidant due to the phytochemical content inside particularly the flavonoid compound.

STUDIES ON ANTIMICROBIAL POTENTIAL OF BAUHINIA VAHLII STEM EXTRACTS

The antimicrobial potential of ethanolic extract (EE) and aqueous extract (AE) of stem of Bauhinia vahlii were evaluated in vitro against some specific bacterial and fungal species employing well diffusion method and serial dilution methods. The patterns of inhibition varied with the stem of Bauhinia vahlii extracts, the solvent used for extraction and the organisms tested. The strains used included Staphylcoccus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhi, (reference strain) and two fungal strains including (Candida albican and Aspergillus niger) were used for antimicrobial activity assessment. The EE of stem showed a relatively potent antimicrobial activity than the AE. Further studies are to be carried out to find out the chemical composition of the plant extracts. Keywords: Bauhinia vahlii, Staphylcoccus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli Pseudomonas aeruginosa , Salmonella typhi.

Uji Daya Hambat Ekstrak Etanol Batang Saluang Belum terhadap Bakteri Escherichia coli

Saluang Belum one of the herbal plants that have the benefits as a traditional medicine in Central Kalimantan. People in Central Kalimantan trusted Saluang Belum stem have an empirical benefit as a stamina enhancing agent and as an antioxidant. From previous research, Saluang Belum stem has a secondary metabolite that was saponin and tannin. Of these two secondary metabolites scientifically have pharmacological effects one of which was able to inhibit bacterial growth. To prove it in this research, the inhibitory test of ethanol extract of Saluang Belum stem from the growth of Escherichia coli bacteria. The inhibitory test method used in this study was the diffusion method using a variety of concentrations of 0.5%, 1%, 5%, 10%, and 15%. The result of this research, that there was not inhibition zone on the media used in all concentration. From these results can be concluded Saluang Belum stem ethanol extract unable to inhibit the growth of E. coli bacteria at concentrations of 0.5%, 1%, 5%, 10%, and 15%.

Anti-aging potential of extracts from Sclerocarya birrea (A. Rich.) Hochst and its chemical profiling by UPLC-Q-TOF-MS

BackgroundDegradation of components of the extracellular matrix such as elastin and collagen by elastase and collagenase accelerates skin aging. Phytochemicals that inhibit the activity of these enzymes can be developed as anti-aging ingredients. In this study, an investigation of the anti-aging properties of Sclerocarya birrea (A. Rich.) Hochst (Marula) extracts was conducted in vitro with the aim of developing chemically characterized anti-aging ingredients.MethodsMarula stems, leaves and fruits were extracted using methanol:dichloromethane (DCM) (1:1). The stems were later extracted using acetone, ethanol, methanol:DCM (1:1) and sequentially using hexane, DCM, ethyl acetate and methanol. The stem ethanol extract was defatted and concentrated. Elastase and collagenase inhibition activities of these extracts and Marula oil were determined using spectrophotometric methods. The chemical profile of the ethanolic stem extract was developed using Ultra-performance-liquid chromatography quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF-MS) with MassLynx software. Pure standards were used to confirm the identity of major compounds and were screened for anti-elastase and anti-collagenase activity.ResultsMarula stems extracts were the most active as they exhibited anti-elastase activity comparable to that of elafin (> 88%) and anti-collagenase activity as potent as EDTA (> 76%). The leaf extract had moderate anti-elastase activity (54%) but was inactive agains collagenase. Marula fruits and oil exhibited limited activity in both assays. The ethanolic extract of Marula stems was the most suitable based on its acceptability to the cosmetic industry and its anti-collagenase activity (99%). Defatting and concentration improved its antiaging activity and lowered the colour intensity. Six compounds have been tentatively identified in the chemical profile of the ethanolic extract of Marula stems of which four; quinic acid, catechin, epigallocatechin gallate and epicatechin gallate have been confirmed using pure standards. Epigallocatechin gallate and epicatechin gallate were as potent (p < 0.05) as EDTA at 5 μg/ml in the anti-collagenase assay.ConclusionsThe ethanolic extract of Marula stems can be developed into an anti-aging ingredient as it exhibited very good in vitro anti-aging activity and its chemical profile has been developed. Epicatechin gallate and epigallocatechin gallate contribute to the anti-aging activity of Marula stem ethanol extract.

Effect of ethanol extract of Zapoteca portoricensis stem on liver, kidney and prostatic biomarkers of testosterone-induced benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH) in male albino rats

Effect of ethanol extract of Zapoteca portoricensis stem on liver, kidney and prostatic biomarkers of testosterone-induced benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH) in male albino rats

Effect of ethanol extract of Zapoteca portoricensis stem on testosteroneinduced benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH) in adult male albino rats

Effect of ethanol extract of Zapoteca portoricensis stem on testosteroneinduced benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH) in adult male albino rats

Assessment of Kidney Function Indices in Male Albino Wistar Rats Administered Ethanol Stem Extract of Dennettia tripetala (Pepper fruit)

This study was carried out to assess some kidney function indices in Wistar rats administered ethanol stem extract of Denettia tripetala. The parameters assessed were creatinine, urea, and electrolytes (sodium, potassium, chloride, bicarbonate). Thirty-two albino Wistar rats divided into 4 groups of eight rats each were used in this study. Group 1 was the control group, group II received an oral dose of 100 mg/kg, ethanol stem extract of Denettia tripetala daily, group III received an oral dose of 200 mg/kg ethanol stem extract of Dennettia tripetala daily while group IV received an oral dose of 300 mg/kg ethanol stem extract of Dennettia tripetala daily. After 21 days of treatment the rats were sacrificed and standard analytical methods were used to assay the biochemical parameters. The result of creatinine (mol/L) showed a significant (P 0.05) compared to the control. However, bicarbonate (mmol/L) showed a significant (P<0.05) decrease in group II and group III compared to the control. The result of this study has shown that administration of ethanol stem extract of Dennettia tripetala may induce toxicity to the kidney which may hamper renal function.

AKTIVITAS ANTIBAKTERI EKSTRAK ETANOL BATANG Phytocrene macrophylla BLUME

Antibacterial activity test has been done on Phytocrene macrophylla Blume stem ethanol extracts. The aim of the research was to determine the antibacterial activity of Phytocrene macrophylla Blume Stem Ethanol extracts delivered from Gowa District of South Sulawesi by means of Agar Diffusion. The r esults of the screening antibacterial activity of ethanol extracts of stem Phytocrene macrophylla Blume possessed activity against Escherichia coli , Streptococcus mutans , and Pseudomonas aeroginosa . At t he minimum inhibitory concentration test s us ed the concentrations of 0 , 2%, 0 , 4%, 0 , 6%, 0 , 8%, 1%, 5%, 10%, and 15% of the bacteria Streptococcus mutans , Pseudomonas aeroginosa , and Escherichia coli can inhibit 0 ,2 % . At the minimum kill concentration test against the bacteria Streptococcus mutans and Pseudomonas aeroginosa inhibit ed at the concentration of 0 , 8% and the bacteria Escherichia coli at the concentration of 1%. The test results of antibacterial activity of ethanol extract of stem Phytocrene macrophylla Blume at the concentrations of 0.8%, 1%, and 5% inhibit ed the growth of bacteria. The biggest inhibit ory zone of the test conducted, that is, at the concentration of 5% by 16 mm against to the bacteri a Pseudomonas aeroginosa and Streptococcus mutans , and 14 mm to Escherichia coli .

HPLC-ESI-MS/MS characterization of phenolics in prunus amygdalus, cultivar “umm alfahm” and its antioxidant and hepatoprotective activity

Metabolite profiling of the total ethanolic extract of Prunus amygdalus stem and leaves was carried out for the first time using LC-DAD-ESI-MS in the negative ion mode to investigate its chemical composition. Results revealed the identification of 33 phenolic compounds. Fifteen compounds were investigated in P. amygdalus for the first time and identified as; veratic acid, rosmarinicacid, protocatechuic acid-hexoside, 3-O-caffeoylquinic acid (neochlorogenic acid), dihydroquercetin- hexoside, coumaroyl-quinic acid, vanillic acid glucoside, cis piceid, hesperidin, dihydrokaempferol, acteoside, quercetin acetyl hexoside, homovanillic acid, fisetin-deoxyhexoside. The antioxidant potential of the total ethanolic extract (EE) and the fractions: petroleum ether (PE), chloroform (CE), ethyl acetate (EtE), methanol eluted diaion (DME) and diaion eluted with 50% methanol (D 50%E) was performed using DPPH assay. The most potent antioxidant EE, EtE and D50%E extracts (compared with vitamin C) were selected for further hepatoprotective assessment against hepatotoxicity induced by thioacetamide in a dose of 200 mg/kg compared with silymarin (50 mg/kg) as a standard drug. Results revealed the significant reversal of the deleterious effects of thioacetamide on serum ALT, AST and total protein in the order: EtE > (Silymarin = EE) > D50% E. The biochemical results were corroborated with the histological studies of liver.

In vitro analysis of antispasmodic activity of ethanolic stem extracts of Uvaria rufa Blume and Anomianthus dulcis (Dunal) J. Sinclair on excised rat’s ileum

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a symptom of functional gastrointestinal disorders. It is commonly experienced as abdominal cramp, diarrhea, and constipation. The diagnosis and treatment of IBS were mostly conducted by synthetic medicines including antispasmodic drugs that have many side effects and are so expensive. The aim of the present study was to explore the antispasmodic activity of Uvaria rufa Blume and Anomianthus dulcis (Dunal) J. Sinclair extracts on isolated rats’ ilia which later compared to atropine as reference drug. The ethanolic extracts from the stem of A. dulcis and U. rufa were investigated for their antispasmodic activities against acetylcholine-induced rats’ ilia contraction in vitro experiment. The results of this study showed that both ethanolic extracts of U. rufa and A. dulcis have an antispasmodic efficiency at all concentrations of 200, 300, 400, and 500 μg/ml on excised rats’ ilia. They produced the highest relaxation of 92.71 ± 5.97 and 98.53 ± 0.61% in A. dulcis and U. rufa extracts, respectively, while atropine produced 112.84 ± 5.61% at concentration of 10.0 μg/ml. These results suggest that U. rufa and A. dulcis could be used as antispasmodic agents for IBS treatment.

Phytochemical profile of cansanção nettle extracts and their bioactivities on cabbage caterpillar

Abstract: The objective of this work was to evaluate the phytochemical profile and bioactivity of extracts of Brazilian stinging (“cansanção”) nettle (Cnidoscolus urens) on cabbage caterpillar (Ascia monuste orseis). Mortality, larval stage duration, pupal viability and mass, percentage of deformed pupae, and feeding preference were evaluated. The constituent classes of the ethanolic extracts were also identified by analytical thin-layer chromatography (TLC). Ethanolic extracts of leaves and roots at 2% (m/v) and aqueous extract of roots at 20% (m/v) prolonged the larval phase of the insect. The ethanolic extract of leaves at 2% reduced pupal viability, and pupae from all treatments showed reduced masses and generated deformed adults. Except for the ethanolic extract of stem at 2% (m/v), all other extracts showed a deterrent effect on A. monuste orseis larvae. The phytochemical analysis of ethanolic extracts showed the major presence of phenolic compounds, naphthoquinones, anthraquinones, coumarins, anthracene derivatives, terpenes, and steroids, as well as tannins. Aqueous extracts at 20% concentration and ethanolic extracts at 2% of leaves, stems, and roots of cansanção nettle cause larval mortality and also reduce leaf consumption, pupal viability, and pupal mass of A. monuste orseis.

Pharmacognosy, Phytochemistry and GC-MS Analysis of Ethanolic Stem Extract of Waltheria indica L. - A Potent Medicinal Plant

Pharmacognostic and phytochemical analysis of stem and stem extract of Waltheria indica L. were investigated. The powder microscopy of the stem revealed the presence of xylem vessels, phloem fibers, starch grains, tannin cells and stellate trichomes. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of carbohydrates, steroids, cardiac glycosides, anthroquinone glycosides, saponins, tannins, flavonoids, phenolics and organic acids. The GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of 18 major bioactive compounds in the ethanolic stem extract.

Association of Activation of Induced COX-2, iNOS and Cytokines with NF-kappa B Depression by Taiwan Wild Grape Ethanolic Extract in Mice.

Taiwan wild grape (Vitis thunbergii var. taiwaniana; VTT) is an important traditional herbal medicine used to treat muscle injuries and acute and chronic pain of the ligaments. Information on its bioactivity and the underlying mechanisms, which have not been elucidated thus far, is needed to demonstrate its value for pharmacological and clinical use. This study presents evidence to clarify the antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities of an ethanolic extract of VTT stem (VTTEtOH) and the possible molecular mechanisms involved in such biactivities. In the mice, VTTEtOH significantly reduced the acetic acid-induced writhing response (P < 0.01), formalin-induced licking time (P < 0.01), and edema paw volume at 4 and 5 h after λ-carrageenan injection. VTTEtOH obviously decreased the levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha (P < 0.01), interleukin (IL)-1β (P < 0.05), interleukin (IL)-6 (P < 0.001), nuclear factor-kappa B (P < 0.001), iNOS (P < 0.001), cyclooxygenase-2 (P < 0.001) and Nitric oxide (P < 0.001) in edema-paw tissue. The molecular mechanisms underlying these effects might involve significant inhibition of the activity of cyclooxygenase-2 through suppression of nuclear factor-kappa B and inducible nitric oxide synthase expression and reduction of the levels of various inflammatory mediators, including tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and nitric oxide. Our findings provided pharmacological and histopathological evidences that VTTEtOH alleviates inflammatory pain-related diseases.

DETERMINATION OF BIOACTIVE COMPONENTS OF BARLERIA COURTALLICA NEES (ACANTHACEAE) BY GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY–MASS SPECTROMETRY ANALYSIS

Objective: The present investigation was carried out to determine the possible bioactive components of stem, root, and leaf of Barleria courtallica Nees using a gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS).Methods: The phytocomponents of the ethanol extracts of stem, root, and leaf of B. courtallica were investigated using PerkinElmer GC-MS, while the mass spectra of the compounds found in the extracts were matched with the National Institute of Standards and Technology version II library. Results: 25, 23, and 28 compounds were identified in the ethanol extracts of stem, root, and leaf of B. courtallica, respectively. The prevailing compounds of stem were β-sitosterol (20.27%), stigmasterol (17.07%), eicosane, 7-hexyl- (6.64%), 3,7,11,15-tetramethyl-2-hexadecan-1-ol (5.97%), and tetracosane, 11-decyl- (5.91%). The major constituents recorded from root extract of B. courtallica were β-sitosterol (22.94%), stigmasterol (20.17%), urs-12-en-28-oic acid, 3-hydroxy-, methyl ester, (3β)- (18.42%), and eiosane, 7-hexyl- (7.06%). The prevailing compounds of leaf were 3,7,11,15- tetramethyl-2-hexadecan-1-ol (34.42%), phytol (14.18%), β-sitosterol (12.71%), squalene (11.25%), stigmasterol (8.15%), phytol acetate (6.53%). Conclusions: From the results, it is evident that B. courtallica contains various bioactive compounds and is recommended as a plant of phytopharmaceutical importance.

Penetapan Kadar Berberin dari Ekstrak Etanol Akar dan Batang Sekunyit (Fibraurea Tinctoria Lour) dengan Metode KCKT

Telah dilakukan penetapan kadar senyawa berberin dari ekstrak etanol akar dan batang sekunyit (Fibraurea tinctoria Lour). Sekunyit merupakan tumbuhan berbentuk liana yang telah digunakan oleh masyarakat dalam menyembuhkan berbagai macam penyakit. Akar dan batang tumbuhan ini berkhasiat mengobati demam kuning, diare, sakit mata dan diabetes. Fibraurea tinctoria diketahui sebagai spesies tumbuhan yang mengandung senyawa alkaloid isokuinolin berberin. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui kadar senyawa berberin dari ekstrak etanol akar dan batang tumbuhan sekunyit. Penelitian dilakukan menggunakan kolom C-18 (ODS) dengan metode KCKT, fase gerak berupa campuran eluen metanol : buffer fosfat pH 6,8 (gradien elusi), laju alirnya 1 ml/menit dideteksi dengan detektor UV. Analisa dilakukan pada panjang gelombang 346 nm. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak etanol diketahui mengandung senyawa berberin sebesar 25,8%.

The Effect of Helichrysum odoratissimum (L.) Sweet on Cancer Cell Proliferation and Cytokine Production

The cytotoxicity of Helichrysum odoratissimum against human epidermoid carcinoma (A431), malignant melanoma (A375), cervical epithelial carcinoma (HeLa) and human embryonic kidney (HEK-293) cells was investigated. The cytokine production and antioxidant activity was also determined. H odoratissimum was selected based on its traditional usage as a dressing for wounds. In this study the cytotoxicity was performed on skin and cervical cancer which are associated with the presence of wounds. H. odoratissimum showed inhibitory activity against A431 cells, with a fifty percent inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 15.5±0.2 µg/ml, and a high DPPH inhibition with an IC50 of 5.13±0.07 µg/ml. A431 cells treated with the extract showed an increase in morphological characteristics associated with apoptosis. The extract induced IL-12 in U937 cells and inhibited IL-8 at the tested concentrations, with the highest levels being 12.4±7 pg/ml and 103±6.1 pg/ml respectively. IL-2 was inhibited by 56 % and 52 % in naive and PHA induced murine splenocytes respectively. Furthermore, 2 lipophilic fractions and 3 compounds were isolated from the extract. The lipophilic fractions showed relative cytotoxicity on A431 cells with IC50 values of 175±13.5 µg/ml and 61.3±0.16 µg/ml. The extract showed significant hepatoprotection at 25 µg/ml on HepG2 cells exposed to D-Galactosamine. This is the first report of the activity of H. odoratissimum ethanolic leaf stem extract on A431, A375, HeLa and HEK-293 cell lines as well as the isolation of two promising lipophilic fractions.

PRELIMINARY PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING AND IN VITRO ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF ETHANOLIC EXTRACT OF STEM OF THE HERB BASELLA ALBA L. VAR RUBRA (L.) STEWART (FAMILY-BASELLACEAE)

Objective: To evaluate the antimicrobial activity ethanolic extracts of Basella alba L. var. rubra (L.) stewart (family-basellaceae) along with phytochemical analysis.Methods: The ethanolic extract of stems of the herb Basella alba L. var. rubra (L.) stewart (family-basellaceae) were prepared and analysed for phytochemical constituents using standard methods. The antimicrobial activity of the plant extracts were examined against 2 bacterial strains among one is gram positive and other is gram negative and2 fungal strains using agar well diffusion method.Results: The present study describes the phytochemical profile and antimicrobial activity of Basella alba L. var. rubra (L.) stewart. Preliminary phytochemical screening of the extract were carried out and it revealed the presence of carbohydrates, tannins, terpene, saponin. The presence of these bioactive constituents is associated with the antimicrobial activity of the plant. The extract solvated by ethanol showed varying levels of antimicrobial activity against the tested bacteria namely E. coli, S. aureus, and fungi namely Candida albicans and Trichophyton rubrum. The study showed that the extract has a marked Sensitivity towards antibacterial strains namely E. coli, S. aureus, and antifungal strain namely Candida albicans and Trichophyton rubrum.Conclusion: The present study concluded ethanolic extract of stem of theBasella alba L. var. rubra (L.) stewartrevels many phytochemicals such as carbohydrate,tenin, saponin etc. This extract was found to possess promising antimicrobial activity when compared with the standards.

Variation in Total Polyphenolic Contents, DNA Protective Potential and Antioxidant Capacity from Aqueous and Ethanol Extracts in Different Plant Parts of Hypericum perforatum L.

Abstract: Background and Purpose: Hypericum perforatum belonging to the family Hypericaceae is a reputed medicinal plant including a wide ranges of important phytochemical components. Chlorogenic acid, rutin, hyperoside, quercitrin, quercetin, pseudohypericin, hypericin and hyperforin are of the major components. Crude extract and individual compounds of H. perforatum have been reported to exert antidepressant, antibiotic, and antitumoral activities. It is worthy to note that the quantity and efficacies of the crude extracts or individual compound are not constant, which are strongly influenced by different climatic conditions, harvesting times, harvested plant organs and post-harvest practices. Hence, numerous studies on H. perforatum collected from different parts of the World are carried out for their desired quality and biological efficacy. Methods: Wild collected plant materials were dried and preserved with a voucher specimen number and were extracted using maceration at room temperature for 24 h in dark. Subsequently, extracts were screened for their phenolic and flavonoid contents, plausible antioxidant activities using two methods namely DPPH radical scavenging and ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays and DNA protective activities. Results: The highlights of the study were are listed as 1) the highest total phenolic content in ethanol extracts of leaf, ii) the highest total flavonoid content in flower, iii) DPPH scavenging activity in leaf (80.51 %), flower (63.42 %) and stem (48.20 %), iv) highest ferric reduction capacity in ethanol extracts of stem were determined. Also, potent DNA protection activity was observed even at the lowest concentration value (25μg/ml) of the extracts. Conclusion: The phenolic content and strong antioxidant activities of ethanol extracts of different parts of the plant are reported. All the extracts exhibited strong DNA protective activities in response to the UV radiation in the presence of hydrogen peroxide. Key words: Antioxidant, DNA protective activity, Flavonoid, Hypericum perforatum L., Phenolic.

In Vitro Anti Acne Activity of Ethanolic Extract of Stem of Berberis aristata

Current research work is intended to study the impact of herbal approach to treat acne, an extremely common cutaneous inflammatory disorder of multifactorial origin with prevalence in adolescents. Acne is common disease of skin and is usually treatable. An attempt had been taken to investigate the in vitro antiacne activity of ethanolic extract of stem of Berberis aristata. The MIC value of the B. aristata extract against S. epidermidis, P. acnes and M. furfur were found to be 600 μg/ml, 200 μg/ml and 100 μg/ml respectively. In vitro antimicrobial screening using erythromycin as a positive control clearly indicated that ethanolic extract of B. aristata is promising antimicrobial against the test microorganisms.

Evaluation of Membrane Stabilizing, Proteinase and Lipoxygenase Inhibitory Activities of Ethanol Extract of Root and Stem of Sphenocentrum jollyanum Pierre

Evaluation of Membrane Stabilizing, Proteinase and Lipoxygenase Inhibitory Activities of Ethanol Extract of Root and Stem of Sphenocentrum jollyanum Pierre