Ethanol Extract Of Stems Research Articles

Free Radical Scavenging Activities of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis. L on Adjuvant Induced Arthritis in Rats

Aims: The present study was undertaken to explore in vivo antioxidant potential of ethanol extracts of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis leaf and stem in adjuvant induced arthritic rats. Methodology: Arthritis induced rats were administered with extract of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis leaf and stem. (150 mg/kg body Weight/rat/day for 30 days. Results: A significant decrease in paw edema was observed following oral administration of the leaf and stem extracts. A significant (p<0.05) increase in the level of tissue TBARS, GPx and catalase was seen in arthritis induced rats (group II) and NAT treated rats (group III and group IV) showed a significant decrease in lipid peroxides, GPx and catalase level to near normalcy. The activity of total tissue SOD was found significantly (p<0.05) low in arthritis induced rats (group II) while a substantial increase in the activity to near normal level was noticed in NAT administered rats. The alterations in hematological and other biochemical parameters were restored to near normal levels after a treatment period of 30 days. The structural changes of the tissues shows the therapeutic ability of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis stem and leaf in experimental animals which were further evidenced by histological observations made on the hind limb tissue. Conclusion: As Nyctanthes arbor-tristis is of natural origin, it is a safe and effective intervention for free radical mediated diseases.

Extraction of Some Secondary Metabolites &Thin Layer Chromatography from Different Parts of Centella Asiatica L. (URB)

Centella asiatica (L.) Urb. known as Brahmi, Indian Pennywort and Mandookaparni is a small herbaceous annual plant of the family Apiaceae, It is used in traditional medicine for the treatment of various ailments & ayurvedic treatment for many diseases. Present study deals with the qualitative and quantitative analysis of ethanolic extract of root, stem & leaf of Centella asiatica (L.) Urb. A qualitative analysis by thin layer chromatography & a quantitative analysis by standard chemical protocol of secondary metabolites in the root, stem and leaf of the Centella asiatica L. (URB) have been studied. Using thin layer chromatography (TLC) different components like Alkaloids, Saponin, Flavonoids, Terpenoides, Phenol & Tannin are isolated & identified. The Rf values of the developed spots in the different solvent systems are noted. In the quantitative analysis, alkaloids, saponins, terpenoids & flavonoids are extracted by using the standard chemical protocol. These results may be helpful for rationale use of this plant in the modern system of health care.

Radioprotective and cytoprotective activity of Tinospora cordifolia stem enriched extract containing cordifolioside-A

Objectives:The present study was undertaken to evaluate the radioprotective and cytoprotective potential of cordifolioside-A, a primary active constituent of n-butanol fraction of Tinospora Cordifolia (NBTC) against 4 Gy-γ radiation in mice and cyclophosphamide induced genotoxicity.Materials and Methods:Presence of cordifolioside-A in NBTC stem ethanolic extract was confirmed by high performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) analysis. Radioprotective activity was evaluated at 80 and 120 mg/kg, intraperitoneal (i.p.) dose of NBTC administered 15 days prior to whole body radiation exposure by observing survival rate, change in body weight, hematology, spleen colony forming unit (CFU), and micronucleus (MN) expression. Cytoprotective activity of NBTC was evaluated at 5, 10, and 15 mg/ml concentrations on Allium cepa root meristem growth against cyclophosphamide.Results:HPTLC analysis of standard cordifolioside A, and NBTC confirmed the presence of cordifolioside-A in NBTC with the retention factor value of 0.86. Administration of NBTC (120 mg/kg, i.p.) produced significant protection against radiation in terms of increased survival rate, body weight retention, hematological parameters, spleen CFU assay (P < 0.01), and decreased MN expression (P < 0.01). Cytoprotectivity was observed maximally at 10 mg/ml NBTC concentration with significant increase in root growth (P < 0.01), non-toxic mitotic index (MI) (65.9%) and lesser chromosomal aberrations (15.4%). NBTC at 10 mg/ml concentration showed very few C-anaphase compared to aberrations like fragmentation, C-anaphase, multipolarity and sticky chromosome in cyclophosphamide alone.Conclusion:The results suggest that enriched NBTC containing cordifolioside-A has a potential in vivo radioprotective effect as well as in vitro cytoprotective activity.

Phytochemical screening and antimicrobial activity of ethanol and aqueous extracts of stem of Glyphaea brevis (spreng.) monachino on oral microorganisms

The phytochemistry and antimicrobial activities of the aqueous and ethanolic extracts of the Glyphaea brevis stem was investigated. The results from this study indicate that the antimicrobial activities of the stem of G. brevis are microbe specific. The stem showed a significantly higher antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus mutans even at a lower concentration of 3.13 mg/ml. Phytochemical screening of the plant part reveal the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, anthraqiunones, saponins, steroids, cardiac glycosides, phlobotanins and carbohydrates in both extracts. While tannins and terpenoids were absent in extracts. The potency of the antimicrobial activities of Glyphea brevis plant has made the stem suitable for better dental care and cleansing.

Antioxidant activity and polyphenol content of cherry stem (Cerasus avium L.) determined by LC–MS/MS

In this study, the antioxidant and antiradical properties of cherry stem (Cerasus avium L.) were examined. The ferric thiocyanate method, ferric ion (Fe3+) and cupric ion (Cu2+) reducing assays and ferrous ions (Fe3+) chelating assay were used in order to measure the antioxidant activity of the plant. Also, its antiradical activity was measured by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity. Additionally, total phenolic and flavonoid contents of the plant were determined. It was indicated that, both the water extract of cherry stem (WECS) and ethanol extract of cherry stem (EECS) have both antioxidant and antiradical properties, and there is a correlation between these properties and the phenolic and flavonoid contents. Quantities of caffeic acid, ferulic acid, syringic acid, ellagic acid, quercetin, α-tocopherol, pyrogallol, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, vanillin, p-coumaric acid, gallic acid and ascorbic acid were detected by high performance liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS). This study will bring an innovation for further studies conducted on the antioxidant properties of WECS and EECS.

Larvicidal activities of five Kotschya species against &lt;em&gt;Culex quinquefasciatus&lt;/em&gt; Say (Culicidae: Diptera)

Resistance of mosquito vectors to the commonly used chemical insecticides is posing threats to human health. It is becoming necessary to identify safe, eco-friendly and effective alternative sources of larvicides in order to reduce mosquito menace. HPLC profiling of the chemical constituents in the stem and root bark ethanol extracts had similar pattern of chemical constituents except for K. aeschynomenoides which indicated to have large quantity of polar compounds compared to others. In this study, the ethanolic extracts and powders of five Kotschya species were tested against Culex quinquefasciatus Say. Chemical profiling of the stem and root bark ethanol extracts from K. speciosa, K. thymodora, K. platyphylla, K. aeschynomenoides and K. strigosa did not show any major differences in terms of their chemical composition. At 0.5 mg/ml, the root and stem ethanol extracts from K. speciosa, K. thymodora and K. strigosa exhibited high larvicidal activity (&#8805; 70%) on the 8th day post treatment. Stem powder of K. thymodora and root powder of K. speciosa and K. strigosa had activity comparable to their respective extracts at 0.2% w/v and 0.4% w/v at the same exposure time. This suggests that Kotschya species contain same or related compounds in varying quantities that are responsible for larvicidal activity.Keywords: Fabaceae, Kotschya strigosa, K. speciosa, K. thymodora, K. platyphylla, K. aeschynomenoides, Larvicidal, Culex quinquefasciatus

Antibacterial potential of Withania somnifera L. against human pathogenic bacteria

The present study was conducted to evaluate the antibacterial activity of chloroform, acetone, methanolic, and ethanolic crude extracts of stem, leaves, and roots of Withania somnifera. It was observed that acetone extracts was the most effective followed by methanolic and ethanolic extracts for all the test organisms used. It was observed that acetone extracts were the most effective in inhibiting the growth of all the pathogenic bacteria used. The zone of inhibition was maximum with acetone extracts ranging between 38 and 10 mm, followed by methanolic extracts ranging between 28 and 10 mm and ethanolic extracts ranging between 25 and 8 mm, respectively. However, Klebsiella pneumoniae and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) did not respond to root extracts of both methanolic and ethanolic extracts. The chloroform extracts of stem and leaves showed significant activity against all pathogens with inhibition zone between 20 and 8 mm. The results indicate that acetone, methanolic, and ethanolic extracts of W. somniferamight be exploited as natural drug for the treatment of several infectious diseases caused by these organisms. Key words: Withania somnifera, acetone extracts, methanolic extract, ethanolic extract, antimicrobial activity, inhibition zone.

Antimicrobial and Antifungal Activities of Ethanol and Aqueous Crude Extracts of Hymenocardia acida Stem Against Selected Dental Caries Pathogens

The ethanol and aqueous crude extracts of Hymenocardia acida stem showed inhibitory activity against all the tested microorganisms, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus auricularis, Streptococcus pyogenes, Streptococcus mutans, Candida albicans, Aspergilus flavus, Microsporium gypseum and Bacillus subtilis. The largest zone of inhibition was obtained with the ethanolic extract (100 mg/ml) against S. mutans (16.73 ± 0.07 mm) and the least zone of inhibition was obtained with the aqueous extract (100 mg/ml) against S. pyogenes (5.83 ± 0.03 mm). Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBC) were also determined against the selected microorganisms showing zones of inhibition ≥ 6.25 mm for MIC and ≥ 12.25 mm for MBC. Phytochemical screening indicates the availability of secondary metabolites in the plant. This study reveals that the stem of H. acida possess antifungal and antibacterial activities respectively and can be used as a potential source of antimicrobial ingredients to cure dental carries pathogens.

Phytochemical Composition and Antifungal properties of Leaf, Stem and Florets of Panicum maximum Jacq. (Poaceae)

Ethanol extracts of leaf, stem and florets of Panicum maximum plant were investigated for antifungal activity by disc diffusion agar method. The phytochemical composition of the extracts were also determined. Leaf and floret extracts had significant antifungal activity with varing zones of inhibition on Aspergillus tamari, Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus niger and Candida albican: isolated from patients with skin diseases. The ethanol leaf extracts was more active than the floret extract. The ethanol leaf extract of Panicum maximum caused highest zone of inhibition (15.0 ± 0.1mm) on A. tamari. The three extracts contain alkaloids, tannins, saponins and flavonoids in varying quantities which may have been responsible for the variation in their activities. Results support the use of this plant as antifungal agent.

In vitro antiplasmodial effect of ethanolic extracts of coastal medicinal plants along Palk Strait against Plasmodium falciparum

ObjectiveTo identify the possible antiplasmodial compounds from Achyranthes aspera (A. aspera), Acalypha indica (A. indica), Jatropha glandulifera (J. glandulifera) and Phyllanthus amarus (P. amarus). MethodsThe A. aspera, A. indica, J. glandulifera and P. amarus were collected along Palk Strait and the extraction was carried out in ethanol. The filter sterilized extracts (100, 50, 25, 12.5, 6.25 and 3.125 μg/mL) of leaf, stem, root and flower extracts of A. aspera, A. indica, J. glandulifera and P. amarus were tested for antiplasmodial activity against Plasmodium falciparum. The potential extracts were also tested for their phytochemical constituents. ResultsOf the selected plants species parts, the stem extract of A. indica showed excellent antiplasmodial activity (IC50 = 43.81μg/mL) followed by stem extract of J. glandulifera (IC50 = 49.14μg/mL). The stem extract of A. aspera, leaf and root extracts of A. indica, leaf, root and seed extracts of J. glandulifera and leaf and stem extracts of P. amarus showed IC50 values between 50 and 100 μg/mL. Statistical analysis revealed that, significant antiplasmodial activity (P<0.01) was observed between the concentrations and time of exposure. The chemical injury to erythrocytes was also carried out and it showed that there were no morphological changes in erythrocytes by the ethanolic extract of all the tested plant extracts. The in vitro antiplasmodial activity might be due to the presence of alkaloids, glycosides, flavonoids, phenols, saponins, triterpenoids, proteins, and tannins in the ethanolic extracts of tested plants. ConclusionsThe ethanolic stem extracts of P. amarus and J. glandulifera possess lead compounds for the development of antiplasmodial drugs.

In-vitro cytotoxic activity of β-Sitosterol triacontenate isolated from Capparis decidua (Forsk.) Edgew

ObjectiveTo study the isolation and characterization of the constituent responsible for the cytotoxic activity of the ethanolic extract of stem of Capparis decidua (C. decidua). MethodsThe preliminary cytotoxic effect of isolated compound (β-Sitosterol triacontenate) was investigated by MTT assay on A549 solid tumor cells. ResultsIC50 value of the β-Sitosterol triacontenate was found to be 1 μM. The cytotoxic activity increased in a dose dependent manner in case of β-Sitosterol triacontenate. ConclusionsThe data therefore provide direct evidence for the role of β-Sitosterol triacontenate as a potent antimetastatic agent, which can markedly inhibit the metastatic and invasive capacity of malignant cells.

Phytochemical studies on Allamanda cathartica L. using GC–MS

ObjectiveTo explore the phytochemical constituents present in Allamanda cathartica (A. cathartica) L. using GC-MS. Methods20 g of the powdered leaf and stem sample of A. cathartica was equilibrated with 200 d/m of A. cathartica ethanol for 24 h, separately. The volume of the supernatant was later reduced by heating to 2 d/m. The concentrated ethanolic extracts were further subjected to GC-MS analysis. ResultsThe GC-MS analyses determined the presence of 28 different phytochemical compounds in the ethanolic leaf extract of A. cathartica. The major phytoconstituents were 9,12,15-octadecatrienoic acid (Z,Z,Z)— (16.39%), n-hexadecanoic acid (14.08%), 3-O-methyl-d-glucose (11.03%) and 9,12,15-octadecatrienoic acid ethyl ester (Z,Z,Z)— (10.58%). The ethanolic stem extract of A. cathartica showed the presence of 26 different bioactive compounds. The major ones are 3-O-methyl-d-glucose (29.86%), 2-furancarboxaldehyde 5-(hydroxymethyl)— (14.87%), n-hexadecanoic acid (9.13%) and 9,12,15-octadecatrienoic acid (Z,Z,Z)— (7.34%). ConclusionsThis study helps to predict the formula and structure of biomolecules which can be used as drugs and further investigation may lead to the development of drug formulation.

Anti Reverse Transcriptase and Anticancer activity of stem ethanol extracts of &lt;i&gt;Excoecaria agallocha&lt;/i&gt; (Euphorbiaceae)

Excoecaria agallocha L. (Euphorbiaceae) is a mangrove plant widely used in folklore medicine for the treatment of several diseases. In the present study anti HIV and anticancer properties of active fraction of stem ethanol extracts of the plant were investigated. The fraction showed significant anti-reverse transcriptase activity in the enzyme-based direct binding assay which was as good as that of the standard synthetic inhibitor. Anticancer activity of the same fraction was determined using MTS in vitro assay. It showed potent cytotoxicity against pancreatic cancer cell lines Capan-1 and Miapaca-2 with IC50 values of 4 μg/ml and 7 μg/ml respectively. These results clearly indicate strong anti HIV and anticancer properties in stem extracts of E. agallocha. Key words: mangrove; pancreatic cancer; activity guided fractionation; anti HIV properties DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4038/cjsbs.v40i2.3931 CJSBS 2011; 40(2): 147-155

In vitro evaluation and comparison of antioxidant activities of various extracts of leaves and stems of Kalanchoe pinnatum

Aim: Many diseases are associated with oxidative stress caused by free radicals. The present research was carried out to evaluate the total phenolic contents, flavonoid contents and in vitro evaluation of antioxidant potentials by five different assay method of various (benzene, chloroform, acetone, and ethanol) extracts of leaves and stems of Kalanchoe pinnatum as the plant is an ingredient of various traditional preparations used in the treatment of various diseases. Materials and Methods: Antioxidant and free radical scavenging activity was determined by using five different in vitro antioxidant assays including 2, 2‑Diphenyl‑1‑Picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), hydrogen peroxide, nitric oxide, ferric reducing antioxidant power and phosphomolybdenum assays. In the present investigation, quantitative estimation of flavonoid content and phenolic content was carried out by colorimetric methods using aluminium chloride and Folin‑Ciocalteu reagent methods respectively to establish relationship between antioxidant activity and total phenolic and flavonoid contents. Results and Conclusions: The plant powder (100 mg) yielded 0.49, 0.64, 0.99, 1.17 %w/w total phenolic content in leaves and 0.18, 0.27, 0.48, 0.62 %w/w total phenolic content in the benzene, chloroform, acetone, ethanol extracts of stems respectively using gallic acid as standard and plant contains about 0.24, 0.37, 0.56, 0.75 %w/w of total flavonoids content in leaves and 0.15, 0.22, 0.42, 0.54 %w/w of total flavonoids content in the benzene, chloroform, acetone, ethanol extracts of stems respectively using quercetin as standard. The extracts showed significant antioxidant activity in dose dependent manner in all the assays. The result obtained in the present study indicated that leaves and stems of K. pinnatum could be a potential source of natural antioxidant and justified the traditional use of herb in preventing disease induced by oxidative stress. Key words: DPPH scavenging activity, Kalanchoe pinnatum, no scavenging activity, phytochemical screening

Gastric secretagogue action of Cryptolepis sanguinolenta in the perfused stomach of anesthetized rats

Background : Cryptolepis sanguinolenta has been reported to have antimalarial and antidiabetic effects. Aim : The gastric secretagogue action of ethanolic extract of Cryptolepis sanguinolenta stem was studied in rat model to evaluate its possible role in gastric acid secretion. Food intake and weight gain were also observed. Materials and Methods : The animals used were divided into four groups. The control received 2 ml of distilled water, while treated groups received 50, 150, and 250 mg/kgbw of Cryptolepis sanguinolenta extract per oral respectively daily for 21 days. Results : Cryptolepis sanguinolenta caused dose-dependent increase in gastric acid secretion. This secretagogue effect was augmented by histamine. Cryptolepis sanguinolenta also significantly increased food intake, body weight gain, and the sizes and number of gastric parietal cells. Conclusion : The results suggest that Cryptolepis sanguinolenta is ulcerogenic, and the gastric secretagogue action is histamine-mediated. This effect could be attributed to the presence of cryptolepine, the major bioactive agent, and other alkaloids present in the botanical. Keywords : Cryptolepis sanguinolenta , body weight, food intake, gastric acid, ulcer

Effect of ethanolic extract of Cryptolepis sanguinolenta stem on in vivo and in vitro glucose absorption and transport: Mechanism of its antidiabetic activity

Objective:Extracts from various morphological parts of Cryptolepis sanguinolenta are widely used traditionally in folklore medicine in many parts of the world for the management, control, and/or treatment of a plethora of human ailments, including diabetes mellitus. In order to scientifically appraise some of the ethnomedical uses of Cryptolepis sanguinolenta, the present study was undertaken to investigate its influence at varying doses on intestinal glucose absorption and transport in relation to its hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects in rat experimental paradigms.Materials and Methods:The animals used were divided into four groups. Control animals received 2 ml of distilled water, while treated groups received 50, 150, and 250 mg/kg bw of Cryptolepis sanguinolenta extract per oral respectively daily for 21 days.Results:Cryptolepis sanguinolenta led to a significant decrease in glucose transport and absorption. It also caused significant reductions in plasma glucose, total cholesterol, triglyceride, and LDL cholesterol. Biochemical changes observed were suggestive of dose dependence. Histopathological studies also showed increased sizes of β cells of the pancreas.Conclusion:The findings in these normoglycemic laboratory animals suggest that Cryptolepis sanguinolenta has hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic activities, possibly by reducing glucose absorption and transport, and enhancing the structural and functional abilities of the β cells. This is the first study to report the effect of Cryptolepis sanguinolenta on intestinal glucose absorption. This effect could be attributed to its major bioactive principle, cryptolepine, an indoloquinoline alkaloid. This study thus lends credence to the use of Cryptolepis sanguinolenta in the management of diabetes mellitus.

STUDY OF ANTIDIABETIC ACTIVITY OF HIPTAGE BENGHALENSIS (L) KURZ

Objective: To evaluate the a n t i d i a be t i c activity of ethanolic extract of Hiptage benghalensis (l) kurz i n S t r e p t o z o t o c i n induced diabetic rats. Materials and Methods: The authenticated stem of Hiptage benghalensis (HB) were collected from ABS botanical garden, Salem, Tamil Nadu. The ethanol extract was tested for acute oral toxicity study by using OECD guidelines 423. The starting dose level of Ethanolic extract of HB was 2000 mg /kg. Body weight p.o. and the route of administration was oral. Dose volume was administered 0.1 ml / 100 gms body weight to the rats, which were fasted over night with water ad libitum. Assessment of antidiabetic activity was carried out on albino wistar rats. The animals were segregated into five groups of six animals each. Acute toxicity study revealed the non-toxic nature of the Hipt age benghale nsis extract. There was no mortality or any toxic reactions found at the maximum tested dose level of 2000 mg/kg. The serum glucose levels of normal rats reached a peak at 60 min after the oral administration of glucose (3 g/kg) and gradually decreased to 116.0 mg/dl and 104.2 mg/dl in 2 hours. The pretreatment with Hiptage bengahlensis extract (100 and 200 mg/kg) and Glebinclamide (2.5 mg/kg) elicited decreased serum glucose level significantly (p < 0.001) as compared to the control group. On repeated oral administration of the vehicle, Hiptage benghalensis extract or Glebinclamide, for 21 days, a sustained and significant (p < 0.001) decrease in the serum blood glucose of the diabetic rats was observed at a dose of 100 and 200 mg/kg in a dose dependent manner as compared to the vehicle treated group. Glebinclamide also showed a significant (p < 0.001) decrease in serum glucose at a dose of 2.5 mg/ kg, p.o. as compared with the vehicle treated group. The results of the present study indicate that Hiptage benghalensis extract (100 and 200 mg/kg b.w.) was found to reduce the glucose level in glucose loaded animals and in STZ induced diabetic animals. STZ has been shown to induce free radical production and cause tissue injury. The pancreas is especially susceptible to the action of STZ-induced free- radical damage (Hunt, 1990). Induction of diabetes with STZ is associated with a characteristic loss of body weight, which is due to increased muscle wasting and due to loss of tissue proteins. In STZ animals, there was an increase in the value of total cholesterol (TCH), triglycerides (TG), LDL, VLDL, except HDL and protein values (albumin and total protein), while the extract treated group showed an increased value of HDL, protein values, and reduced VLDL, TC, and TG in a significant manner. This reduced the VLDL, TC, and TG; it may be presumed that the extract is responsible for the enhancement of the transcription of lipoprotein lipase similar to that of insulin, since in the untreated or under treated diabetes animals, the level of triglycerides and cholesterol increases due to increased production of VLDL and unavailability of protein lipase which hydrolyses the triglycerides to VLDL because of insulin deficiency. Results: The acute oral toxicity studies showed that ethanolic extract of HB up to 2000 mg/kg are non toxic and safe. This study shows that ethanolic extract of BH possess significant antidiabetic activity. This antidiabetic activity shown by the HB may be possibly due to the active constituent present in the extract which is responsible for the pharmacological action. Conclusion: The results indicates that ethanolic extract of HB stem possesses significant a n t i d i a b e t i c activity.

Haematological evaluation of Cryptolepis sanguinolenta stem ethanolic extract in rats

Background : The use of Cryptolepis sanguinolenta extract in medicare has gained attention since its discovery. Aim : This study sought to evaluate the haematological effect of ethanolic extract of Cryptolepis sanguinolenta stem in rat model. Materials and Methods : Control rats received 0.5ml of distilled water. Treated rats were administered oral doses of the extract at different concentrations (50, 150, and 250mg/kg body weight). All rats were maintained on a control diet. Treatment lasted for 21 days. Results : Red blood cells and haematological parameters were comparable in all groups. Similarly, total white blood cells, neutrophils and lymphocytes counts were not ignificantly altered except in rats treated with 250mg/kg/bw of the extract. However, administration of the extract led to a dose-dependent rise in platelet counts. Conclusion : This study showed that C. sanguinolenta stem ethanolic extract presents haematological challenges on white blood cells and platelets. It showed localized systemic toxicity by selectively stimulating the bone marrow. Keywords : Cryptolepis sanguinolenta , red blood cell, white blood cell, platelet, toxicity

Antibacterial activity of various stem extracts of Dalbergia Coromandeliana

ObjectiveTo investigate the antibacterial activity and phytochemical screening of the hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, ethanol and aqueous stem extract of Dalbergia coromandeliana (D. coromandeliana). MethodsThe antibacterial activity of stem extracts of D. coromandeliana were evaluated by agar well diffusion method against four selected bacterial species. ResultsThe presence of alkaloids, saponins, coumarins, tannins, steroids, flavonoids, quinones, proteins and carbohydrates in the different stem extracts was established. ConclusionsThe results in the present study suggest that D. coromandeliana stems can be used in treating diseases caused by the tested organisms.

Evaluation of Antiulcer Properties of Ethanolic and Hot Aqueous Stem Extracts of Synclisia scabrida on Experimentally Induced Ulcer Models in Albino Mice.

Background:The treatment of peptic ulcer disease poses therapeutic challenges to both patients and physicians alike because of the tendency of ulcers to relapse. Drugs used in the treatment of this disease are either costly or are associated with high incidence of adverse effects. Synclisia scabrida is a plant used in ethnomedicine for the treatment of various forms of stomach disorders and menstrual pains. The medicinal properties of the plants are claimed to reside in the roots, stems, and the leaves.Aim:This study, therefore, is to verify this claim and elucidate the probable mechanism of action by using crude stem extracts of this plant on drug- and stress-induced ulcer models in albino mice.Materials and Methods:Crude ethanol and hot water extracts, EE and HWE respectively, of the stem were prepared. These extracts were fractionated and separated by chromatographic methods and the fractions pooled together as fractions (PF-1, PF-2, PF-3 respectively) based on their chromatographic mobility and color reactions. Phytochemical analysis was done on the extracts. Ulcer models were induced in albino mice by means of indomethacin, histamine, and stress after prior cytoprotection with orally administered crude extracts and control (cimetidine).Results:Phytochemical analysis of the crude extracts and their fractions revealed the presence of cardiac glycosides (+++), tannins (+++), saponins (+), flavonoids (++), carbohydrates (++) and alkaloids (+++). Acute toxicity study on the crude extracts and their fractions revealed relative safety at the dose of 5000 mg/kg. The crude extracts (EE and HWE) and their fractions (PF-1, PF-2, PF-3) significantly (P = 0.001) protected against indomethacin-, histamine- and stress-induced ulcers. The decrease in GIT motility produced by these extracts was comparable to that produced by atropine sulfate.Conclusion:The findings suggest that these extracts of Synclisia scabrida possess antiulcer and antispasmodic properties, which justify the claims for its use in the treatment of various forms of stomach disorders.