Ethanol Extract Of Stems Research Articles

Phytochemical Screening and Antimicrobial Effects of Aqueous and Ethanol Leaf and Stem Extracts of Gongronema latifolium Benth.

Phytochemical Screening and Antimicrobial Effects of Aqueous and Ethanol Leaf and Stem Extracts of Gongronema latifolium Benth.

In Vitro effect of the ethanolic extract of Tephrosia Vogelii on Rhipicephalus Sanguineus in Abomey-Calavi.

Ticks are vectors of several diseases, of which many are zoonosis transmissible to humans. The use of Tephrosia leafs' extract as a low cost acaricide is spreading among farmers in central Kenya. The present study's aim is to inventory endogenous control methods against dogs' ticks among which Rhipicephalus sanguineus, in the Municipality of Abomey-Calavi. From September to October 2013, a survey was made on forty randomly selected breeders and ticks samples were collected on forty dogs. The web platform, www.epicollect.net, was used for the survey. In total, 77.5% (n=40) of examined dogs were infested with ticks. Three species of ticks were identified: Rhipicephalus sanguineus, Haemaphysalis leachi, and Amblyomma variegatum. They were found on 77.5%, 17.5%, and 15% of examined dogs, respectively. The numerical abundance of the three species was 87.06%, 11.9%, and 1.03%, respectively. The average number of ticks per animal was 16.83±5.04, 2.3±1.64, and 0.2±0.08 for Rhipicephalus sanguineus, Haemaphysalis leachi, and Amblyomma variegatum, respectively. Farmers used manual diptank (67.5%), plant ash (37.5%), petroleum (12.5%), motor oil (2.50 %), and sea water (7.5%) to fight against ticks. The phytochemical screening of the leafy stem's powder of Tephrosia vogelii revealed the presence of catechol tannins, saponins, sugars, leuco-anthocyanins, polyterpenes, and sterols. A 100% larval mortality was observed at the concentration of 20% the ethanolic extract of the leafy stem of Tephrosia vogelii. The LC50 of this ethanolic extract against Rhipicephalus sanguineus larvae was equal to 2.6%.

English

Medicinal plants are being used for the treatment of several ailments by the local tribes in Mizoram, North East India. The present study was focused to analyze the antibacterial and antioxidant activities of a widely used traditional medicinal plant, Blumea lanceolaria. Total phenol content was found to be high in the ethanolic extract of leaf (33.91 mg GAE/g DW) in comparison to root and stem of the plant. Reducing activity was measured by potassium ferricyanide reducing (FRAP) assay and found to be highest in the methanolic extract of root (39.29 mg GAE/g DW). Methanolic extracts of root showed highest reducing activity of superoxide dismutase (9.4 SOD units/ mg protein) and ascorbic acid oxidase (1.52 ascorbic acid oxidase units/mg proteins). A positive correlation was obtained between total phenol content and antioxidant activities of the extracts. The screening of the antibacterial activity of different extracts was conducted by using agar well diffusion test against three human bacterial pathogens. Ethanol extracts of stem, root and leaf showed promising results against Staphylococcus aureus with high (10 to 12 mm) inhibition zone as compared to standard antibiotics (2 to 10 mm). This study concludes that B. lanceolaria has high antioxidant and antibacterial activities and could be used as a potent plant in the treatment of a variety of ailments. Key words: Blumea lanceolaria, ethno-medicine, antimicrobial activity, phenolic content, antioxidant activity.

Estimation of Total Phenolics and Flavonoid Content and In-vitro Antioxidant Activity of Drypetes sepiaria Stem (Wight and Arn.) Pax and K. Hoffm.

The total phenolics, flavonoids and in vitro antioxidant activity of petroleum ether, benzene, ethyl acetate, methanol and ethanol extracts of stem of Drypetes sepiaria were determined using various antioxidant model systems viz, DPPH, hydroxyl, superoxide, ABTS and reducing power. Total phenolic content was estimated by Folin-Ciocalteau method. Flavonoids were determined by Aluminium chloride method. The total phenolics and flavonoids contents were found to be 0.81 g 100 g-1 and 1.12g 100 g-1 respectively in the methanol extract. Among the solvent tested, methanol and ethanol extracts of D. sepiaria stem showed potent in vitro antioxidant activities. This investigation explored that D. sepiaria stem is a potential source of natural antioxidant.

Effect of Ethanolic Crude Extracts of Nauclea latifolia Smith (Rubiaceae) Leaves, Fruits, Stem and Root Barks on the Liver of Chinchilla Rabbit

Effect of Ethanolic Crude Extracts of Nauclea latifolia Smith (Rubiaceae) Leaves, Fruits, Stem and Root Barks on the Liver of Chinchilla Rabbit

Cissus quadrangularis Linn. Stem Ethanolic Extract Liberates Reactive Oxygen Species and Induces Mitochondria Mediated Apoptosis in KB Cells.

Background:Cissus quadrangularis Linn. (CQ) commonly known as Hadjod (Family: Vitaceae) is usually distributed in India and Sri Lanka and contains several bioactive compounds responsible for various metabolic and physiologic effects.Objective:In this study, the biological effects of CQ ethanolic extract were evaluated by in vitro and supported by in silico analysis on KB oral epidermoid cancer cell line.Materials and Methods:Anti-cancer potential of ethanolic extract of CQ stem against KB oral epidermoid cancer cells was evaluated in terms of morphological analysis, nuclei staining, liberation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), cell cycle arrest, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and p53 and Bcl-2 protein expression which reveal the induction of apoptosis along with supporting in silico analysis.Results:Ethanolic extract of CQ stem contains various bioactive compounds responsible for cancer cell morphological alterations, liberation of ROS, G1 phase cell cycle arrest and decreased MMP along with up-regulation of p53 and down-regulation of Bcl-2. By employing in silico approach, we have also postulated that the CQ extract active constituents sequester Bcl-2 with higher affinity as compared to p53, which may be the reason for induction of growth arrest and apoptosis in KB cells.Conclusion:Our data indicate that the CQ extract has a remarkable apoptotic effect that suggests that it could be a viable treatment option for specific types of cancers.SUMMARY Cissus quadrangularis stem ethanolic extract induces apoptosis and cell cycle arrest at G1 phaseIt liberates (ROS) and mitochondria mediated apoptosisIt upregulates p53 and down-regulates Bcl-2 protein expressionIn silico studies indicates that the active constituents of CQ binds Bcl-2 with higher affinity as compared to p53.

GC-MS/MS Study ofParthenium hysterophorus L(N. Am) stem, Antimicrobial activity

15 species of Parthenium are available under this genus. Parthenium hysterophorus belong to the family of Asteracea. Since, plant forms a fundamental raw material for the development of therapeutic drug, the phytocomponents of plants are vital tool for the treatment and cure. So, the present work was decided to study the components in ethanol extract of Parthenium hysterophorus stem through GC-MS/MS and its antimicrobial activity. The results of GC-MS/MS showed highest peak for Aciphyllene, Stigmasteryltosylate, Benzophenone, Stigmasterol, 4-Nitrophenyl laurate. Compounds such as Azulene, 1,2,3,5,6,7,8,8a-octahydro-1,4-dimethyl-7-(1-methylethenyl)-, [1S-(1α,7α,8aβ)]-, Bicyclo[3.1.0]hexan-2-one, 1,5-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)-3,3-dimethyl-, 1,2-Benzenediol, mono(methylcarbamate), 2,5-Dihydroxyacetophenone, bis(trimethylsilyl) ether, 12-Tridecynoic acid, methyl ester, Phenol, 3,4-dimethoxy-, 4-Acetoxy-3-methoxystyrene, Benzoic acid, 4-methyl-2-trimethylsilyloxy-, trimethylsilyl ester, 12-Tridecynoic acid, methyl ester, Tetradecanoic acid shows moderate peak area percent. The results of antimicrobial activity shows that antimicrobial activity was observed with Escherichia coli, Aspergillus niger, Candida albicans while, Staphylococcus aureus showed no zone of inhibition.

Estimation of cytotoxic potency by brine shrimp lethality bioassay application of Clerodendrum infortunatum Linn.

Objective: To learn a scientific and systematic knowledge of anticancer, antimicrobial and pharmacological activities of natural products and estimate cytotoxic potency by using ethanol and chloroform extracts of root, leaf and stem of Clerodendrum infortunatum (Verbenaceae) due to its random use in customary and traditional medicine to cure common ailments such as intestinal disorder, diarrhea, tuberculosis and respiratory problems etc. Methods: The in vitro application was carried out with the bench-top bioassay method by using brine shrimp lethality bioassay. Results: All of the crude extracts were found to be lethal and effective. The LC50 value of ethyl alcohol fraction of root was 20.845 mg/L compared to the standard drug tetracycline of 14.675 mg/L to brine shrimp nauplii, indicating that the extracts were biologically active. Conclusions: The cytotoxic study of LC50 value showed that a good correlation with the antibiotic tetracycline. From the comparative correlation error bars and percentage, we understood that ethyl alcohol fraction of root extract was very effective. This study serves as a basis for further research to lead compounds to be isolated so that it may be as a template for the implications of these results for bioactivity and drug discovery potential of herbal products.

Antidiarrheal Mechanism And Ionic Profile Of <i>Carpolobia Lutea</i> Ethanolic Stem-Bark Extract In Rats.

The stem-bark extract of Carpolobia lutea (Polygalaceae), used in ethno-medicine as anti-diarrhea was pharmacologically evaluated. This was the first report of assessment of the ethanolic stem extract (ESE), of C. lutea as anti-diarrhoeal agent in rats. The anti-diarrhoeal effects, acute toxicity and ionic profile are investigated and reported. The acute toxicity was established using Lock's method. The anti-diarrhoeal effects were demonstrated using castor oil-induced diarrheal and fluid accumulation and its effect on normal intestinal transit. The mechanism elucidated using yohimbine, isosorbide dinitrate, and diphenoxylate. The elemental and ionic profile of ESE was established using inductively coupled argon-plasma emission spectrometer and potentiometric titration respectively. The finger print of ESE was revealed by Jasco (Tokyo, Japan), HPLC and active compounds by phytochemical screening using standard procedure. The LD50 obtained is 866.025 mg/kg (i.p). The doses of 43.3, 86.6, and 173.2 mg/kg of ESE showed inhibition of castor oil-induced diarrheal (p<0.05 -0.001). The most abundant cations in the extract are potassium and phosphorus (1.00 ±0.01 and 0.80 ± 0.030 mg/g respectively); while the most abundant anions are phosphate and sulphate (33.50±7.09 and 7.19±3.29 mg/g respectively). The HPLC fingerprint of ESE revealed UV spectra of biomolecules. Phytochemical screening revealed presence of saponins, polyphenols and glycosides. These investigations indicate presence of bioactive and elemental substances which could play major role in diarrheal management. This investigation justifies the use of stem-bark of C. lutea in illicit gin (akpatashi), among the Effiks in Nigeria as antidiarrheal.

The Impact of Hexane and Ethanol Extracts of Jatropha Seeds, Arqel Stems and Malathion on Mortality and Fecundity of Tomato Leaf Miner Tuta Absoluta (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae)

The effects of hexane and ethanol organic extracts of jatropha Jatropha curcas seeds, argel (Solenostemma argel (Del.) stem and malathion on mortality and fecundity of the tomato leaf miner Tuta absoluta were evaluated under laboratory conditions at a temperature of 27 ± 2c and a relative humidity of 30 ± 5%. Two-day old adults were tested against four different concentrations of each extract. The mortality results showed that all tested concentrations gave significantly higher mortality percentage than that of the control. The LC50 values of the ethanolic extract of jatropha seeds after 24, 48 and 72 hrs of exposure were 6.406, 2.278 and 2.493 respectively whereas those of the hexane extract were 6.219, 5.629 and 3.139 respectively. The results also showed that the LC50 values obtained by jatropha seeds ethanolic extracts after 48 and 72 hours were lower than their counterparts of the hexane extract which may be suggest that the active ingredient in jatropha seeds is easily extracted in ethanol rather than in hexane. The LC50 values of ethanol extracts of argel stems after 24, 48 and 72 hrs were 17.716, 8.336 and 6.860 respectively whereas those of the hexane extract were 26.191, 26.191 and 13.571 respectively. The mortality results generated by the 15% hexane and ethanol extract of both jatropha seeds were not significantly different from the standard, malathion, after 48 and 72 hrs of exposure which indicates the potency of these extracts. The results also showed that all tested concentrations of hexane and ethanol extracts of both jatropha seeds and argel stems resulted in a significantly lower fecundity of the treated insects than that of the control; however, there was no significant difference in fecundity among insects treated with different concentrations.

Chemical constituents and antimicrobial properties of the essential oil and ethanol extract from the stem of Aglaia odorata Lour.

The stem-derived essential oil of Aglaia odorata Lour. was obtained by hydrodistillation using a Clevenger-type system. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis of the oil revealed the identification of 39 compounds, representing 76.4% of the oil; germacrene D (20.3%), α-humulene (17.1%), α-himachalene (12.7%) and β-caryophyllene (10.2%) were the major components. Ar-turmerone (1) and eichlerialactone (2) were isolated from the stem oil and ethanolic stem extract of this plant species, respectively. Antimicrobial activities of the oil and ethanol extract were tested against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial strains including Bacillus cereus ATCC 11778, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Acinetobacter baumannii ATCC 19606 and Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, as well as three rice fungal pathogens Bipolaris oryzae, Pyricularia oryzae and Rhizoctonia solani using broth microdilution method. The oil and 1 exhibited significant antifungal activity against the three rice pathogens tested, whereas 2 exhibited good antibacterial activity against both the Gram-positive pathogens tested.

Evaluation of antimicrobial study in in vitro application of Clerodendrum infortunatum Linn.

ObjectiveTo evaluate the antimicrobial potency of ethanol and chloroform extracts of root, leaf and stem of Clerodendrum infortunatum (Verbenaceae) and to explore a scientific data as this plant was randomly use in traditional medicine to cure common ailments such as intestinal disorder, diarrhea, tuberculosis and respiratory problems, etc. MethodsThe in vitro application was carried out by using disc diffusion, micro broth dilution and serial dilution techniques against clinically important life threatening organisms. ResultsAll the extracts showed significant inhibitory activity over the bacteria and fungus comparable to the standard drug tetracycline and fluconazole. The maximum average diameter zone of inhibition was recorded to bacterial strains against Bacillus megaterium, Salmonella typhi, Klebsiella pneumoniae and to fungi against Aspergillus niger and Candida albicans. The minimum inhibitory concentration values of ethanol leaf extract were determined 64 μg/mL to Bacillus megaterium, Salmonella typhi and Klebsiella pneumoniae; 128 μg/mL to Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus-β–haemolyticus and Escherichia coli. ConclusionsThe findings evidently appear promising antibacterial and antifungal properties of Clerodendrum infortunatum against antagonistic pathogens. Leaf possesses quite potent activity than root and stem specially leaf extract>root extract>stem extract. This study serves as basis for further research to lead compounds to be isolated so that it may be as a template for the implications of these results for bioactivity and drug discovery potential of herbal products.

Antimicrobial Activity of Marsilea quadrifolia (L.) Against Some Selected Pathogenic Microorganisms

Objective: To investigate the antimicrobial activity of different solvent extracts of leaf and stem of M. quadrifolia (L.) against selected human pathogenic microorganisms. Methods: The antimicrobial activity was evaluated by well diffusion method. The antibacterial and antifungal studies were carried out at the Department Laboratory, Government Arts College (Autonomous), Kumbakonam – 612 001, Tamilnadu, India during the months of July to December 2013. Wells of 6 mm diameter were punched in the agar medium and filled with different volumes of extracts (50mg/ml) contains 2.5, 3.75 and 5mg concentrations. Results: The antimicrobial activity of different solvent extracts of leaf and stem of M. quadrifolia at different concentrations was analyzed. Among the concentrations, 5mg of both leaf and stem extracts showed best antimicrobial activity than other concentrations 2.5 and 3.75mg. The leaf and stem extracts showed antimicrobial activity and produced the zone of inhibition ranges from 8 to 23mm. The aqueous leaf extract showed maximum zone of inhibition 23mm against Streptococcus pyogenes followed by ethanolic stem extract showed 21mm against Bacillus subtilis . The minimum antibacterial activity 8mm was observed by diethyl ether stem extract against Klebsiella pneumonia. The antifungal activity of diethyl ether leaf extract showed positive results in all tested fungal strains when compared to other solvent extracts. The maximum zone of inhibition 13mm was observed against Aspergillus terreus at 5mg of diethyl ether leaf extract. Aqueous and methanolic

Evaluation of Phytochemical Screening and Anti Inflammatory Activity of Leaves and Stem of Mikania scandens (L.) Wild.

Background:The greatest disadvantage in the presently available potent synthetic anti-inflammatory drugs lies in their toxicity and reappearance of symptoms after discontinuation. Hence, people are returning to the natural products with the hope of safety and security. Several species of Mikania have been reported to have anti-inflammatory properties.Aim:The present study aims to assess the anti-inflammatory activity of the ethanolic extract of the leaves and stem of Mikania scandens in vivo and in vitro.Materials and Methods:The in vitro bioassay consisted of assaying the effect of the extracts against denaturation of protein (egg albumin) and measuring the absorbance. In vivo anti-inflammatory activity was checked by measuring the percentage inhibition of carrageenan-induced rat paw edema after oral administration of the extracts to male Wistar rats.Results:The plant extracts revealed the presence of tannins, alkaloids, steroids and flavonoids in both the leaf and stem extracts. The in vitro study of leaf extracts of M. scandens demonstrated that at 16000 μg/ml concentration a better anti-inflammatory activity was exhibited which is more than the stem extracts. Similarly in the in vivo study, carrageenan induced inflammation was significantly antagonized by M. scandens leaf extract, with inhibition of 50% at 1000 mg/kg.Conclusion:The ethanolic extract of both leaf and stem of M. scandens showed potent anti-inflammatory activity. In comparison the leaf extract found to be more potent in both the conditions in vivo and in vitro, comparing with the standard drug diclofenac sodium and traditional control rumalaya perhaps due to the presence of phytochemicals like alkaloids and flavonoids in the plant.

Comparative Determination of Phytochemical, Proximate and Mineral Compositions in Various Parts of Portulaca oleracea L.

Aqueous and ethanol extracts of leaf, stem and root of Portulaca oleracea L. were analyzed for phytochemical constituents and compared, whereas only aqueous extract was used for proximate and mineral composition determinations. There were presence of alkaloid, flavonoid, phenol, saponin, sterol, tannin and terpenoid in the leaf, stem and root of both extracts. Alkaloid and saponin have highest concentrations in both aqueous and ethanol extracts. High concentrations of calcium, magnesium, phosphorus and potassium were present in the leaf, stem and root, whereas iron content was least in all the parts. Level of crude protein, crude fibre and fat were highest in the leaf while carbohydrate was highest in the stem and least in the leaf at p>0.05 level of significance. Generally, it was observed that various parts of Portulaca oleracea contained different concentrations of phytochemicals and nutrients. This work, therefore, confirmed the plant’s indigenous uses. In addition, it proposed extraction of the bioactive compounds and nutrients from them for manufacture of food supplements and development of new drugs. Ethanol extract of this plant is preferable for extraction of saponin, tannin and terpenoid whereas both aqueous and ethanol extracts would produce good level of alkaloid, flavonoid, phenol and sterol.

English

The pytochemicals, nutritional and toxicological potentials of the ethanol extracts of the leaf and stem of&nbsp;Newbouldia laevis&nbsp;was investigated in this study. The percentage yields of&nbsp;N. laevis&nbsp;ethanol&nbsp;leaf and stem extracts were found to be 7.44 and 3.30% (w/w), respectively. The preliminary phytochemical screening showed that ethanol leaf and stem extracts contains alkaloids, flavonoids and tannins. The quantitative phytochemical analysis showed that the leaf and stem extracts contained respectively: alkaloids (14.74&shy;&shy;&nbsp;&plusmn; 0.06 and 6.27&shy;&shy;&nbsp;&plusmn; 0.0 mg/g), flavonoids (15.51 &plusmn; 0.04 and 5.18 &plusmn; 0.04 mg/g), cardiac glycosides (6.77 &plusmn; 0.02 mg/g), tannins (1.74 &plusmn; 0.11 mg/g), saponins (4.07 &plusmn; 0.06 mg/g), steroids (41.72 &plusmn; 0.02 mg/g) and terpenoids (8.67 &plusmn; 0.09 mg/g). The following amounts of vitamins and minerals were found in the leave and stem-bark extracts, respectively; vitamin A (5.19&shy;&nbsp;&shy;&plusmn; 0.00 and 3.01&nbsp;&shy;&shy;&plusmn; 0.00 mg/100 g), vitamin C (2.35&nbsp;&shy;&shy;&plusmn; 0.55 and 1.05&shy;&nbsp;&shy;&plusmn; 0.08 mg/100 g) and vitamin E (9.33&shy;&shy;&nbsp;&plusmn; 0.02 and 4.08&shy;&nbsp;&plusmn; 0.11 mg/100 g); minerals: Mg (76.12 &plusmn; 0.04 and 54.25 &plusmn; 0.04 mg/100 g), Fe (16.84 &plusmn; 0.06 and 1.19 &plusmn; 0.03 mg/100 g) and Se (3.08 &plusmn; 0.03 and 0.29 &plusmn; 0.07 mg/100 g). The acute toxicity test of the ethanol leaf and stem extracts showed no toxicity up to 5000 mg/kg body weight. &nbsp; Key words:&nbsp;Newbouldia laevis,&nbsp;phytochemical properties,&nbsp;vitamins,&nbsp;minerals, toxicity.

STUDY OF ANALGESIC AND ANTIDIARRHOEAL ACTIVITIES OF Sonneratia caseolaris (LINN.) LEAF AND STEM USING DIFFERENT SOLVENT SYSTEM.

The different fractions of crude ethanol extract of leaf and stem of S. caseolaris (Linn.) (Sonneratiaceae) were screened for its analgesic and antidiarrhoeal activities. The different fraction of crude extract was obtained by using four different solvent systems. The different fractions of crude extract produced significant writhing inhibition in acetic acid induced writhing in mice at dose of 250 and 500mg/kg BW comparable to the standard drug diclofenac sodium at the dose of 25mg/kg BW. When tested for its antidiarrhoeal effects on castor oil induced diarrhea in mice, it increased mean latent period and decreased the frequency of defecation significantly at the dose of 250 and 500mg/kg BW comparable to the standard drug loperamide at the dose of 50mg/kg BW. The overall results tend to suggest the analgesic and antidiarrhoeal activities of the different fractions of crude extract. Both ethyl acetate fraction of stem and chloroform fraction of leaf have significant analgesic activity. Again between the two fractions of crude ethanol extract ethyl acetate fraction of S.caseolaris stem have most significant antidiarrhoeal activity. Key words: analgesic, antidiarrhoeal, S.caseolaris, diclofenac sodium, loperamide.

Comparative Antioxidant Study of Stem and Stem Induced Callus of Phyllanthus fraternus Webster—An Important Antiviral and Hepatoprotective Plant

Phyllanthus fraternus is widely used in the cure of various liver diseases and possess antiviral properties especially against hepatitis virus. In the present study, evaluation of the antioxidant activity of stem and calli induced from stem has been done by different assays. Extraction was done by standard method in water and ethanol. Total antioxidant capacity was measured by 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl free radical scavenging method. Lipid peroxidation was measured in terms of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) by using egg yolk homogenates as lipid-rich media, and superoxide radical scavenging activity was measured using riboflavin-light-nitro blue tetrazolium assay. Reducing power was determined on the basis of Fe(3+)-Fe(2+) transformation in the presence of the extract. In addition to the antioxidant activity, polyphenolic compounds like total phenolics and flavonoids were also measured by spectroscopic method. Results showed that the ethanolic extract of stem is more potent in antioxidant activity than its aqueous extract and ethanolic extract of calli. A significant correlation between antioxidant capacity and polyphenolic content and reducing potential was observed, indicating that phenolic compounds and reducers present in extract are major contributors to the antioxidant potential. Thus, this plant extract could be used as a potent natural antioxidant.

Anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive activities of Homalium letestui

Context. Homalium letestui Pellegr (Flacourtiaceae) is used in various decoctions traditionally by the Ibibios of the Niger Delta of Nigeria to treat stomach ulcer, malaria and other inflammatory diseases, as well as an aphrodisiac.Objective: To investigate the anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive activities of the stem extract of the plant.Materials and methods: The ethanol stem extract (500, 750, 1000 mg/kg, i.p.) of H. letestui was investigated for anti-inflammatory activity using carrageenan, egg albumin-induced and xylene-induced ear edema models and analgesic activity using acetic acid-induced writhing, formalin-induced paw licking and thermal-induced pain models. The ethanol extract was administered to the animals orally, 30 min to 1 h depending on the model, before induction of inflammation/pain. The LD50 was also determined. GC–MS analysis of dichloromethane fraction was carried out.Results: The extract caused a significant (p < 0.05–0.001) reduction of inflammation induced by carrageenan (8.3–70.0%), egg albumin (10.0–71.42%) and xylene (39.39–84.84%). The extract also reduced significantly (p < 0.05–0.001) pain induced by acetic acid (44.22–73.65%), formalin (55.89–79.21%) and hot plate (93.0–214.5%). The LD50 was determined to be 4.38 ± 35.72 g/kg.Discussion and conclusion: The results of this study suggest that the ethanol stem extract of H. letestui possesses anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties which may in part be mediated through the chemical constituents of the plant as revealed by the GC–MS.

Antinociceptive activity of the ethanolic extract of Persicaria acuminata Sach.

BackgroundPersicaria acuminata Sach. (Family – Polygonaceae) commonly known as Bishkathali is a Bangladeshi native plant which is traditionally used in painful conditions. ObjectiveThe aim of the present study was to evaluate antinociceptive effect of the plant and to prove the scientific basis of traditional use. MethodsThe ethanolic extracts of leaf and stem of the plant were investigated using acetic acid induced writhing method on animal model. ResultsOral administration of both leaf and stem extracts at the doses of 250 and 500 mg/kg body weight showed significant and dose-dependent inhibition of writhing response. ConclusionThe study signifies the antinociceptive activity of the plant and supports its popular folkloric use in the management of pain.