Ethanol Extract Of Stems Research Articles

Antibacterial and Cytotoxicity Activities of Major Compounds from Tinospora cordifolia Willd. Growing on Mangifera indica L.

Objective To investigate the major constituents of Tinosporacordifolia Willd. growing on Mangiferaindica, and to evaluate the efficacy of their antibacterial and cytotoxicity activities. Methods The ethanolic stem extract of T. cordifolia was subjected to silica gel 60 column chromatography, thin layer chromatography and medium pressure liquid chromatography for isolation of the major compounds. Identification of purified compounds was achieved by spectroscopic methods.. The crude extract and purified compounds were screened for their antibacterial and cytotoxicity properties using standard procedures. Results Two alkaloids were purified and identified as Magnoflorin (1) and Tembetarine (2). These compounds showed high antibacterial activity against Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus aureus with both MIC (32-64 µg/ml) and MBC (128-256 µg/ml). The cytotoxicity activity of the purified compounds and crude extract was determined using MTT colorimetric assay against L929 and HEK293 cell lines. This showed weak cytotoxicity activity with IC50 values of 1162.24 to 2290.00 µg/ml and 1376.67 to 2585.06 µg/ml towards L929 and HEK293 cell lines, respectively. Conclusion The major compounds present in ethanolic stem extract of T. cordifolia growing on M. indica were extracted, purified and identified. This study suggests that these compounds exhibit great potential for antibacterial activity with weak cytotoxicity activity. They may be useful for their medicinal functions.

FLUORESCENCE ANALYSIS, PHYTOCHEMICAL, AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITIES IN LEAVES AND STEM OF EMBELIA RIBES BURM. F

Objective: The objective of the present study is to carry out fluorescence analysis, phytochemical, and antioxidant activities using different solvent extract in leaves and stem of Embelia ribes.
 Methods: In the present study, fluorescence analysis, phytochemical, and antioxidant activities of leaves and stem of E. ribes are carried out using standard procedures.
 Result: The fluorescence analysis under visible and ultraviolet light for leaves and stem powder of E. ribes treated with various chemical reagents shown different fluorescence effect. In the phytochemical analysis, the methanolic extract of leaves has shown the highest total alkaloid content (19.05±0.42 mg CE/g DW), followed by the stem. The methanolic extract of stem exhibited highest total phenolic content (59.82±2.98 mg GAE/g DW), and ethanolic extract showed highest total flavonoid content (10.05±0.36 mg RE/g DW), followed by leaves. The ethanolic extract of stem possesses highest antioxidant activity toward 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) (84.86±0.11%), whereas methanolic extract of stem reported highest FRAP activity (72.22±0.31 mg Fe+2E/g DW), followed by leaves. Antioxidant activities (DPPH and FRAP) were significantly correlated with TPC.
 Conclusion: The results of the present study revealed that the fluorescence analysis of leaves and stem of E. ribes can be helpful for the standardization and quality control of indigenous drug. Both leaves and stem serve as the good source of secondary metabolite and antioxidant agents.

Determination of Antimicrobial Activity and Phytochemical Screening of Selected Medicinal Plants in Tigray region of Northern Ethiopia

Present paper evaluates the antimicrobial activities and preliminary phytochemical screening of the extracts of Beciumgrandiflorum, Meriandrabengalensis, Tamarindusindica, Balanitesaegyptiaca and Otostegiaintegrifolia . Comparative study was made for the selected traditional medicinal plants. The results of phytochemical test indicate that the bioactive chemical components show presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, carbohydrates, saponins and terpenoids. The antimicrobial activities of aqueous and ethanol extracts of leaf and stem were determined on the selected bacteria strains. The results indicate that the aqueous and ethanol leaf extracts of Meriandrabengalensis show better antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus pneumonia with inhibition zone diameters of 15.97 ± 0.09 and 19.03 ± 0.15 mm respectively, significant at (P<0.05) compared to other extracts. From the phytochemical components tested, carbohydrate was present in Becium grandiflorum extract. The lowest inhibition zone (4.5 ± 0.29 mm) was achieved for the extract of Balanitesaegyptiaca. The phytochemical component saponinis significantly present in Meriandrabengalensis in the aqueous leaf extract. In the comparative study made for the extraction solvents aqueous and ethanol, the aqueous extraction had strong inhibition zone. Therefore, a study need to be done on the isolation, identification, and quantitative determination of antimicrobial components present in the Meriandrabengalensis for its application in both animal and human pharmaceutical industries. Keywords : Antimicrobial activities; Phytochemical screening; Extracts; Inhibition zone; Medicinal plants; Tigray; Ethiopia.

Assessment of anti bacterial screening of Pongamia pinnata stem against bacterial species: An In-vitro approach

Numerous studies have shown that aromatic and medicinal plants are sources of diverse nutrient and non-nutrient molecules which protect the human body against various pathogens. Nature has been a source of medicinal agents for thousands of years and a large number of modern drugs have been isolated from natural sources. Herbal medicine is the oldest known healthcare system known to mankind. India has rich medicinal plants of nearly 7500 species. Many medicinal plants were with a long history of use in folk medicine against a variety of diseases. Recently, many researchers have taken a great interest on medicinal plants for their phytochemical constituents and biological activities including anti microbial activity. The anti bacterial activity of the ethanolic crude stem extract of Pongamia pinnata against four bacterial species (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli) was investigated, using agar diffusion technique. At concentrations ranging from 10-40 mg/mL, the ethanolic crude extract showed activity against the four bacteria (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis and E. coli) from 2 mm-20 mm, after 24 hours incubation. The present study showed the effectiveness of the crude plant extract against the tested bacterial strains and indicates the potential use of the extract as anti bacterial agent for the control of infectious diseases.&#x0D; Keywords: Pongamia pinnata, anti bacterial activity, agar diffusion technique, bacterial strains, chloramphenicol.

In Vitro Phytochemical Screening and Antioxidant Activity of Jamun (Eugenia jambolana Linn) Plants Parts Collected from Lahore, Pakistan

Our research work based on the qualitative and quantitative phytochemical studies including the antioxidant activity of extracts (ethanolic and aqueous) obtained from leaf, stem and seed of Eugenia jambolana plant. Qualitatively phytochemical analysis was done by biochemical testing, quantitative estimation was taken spectrophotometrically and antioxidant activity of extracts was tested by DPPH radical scavenging. Qualitative and quantitative outcomes of our study explain that ethanol is applicable solvent system that comprises high quantity of bioactive compounds than water solvent system. Antioxidant activity revealed that ethanolic leaf, seed and stem extracts removed free radicals 68%, 98% and 33% respectively in contrast with water extracts of leaf, seed and stem 5.09%, 1.25% and 7.26% respectively. Ascorbic acid was taken as standard that kills 97% free radical species. Extracts in ethanol solvent system displayed protruding antioxidant activity and also contains high amount of phtyo-chemicals.

Extract and fraction of Cassia occidentalis L. (a synonym of Senna occidentalis) have osteogenic effect and prevent glucocorticoid-induced osteopenia

Ethnopharmacological relevanceCassia occidentalis L., a synonym of Senna occidentalis (belongs to Caesalpiniaceae family) is an annual plant. Pursuing a lead from a folk practice prevalent since the late nineteenth century in Andhra Pradesh, a Southern state of India, of use of Cassia occidentalis leaf and stem for treating patients with fracture and bone diseases, we have not only confirmed its fracture healing activity but also demonstrated efficacy in preventing glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis (GIO), the commonest form of medication-induced bone loss caused chiefly due to impairment of bone formation. Aim of the studyIn the present work, the effects of extract and fraction of leaf and stem of Cassia occidentalis was investigated in fracture healing and GIO models of rat. The study also aimed to identify osteogenic compounds from this plant. Materials and methodsEthanolic extracts from leaf and stem of Cassia occidentalis were prepared and their efficacy tested in rat femur osteotomy (fracture healing) model. Subsequently, a butanolic fraction was prepared and osteogenic efficacy compared with the ethanolic extract, and upon finding the former to be more potent, its osteogenic effect was studied in details in GIO model. Chemical finger-printing and isolation of ten pure compounds were done to assess their osteogenic effect in rat primary osteoblast cultures. ResultsEthanolic extract of stem was more effective than the leaf extract in enhancing bone regeneration at the site of osteotomy. Further, butanolic fraction of the ethanolic extract of stem was more effective than the later in bone regeneration at the femur osteotomy site and in preventing bone loss in GIO model. The mechanism of skeletal preservation involved stimulation of new bone formation and inhibition of bone resorption. As many as six osteogenic compounds were isolated out of which apigenin-6C-glucopyranoside was most effective in vitro. ConclusionOur study found that a standardized extract of an ethanolic extract and its butanolic fraction from the stem of Cassia occidentalis has osteogenic as well as anti-resorptive effects, resulting in the protection against glucocorticoid-induced bone loss. Our results contribute towards validation of the traditional use of Cassia occidentalis in fracture healing and also suggest its beneficial use in GIO for which clinical trials are warranted.

KARAKTERISTIK DAN SKRINING FITOKIMIA EKSTRAK ETANOL 70% BATANG KEPUH (Sterculia foetida L.)

Kepuh (Sterculia foetida L) is a type of kapok plant that has been scientifically proven to have activity as an anti-inflammatory and analgesic. 70% ethanol extract of stem stem is obtained by maceration using 70% ethanol. Examination of the characteristics of 70% ethanol extract of kepuh stem included organoleptic, of moisture content and determination of residual solvent content. Phytochemical screening of 70% ethanol extract of kepuh bark includes: alkaloid, flavonoid, saponin, tannin , polyphenol, and examination of glycosides. The results of the examination of the characteristics of 70% ethanol extract of kepuh stem obtained water content of 8.66 ± 0.748%, the residual content of the solvent had a 0 (zero) ethanol level. The results of phytochemical screening showed 70% ethanol extract of stem stem containing steroid compounds, triterpenoids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins and polyphenols. The identification using UV-Vis spectrophotometry produced ? 212, the absorbance was 1.8601 and ? 284, the absorbance was 0.42186.

Preliminary Pharmacognostic and Phytochemical Evaluation of Stems of Mimosa hamata (Willd)

&lt;strong&gt;Objective&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt; The aim of the present study is to investigate the pharmacognostic and phytochemical investigation of the&lt;em&gt; Mimosa hamata &lt;/em&gt;(Willd.) is a flowering shrub of Mimosaceae family which is used in various traditional medicines to cure various diseases. &lt;em&gt;Mimosa hamata (&lt;/em&gt;Willd.) and &lt;em&gt;Mimosa pudica &lt;/em&gt;are also known as Touch-me-not plant. A wide range of chemical compounds including 4-ethyl-gallic acid; triterpinicsaponin A, B; ethylgallate; mimonoside A, B, C; etc have been isolated from this plant. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Methods&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt; Morphological and microscopic characters, powder analysis, and extractive values of ethanolic extract of stem of &lt;em&gt;Mimosa hamata &lt;/em&gt;and qualitative estimation of phytochemicals were determined. The pharmacognostical parameters such as total ash value, acid insoluble ash value and water soluble ash value, alcohol soluble extractive and water soluble extractive were also determined. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Results&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt; The results of pharmacognostic analysis of stem of &lt;em&gt;Mimosa hamata&lt;/em&gt; (Willd) have revealed the total ash 8.5 % , water soluble ash 0.5 %, water insoluble ash 1.5%, Moisture content 2.5 %, alcohol soluble extractive value 14.29 % and water soluble extractive value 9.75%. The preliminary phytochemical analysis of stem of showed the presence of flavonoids, carbohydrates, tannins etc.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Conclusions&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;It signifies that results revealed the presence of various bioactive constituents which could be exploited for their biopotential for medicinal purposes.

In silico, in vitro: antioxidant and antihepatotoxic activity of gnetol from Gnetum ula Brongn.

Introduction: Gnetum ula is a notable medicinal plant used to cure various ailments. The stem part of the plant is used traditionally to treat jaundice and other disorders. The present work is to investigate the in vitro hepatoprotective and antioxidant activity of ethanol extract of stem of G. ula (GUE) and its isolated compound gnetol. Methods: Column chromatography was carried out for GUE and various column fractions were obtained. DPPH and reducing power assays were performed for GUE and column fractions. The potent fraction was characterized, interpreted and tested for in vitro hepatoprotective activity on the BRL3A cell line. In silico docking studies of gnetol compound on the protein TGF-β (transforming growth factor – β) and Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα) was carried out. Results: DPPH scavenging and reducing power assay showed that the fourth column fraction has antioxidant potential than other fractions. The fourth column fraction was characterized to obtain gnetol compound. BRL3A cell line was used for the toxicity study of GUE and gnetol. Both, the extract and the isolated compound were found to be nontoxic with CTC50 value more than 1000 µg/mL. At the concentration of 200 µg/mL, GUE and gnetol offered cell protection of 50.2% and 54.3%, however, silymarin showed 77.15% protection at 200 µg/mL concentration against CCl4 treated BRL3A cell line. The docking results of the ligand molecule TGF-β showed that gnetol has the binding affinity of -7.0 and standard silymarin being -6.8. TGF-β showed good hydrophobic interactions and formed two hydrogen bonds with the amino acids. For PPARα protein, gnetol showed the binding affinity of -8.4 and silymarin with -6.5. Hydrogen bonding and good hydrophobic interactions against the amino acid molecules in relation to the PPARα protein are shown. Conclusion: Gnetum ula stem extract and its isolated compound are safe and offered significant hepatoprotection against CCl4 induced toxicity. Isolated compound gnetol exhibited a potent antioxidant activity offering protection to liver damage. However, in vivo studies need to be carried out to validate the traditional use of G. ula .

Determination of phenolic compounds, in vitro antioxidant activity and characterization of secondary metabolites in different parts of Passiflora cincinnata by HPLC-DAD-MS/MS analysis

Ethanol extracts of different parts of Passiflora cincinnata were obtained by maceration. The total phenolic and flavonoid contents were evaluated. The antioxidant activities were determined by β-carotene-linoleic acid bleaching test, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazil (DPPH), and 2,2’-azinobis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) radical scavenging. The crude ethanol stem extract showed the highest amount of total polyphenols (45.53 mg gallic acid equivalent/g) while the highest total flavonoid contents (1.42 mg of quercetin equivalent/g) were observed in the leaf extract. The lowest IC50 (25.65 μg/ml) by the DPPH method was observed for the stem extract. The ABTS method showed a significant antioxidant activity for all investigated extracts. The secondary metabolite composition of ethanol extracts was assessed by HPLC-DAD-MS/MS analysis, leading to the identification of fourteen secondary metabolites in P. cincinnata extracts. These results showed the potentiality of this species as a source of phenolic compounds and antioxidants.

QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING AND IN VITRO ANTIOXIDANT EVALUATION OF PERGULARIA DAEMIA

Pergularia daemia belongs to the family Asclepiadaceae, known to have anticancer, anti-inflammatory activity. Aim of the present study was to evaluate qualitative and quantitative phytochemical and antioxidant properties of ethanolic extracts of leaf, stem and root parts of P. daemia . Preliminary phytochemical analysis and in vitro antioxidant properties were evaluated by standard methods. The qualitative phytochemical analysis of P. daemia showed presence of flavonoids, tannins, alkaloid, phytosterol, carbohydrate, phenol, saponin, glycosides, terpenoids, steroids proteins and reducing sugars. Quantitative analysis showed polyphenol, flavonoid, flavonone, flavone and flavonol in P. daemia leaves, stem and root in considerable quantity. The in vitro antioxidant activity of P. daemia clearly demonstrated that leaf, stem and root parts have prominent antioxidant properties and was effective in scavenging free radicals.

새싹보리 잎, 뿌리 및 줄기 에탄올 추출물의 항산화 활성 및 신경세포 보호 효과 비교

새싹보리는 보리(Hordeum vulgare L.) 종자에서 발생한 싹을 키워 발아한 지 일주일 정도 된 어린 보리이며 완전히 자란 보리보다 기능성 물질을 다량 함유하고 있다고 알려져 있다. 이런 새싹보리의 부위별 생리활성 연구는 많이 미흡한 실정이다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 새싹보리의 잎, 뿌리, 줄기에탄올 추출물의 총 폴리페놀과 플라보노이드 함량, 항산화활성 및 신경세포 보호 효과에 관하여 비교하였다. 천연물 항산화력의 지표물질인 폴리페놀 및 플라보노이드 함량은 새싹보리의 뿌리, 줄기보다 잎에서 더욱 높게 측정되었으며, 새싹보리 잎이 DPPH, ABTS 라디칼 소거능 및 환원력 평가에서도 뿌리, 줄기보다 더 높은 항산화 활성을 관찰되었다. 또한, 새싹보리 잎, 뿌리 및 줄기의 신경세포 보호 효과를 확인하기 위해 H₂O₂로 산화적 스트레스를 유도하여 세포 독성, SOD 활성 및 MDA level을 확인한 결과, 새싹보리 잎에서 세포 생존율 증가, SOD 활성 증가 및 MDA level감소가 가장 높게 관찰되었다. 이는 새싹보리의 잎이 다른 부위인 뿌리, 줄기보다 천연 항산화 소재와 신경세포 보호소재로 개발될 가능성이 월등히 높다는 것을 보여주고 있다.

Pharmacognostical fingerprinting and selective bioactivity studies of Solanum glaucophyllum Desf.

Solanum glaucophyllum Desf. (Solanaceae) is traditionally used for curing several health conditions in both human and domesticated animals. There is no data available regarding pharmacognostic standardization and pharmacological activity of this less known medicinal plant. Therefore, the aim of the present work is to prepare pharmacognostic fingerprints of crude drugs obtained from the leaf and stem parts of S. glaucophyllum. Apart from this detailed phytochemical analysis, antioxidant and antimicrobial studies have also been carried out. Pharmacognostic study revealed that the leaves are amphistomatic and stomata are strictly of anisocytic type. Values of stomatal index, palisade ratio, ash content of the investigated parts are found distinct and can be used as pharmacognostic standards for evaluation of crude drugs of this medicinal plant. Phytochemical studies of the leaf and stem parts indicated that phenolics, flavonoids, tannins and alkaloids are present in quite impressible amount. Curcumin content in stem was found very high through HPLC analysis. In DPPH radical scavenging assay, the stem part showed significant antioxidant potential. Ethanol extract of stem produced maximum inhibition zone (11mm) against Pseudomonas aeruginosa at the concentration of 50 mg/ml among five test microorganisms. Some pharmacognostic features recorded in this study as diagnostic ones will help in proper identification of this ethnomedicinal plant in its fresh as well as dried form. On the other hand preliminary phytochemical, antioxidant and antimicrobial studies highlight the S. glaucophyllum as a promising candidate for bioprospecting.

Daya Hambat Ekstrak Etanol Batang Lakum (Cayratia trifolia (L.) Domin) Terhadap Pertumbuhan Isolat Phytophthora sp. Im5 secara In Vitro

Stem rot disease is caused by one of Phytophthora pathogenic fungi that attacks several types of cultivated plants. The alternative control against Phytophthora attack can be done with the use of natural fungicides. One of the herbs that can be untilized is the ethanol extract of lakum stem (Cayratia trifolia (L.) Domin). The aim of this research is to know the effect of ethanol extract of lakum stem and its secondary metabolite in inhibiting the growth of isolate Phytophthora sp. Im5. The research was conducted for three months starting from October to December 2017. This research used solid dilution method and completely randomized design (CRD) wth 8 levels of treatments, i.e. positive control, negative control, ethanol extract concentration of 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 mg/ml. The test for secondary metabolite compounds was done by phytochemical screening method. The result showed that the concentration of 30 mg/ml has the biggest antifugal activity with the inhibition percentage of 34.98%. The activity of lakum stem ethanol extract against isolate Phytophthora sp. Im5 was included in moderate catagory. The results of phytochemical screening showed that the ethanol extract of lakum stem contained alkaloid, flavonoid and tannin compounds.

Structural characterization and quantitative determination of bioactive compounds in ethanolic extracts of Boerhaavia diffusa L. by liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry

AbstractRapid and sensitive liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry methods were developed for structural characterization and quantitative determination of bioactive compounds in Boerhaavia diffusa using high‐performance liquid chromatography with electrospray ionization quadrupole time‐of‐flight tandem mass spectrometry and ultra high performance liquid chromatography with electrospray ionization hybrid triple quadrupole‐linear ion trap tandem mass spectrometry in negative ionization mode. Fifty seven compounds were identified and characterized in ethanolic extracts of root, stem and leaf of B. diffusa. Ten compounds that include characteristic compounds eupalitin‐3‐O‐galactopyranoside, eupalitin, and boeravinone B were successfully separated on an Acquity UPLC BEH™ C18 column (1.7 μm, 2.1 mm × 50 mm) within 6 min. The validation parameters showed satisfactory linearities (R2 ≥ 0.9991), accuracy (limit of detection: 0.01–1.40 ng mL−1 and limit of quantitation: 0.05–4.26 ng mL−1) and precision (% relative standard deviation: 0.25–3.45 for intra‐day, and 0.26–3.25 for inter‐day), stability (% relative standard deviation: 0.16–1.87) and recoveries with relative standard deviation (98.67–104.16, % relative standard deviation: 0.20–4.06). Eupalitin‐3‐O‐galactopyranoside (18530.00 μg g−1) was one of the most abundant among the quantified compounds followed by eupalitin (1258.00 μg g−1) in leaf of Samba district. The developed methods could be effectively used for quality control of B. diffusa due to its accuracy, stability, and repeatability.

In vitro and In silico Antigout arthritic activities of Ethanolic and Aqueous stem extracts of Cissus quadrangularis - A TLR2 and TLR4 Receptor approach

The in vitro anti-gout arthritic activity of ethanolic and aqueous extracts of Cissus quadrangularis stem was evaluated in terms of inhibition of xanthine oxidase, proteinase enzyme, protein denaturation and membrane stabilization. The Monosodium Urate (MSU) up-regulated expression patterns of toll like receptors namely TLR-2and TLR-4 were analyzed. The molecular docking was performed to select the antagonistic phyto ligand for receptors since their activation leads to the destructive immunological reactions occurring in gouty arthritis. The in vitro anti-gout arthritic activities were estimated using standard protocols. The MSU crystal induced toll like receptors gene expression was analyzed. Molecular docking and LIGPLOT analysis was performed with the GCMS derived phyto constituents in the ethanolic extract of Cissus quadrangularis with the receptors to find the interactions. Colchicine was used as a positive drug in the study. Among the two extracts, ethanolic extract revealed better in-vitro anti arthritic activity in the present investigation. Out of the GCMS derived 13 phyto components, based on docking score three main components namely Pentadecanoic acid, 14-methyl,-methyl ester,10-Octadecenoic acid, methyl ester, 4-one,2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-2,3-dihydro-3,5,7-trihydroxy showed better antagonistic action in the LIGPLOT analysis. It may be concluded these three ligands may further developed as a potential anti gouty arthritic drug

Therapeutic effects of aerial parts of Smyrnium cordifolium ethanolic extract on ethylene glycol-induced kidney calculi in rats

Introduction: In this study, the effects of the ethanolic extract of aerial parts (stem and leaves) of Smyrnium cordifolium (S. cordifolium) Boiss on the ethylene glycol(EG)-induced kidney calculi in rats was investigated. Materials and methods: Thirty-six male Wistar albino rats were randomly divided in 6 groups. Group I (normal control), Groups II (control of EG) to VI received EG 1% v/v in water for 28 days. Animals in Groups III and IV (preventive groups) received ethanolic extract of stem and leaves of S. cordifolium in 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg orally in water for 28 days, respectively. Groups V and VI (treatment groups) received extract in 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg orally in water from 15th to 28th day, respectively. Results: Results showed that the level of urine oxalate, blood urea and creatinine in EG group vs. normal control significantly increased (P<0.001). Extract did not show significant effect on urinary oxalate, urine volume and other blood biochemical parameters in the treatment groups (V and VI). Provision of extract resulted in significantly lower levels of urine oxalate and higher level of volume, serum creatinine and blood urea in III and IV groups as compared with Group II (P<0.05). Conclusion: These observations enable us to conclude that the ethanolic extract of aerial parts of S. cordifolium Boiss is effective against EG induced urinary calculi in rats.

The ethanol extract of honeysuckle stem modulates the innate immunity of Chinese mitten crab Eriocheir sinensis against Aeromonas hydrophila

Honeysuckle stem had been used as feed additives to modulate immunity in breeding industry, which was limited in the aquaculture field. In this study, the immunomodulation of honeysuckle stem ethanol extract (designed as HSE) on Chinese mitten crab Eriocheir sinensis was detected. The crabs fed with HSE diets for 30 days had higher level of the total haemocyte count (HTC), lysozyme activity and PO activity (P < 0.05), and had no obvious affect on the phagocytic activity, NO and TNF-α level. When challenged with Aeromonas hydrophila (1.0 × 107 colony-forming units), HSE exhibited weak antibacterial activity against A. hydrophila and increased survival rate of crabs. The decreasing of THC and the increasing of TNF-α concentration, EsCaspase and EsLITAF mRNA expression level were all inhibited significantly by HSE treatment (P < 0.05), when the crabs were challenged by A. hydrophila. Moreover, the following immune parameters of crabs were enhanced by HSE treatment after A. hydrophila infection, including the rising of phagocytosis index and phagocytic rate of haemocyte, the rising of lysozyme, PO, NOS activities and nitric oxide concentration (P < 0.05). Therefore, it was concluded that HSE had great potential to develop into feed additive of crabs, which could enhance the innate immunity of Chinese mitten crabs E. sinensis effectively after A. hydrophila infection.

Anticariogenic Activities of Derris reticulata Ethanolic Stem Extract Against Streptococcus mutans.

Streptococcus mutans is a dominant causative pathogen of dental caries, which is a major oral health problem affecting million people worldwide. Derris reticulata is a medicinal plant possessing antimicrobial activity against several Gram-positive pathogenic bacteria. None the less, its effects on growth and cariogenic properties of S. mutans has not been clearly established. This study aimed to investigate the antibacterial and anti cariogenic activities of the D. reticulata ethanolic stem extract. The TLC analysis was performed to authenticate the D. reticulata sample. Minimum inhibition concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration were determined by using broth dilution and drop plate methods, respectively. Sucrose dependent and sucrose independent-adherences, biofilm formation and glycolytic pH drop assays were performed to evaluate the anticariogenic activity. The ethanolic stem extract of D. reticulata possessed the antibacterial activity against S. mutans with the MIC and MBC of 0.875±0.250 and 1.750±0.500 mg mL-1, respectively. The extract at the lower concentrations of sub-MIC also had significant inhibitory actions against the cariogenic properties of S. mutans, including surface adherence, biofilm formation and glycolytic acid production. The D. reticulata stem extract had a substantial anticariogenic activities and thus potentially be developed as an oral health care product for dental caries prevention in the near future.

Antibacterial Activity of Polygonum pulchrum Blume Ethanol Extract on Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli

The emergence of resistant bacteria strain has become a global health concern. It encourages the exploration of potential antibacterial agents, particularly from natural sources. The aim of this study was to investigate the antibacterial activity of ethanol extract of root, stems, leaves, and flowers of Polygonum pulchrum Blume against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, through disc diffusion method using cup-plate method. Inhibition zone against S. aureus from roots, stems, leaves, and flowers ethanol extract were 3.5 mm, 2.5 mm, 2.25 mm, and 2.62 mm, respectively, while the inhibition zone against E. coli were 2.25 mm, 2.12 mm, 1.62 mm, and 1.75 mm, respectively. In conclusion, ethanol extract of root, stem, leaves, and flower of P. pulchrum Bl possessed weak antibacterial activity against S. aureus and E. coli.Keywords: P. pulchrum Bl, antibacterial, E. coli, S. aureus, cup-plate technique