Ethanol Extract Of Stems Research Articles

Experimental and Mathematical Model for the Antimalarial Activity of the Ethanolic Stem Extract of Azadirachta indica A. Juss in Swiss Mice Infected with Plasmodium berghei berghei NK65

Experimental and Mathematical Model for the Antimalarial Activity of the Ethanolic Stem Extract of Azadirachta indica A. Juss in Swiss Mice Infected with Plasmodium berghei berghei NK65

In vitro antioxidant activity, total phenolic and flavonoid contents of ethanol extract of stem and leaf of Grewia carpinifolia

Free radicals are reactive molecules involved in many physiological processes and have been associated with many diseases, such as cancer, arthritis and liver injury. As a result, there is need to explore substances with free radical scavenging and or antioxidant activity. The present study was designed to evaluate the free radical scavenging activity of ethanol extract of leaf and stem of Grewia carpinifolia using various in vitro models. Ascorbic acid was used as the reference in the study. 1,1-Diphenyl-2-picryl hydroxyl (DPPH) quenching assay, 2,2′-azinobis-3-ethylbenzothiozoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) cation decolorization test, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) Assay systems were selected for the present experiment. The ability of the extracts to inhibit lipid oxidation was measured using Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances (TBARS) assay. The extracts were used at 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8 and 1mg/ml concentrations and radical scavenging activity was determined in terms of inhibition percentage. The IC50 (concentration required for 50% inhibition) was also calculated for each radical. The study revealed that Grewia carpinifolia has a high radical scavenging activity in the various radical systems. The total phenolic content was 19.08±1.21mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g extract and 14.85±1.09mg GAE/g extract for the leaf and stem respectively while the flavonoid content was 9.00±0.13 and 13.22±1.53mg quercetin/g extract. The antioxidant activity of Grewia carpinifolia extract may be due to the high level of flavonoids and phenols in the plant.

Anti-Inflammatory and Anti-Nociceptive Activities of Stem-Bark Extracts and Fractions of Carpolobia Lutea (Polygalaceae).

Background:In Niger Delta, ethnomedicine hydroalcoholic extract of Carpolobia lutea (CL) (Polygalaceae) is used to relieve inflammatory pains.Objectives:The purpose of this study is to evaluate the anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive effects of ethanolic stem extract (ESE) and to fractionate the ESE for the elucidation of bioactive molecules.Materials and Methods:The antinociceptive effects for ESE were tested against two noxious stimuli; chemical (acetic acid-induced writhing and formalin-induced pain) and thermal (hot plate) stimuli. The effects of paracetamol (130 mg/kg), indomethacin (10 mg/kg), and morphine (5 mg/kg) pretreatment were investigated. To isolate the bioactive compounds with anti-inflammatory effect, two doses (86.6 and 173.2 mg/kg) of four fractions (methanol fraction MTF, ethyl acetate fraction EAF, chloroform fraction CHF, and n-hexane fraction n-HF) obtained from fractionating ESE were utilized. Carrageenan, egg albumin, and capsaicin-induced edema of the hind paw of the rats were the models adopted. Paw volume was measured by a digital vernier caliper from 0 to 6 h after injection. This was compared to standard drugs. The results were subjected to statistical analysis.Results:The ESE decreased significantly (P < 0.001) the writhing of acetic acid-induced abdominal contractions and licking of formalin-induced pains but does not have any effects on the hot plate test. Of the four fractions obtained, the EAFs demonstrated a significant (P < 0.001) inflammatory inhibition of 98.97% and 41.91% at 86.6 and 173.2 mg/kg, respectively, compared to 65.75% inhibition demonstrated by the reference drug, acetylsalicylic acid (100 mg/kg) on the carrageenan model while 36.36% and 29.87% inhibition of inflammation at 86.6 and 173.2 mg/kg, respectively, on the egg albumin models; there was no significant effect on the capsaicin model.Conclusion:The isolation of quercetin and kaemferol from CL gave credence to its anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive effects.

Evaluation of wound healing and anti microbial activity of the Argemone mexicana linn (papavraceae)

Wounds are inescapable events of life, which arise due to physical or chemical injury or microbial infections. The healing of wounds often deviates from a normal course and under-healing, over-healing or failure of wounds to heal is common. Most of the lethal diseases in the world are due to bacterial infections. There are various allopathic drugs used to treat the infections of the bacteria such as bactericidal and bactristatic. Allopathic drugs are more toxic and show the side effects. Herbal drugs are used for their less toxicity. The present study was under taken to verify the effect of A.mexicana roots and its stem on experimentally induced excision wound in the rats and antimicrobial activity against highly pathogenic organisms like Pseudomonas putida, Salmonella typhi, Vibrio cholera, Staphylococcus aures, Pectobacterium coratovurum . Gentamycin (0.3% w/w) was used as standard wound healing agent. The present study is to monitor the anti microbial activity and wound healing activity of ethanolic extracts of stem, root and other parts of the plant Argemone mexicana L belongs to the family Papaveraceae. The ethanolic extracts of the stem, leaf, flower and root are examined for the anti microbial activity and compared with the standard drug Cefotaxime sodium I.P (30µg).

Investigation of the Phytochemicals, Antioxidant, and Antimicrobial Activity of the &amp;lt;i&amp;gt;Andrographis paniculata&amp;lt;/i&amp;gt; Leaf and Stem Extracts

Andrographis paniculata (Kalmegh) has been considered as a medicinal shrub and used as a medicinal plant in the remote areas of Bangladesh. A. paniculata leaf and stem extracts were prepared using the polar (i.e., water, and 70% ethanol) and nonpolar (i.e., hexane) solvents. The phytochemical contents, total phenol contents (TPC), antioxidant activity, and antibacterial activity of all the extracts of A. paniculata leaf and stem were investigated. Both the gram-positive (i.e., Bacillus subtillis) and gram-negative (i.e., E. coli, and Salmonella typhi) strains of bacteria were used for the antibacterial activity assay of the sample extracts. The ethanolic stem extracts contained the maximum amount of TPC when compared to that of the leaf extracts. However, the aqueous stem extracts had the highest free radical scavenging activity in vitro. The extracts prepared from A. paniculata stem showed better antibacterial activity against all the strains of bacteria (i.e., E. coli, S. typhi, and B. subtillis) when compared to that of the leaf extracts. More specifically, the aqueous stem extract showed superior antibacterial effect against E. coli, and B. subtillis, and the zones of inhibition were 21 mm, and 29 mm in diameter, respectively. On the other hand, the ethanolic stem extract showed the maximum antibacterial activity against S. typhi and the zone of inhibition was 8.15 mm. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value and IC50 value for all the A. paniculata extracts were ~0.05 μg/μL, and ~1 μg/μL, respectively.

Hepatoprotective activity of the extract of Homalium letestui stem against paracetamol-induced liver injury.

Homalium letestui Pellegr (Flacourtiaceae) has been traditionally used by the Ibibios of Southern Nigeria to treat stomach ulcer, malaria and other inflammatory diseases and Yorubas of western Nigeria as an antidote. This study evaluates the hepatoprotective properties of the ethanol extract of the plant stem. The hepatoprotective effect of the extract of the stem of the plant (200-600 mg/kg) was evaluated by the assay of liver function parameters, namely total and direct bilirubin, serum protein and albumin, total cholesterol, alanine aminotransaminase (ALT), aspartate aminotransaminase (AST), and alkaline phosphatase activities (ALP), antioxidant enzymes like superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx), reduced glutathione (GSH) and histopathological study of the liver. Also, GCMS analysis of n-butanol fraction of the extract was carried out. Administration of the extract of the stem of the plant caused a significant (p<0.05 - 0.001) dose-dependent reduction of high levels of liver enzymes (ALT, AST and ALP), total cholesterol, direct and total bilirubin as well as elevation of serum levels of total protein, albumin and antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT, GPx and GSH). Histology of the liver sections from extract and silymarin-treated animals showed reductions in the pathological features compared to the paracetamol-treated animals. The chemical pathological changes were consistent with histopathological observations suggesting marked hepatoprotective effect of the extract of H. letestui stem. GCMS analysis of n-butanol fraction revealed the presence of 16 bioactive compounds. The results show that the extract of H. letestui has hepatoprotective potential which may be due to the antioxidant activity of its phytoconstituents.

In Vitro Anti‐Inflammatory Activity of Morus alba L. Stem Extract in LPS‐Stimulated RAW 264.7 Cells

Morus alba L., also known as white mulberry or Mhon, has long been used in traditional medicines. This study was aimed to investigate anti-inflammatory activities of mulberry stem ethanolic extract (MSE) in lipopolysaccharide- (LPS-) stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophage cell line. The MSE was first prepared and then investigated for cell viability using the MTT assay. The anti-inflammatory activities were investigated through the inhibition of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase- (COX-) 2 mRNA expression, and iNOS protein expression using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay and immunoblotting analysis, respectively. The inhibition of nitric oxide production of the MSE was also investigated using the Griess reaction assay. The MSE concentration ranging from 10 to 40 µg/ml yielded cell viability higher than 80%. The MSE at concentrations of 20 and 40 µg/ml demonstrated anti-inflammatory activity through the inhibition of nitric oxide production via suppression of both the iNOS mRNA and protein. It was also found to inhibit the expression of COX-2 mRNA in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells. This study is the first to report the anti-inflammatory potential of the extract prepared from the stem of mulberry.

Biological activities and hairy roots induction of Abutilon indicum (L.)

Abutilon indicum L. belonging to Malvaceae is used as traditional medicinal herbs to treat syphilis, hypoglycemia, hepatic disorders, and malaria... Because of the medicinal value of A. indicum, the aims of this study are the evaluation of bioactivities of A. indicum and production of transformed hairy root for pharmaceutical production. In this study, the reducing power of ethanol root extract and stem extract are higher than that of leave. The root extract exhibited potent brine shrimp (Artemia salina) lethality with LC50 37.04 μg/mL. The α-glucosidase and acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activities of the root extract are the highest. These results showed that roots are higher bioactivities than stems and leaves. This study induced successfully hairy roots of A. indicum L. via Agrobacterium rhizogenes ATCC 15834 in the plant cells. The frequency of hairy root and number of hairy root induction from the wounded sites of leaves are the highest (88.66 % and 8.66 roots). The stable introduction of the rolB and rolC genes of A. rhizogenes strain 15834 into A. indicum plants was confirmed by PCR analysis. Besides, the absence of the virD gene confirmed hairy roots as a bacteria-free. Subsequently, these results demonstrated that A. indicum, particularly the roots, have great potential as pharmacological values and hairy root production maybe used for pharmaceutical sources.

IN VITRO EFFECTS OF THE STEM EXTRACTS OF THE PLANT CALOTROPIS PROCERA ON SCHISTOSOMA MANSONI ADULT WORMS

In vitro activity of aqueous and alcoholic extracts of the plant Calotropis procera (6.25, 12.5 and 25 mg/L) have been applied against Schistosoma mansoni adult worms. The mortality of adult worms was observed after exposure to aqueous and ethanolic stem extracts of C. procera during a period of 48 hours. The ethanolic extract of C. procera (at 25 mg/L) caused death of all worms after only half an hour. However, the concentration of 12.5 and 6.25 mg/L caused death of all tested worms after three hours of exposure to the ethanolic extract. On the other hand, the exposure of Schistosoma mansoni adult worms to the aqueous extract of C. procera (at 25 mg/L) caused death of these worms after four hours. In aqueous stem extracts, a dose of 6.5 and 12.5 decreased the worm viability in comparison with control. Moreover, in all concentrations of both aqueous and alcoholic extracts, coupled adult worms were separated into individual males and females. Alterations of male worms' tegument exposed to ethanolic and aqueous extracts in comparison with control worms were examined by scanning electron microscopy. In conclusion, C. procera alcoholic extract has a more schistomicidal activity than aqueous extract. In addition, it has been found that C. procera extract induces marked effects on tegumental surface architecture.

Chromatographic fingerprinting and free-radical scavenging activity of ethanol extracts of Muntingia calabura L. leaves and stems

ObjectiveTo determine the thin-layer chromatography (TLC) fingerprint profiles and to evaluate the in vitro antioxidant activity of ethanol extracts of Muntingia calabura (M. calabura) leaves and stems. MethodsThe leaves and stems were extracted using ethanol as solvent. The TLC separation of the phytochemical constituents of the leaf and ethanol extracts was carried out in ethyl acetate: n-hexane and chloroform: ethyl acetate mobile phase systems. Distinct spots were visualized under visible light, UV 254 nm, UV 366 nm and after spraying with vanillin-sulfuric acid. The 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl free-radical scavenging assay was used to evaluate the antioxidant activity of the extracts. ResultsBoth the leaf and stem ethanol extracts at 4 mg/mL exhibited 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl inhibition of more than 90%, relative to gallic acid. The results of TLC showed that the degree of resolution between the constituent spots was comparable between the two mobile phase systems using the different visualization wavelengths. Under the 254 nm visualization, few spots were observed in leaf and stem extracts. Visualization at 366 nm yielded the greatest number of observable spots of various colors in both leaf and stem extracts. More spots were visualized upon post-derivatization with vanillin-sulfuric acid in the TLC chromatograms using chloroform: ethyl acetate mobile phase, compared to those in ethyl acetate: n-hexane mobile phase. ConclusionsM. calabura exhibited very high antioxidant activity in its leaves and stems ethanol extracts, both of which are used in traditional medicine. The TLC results demonstrated the presence of diverse secondary metabolites in the leaf and stem ethanol extracts, indicating that the antioxidant activity, including other bioactivities may be attributed to these phytochemical constituents. This paper has reported for the first time the TLC fingerprinting of M. calabura using visible light, UV 254 nm, UV 366 and post-derivatization with vanillin-spray to visualize separate spots on TLC plates.

Dyeing, fastness, and cytotoxic properties, and phenolic constituents of Anthemis tinctoria var. tinctoria (Asteraceae)

The present study focused on dyeing, fastness, cytotoxic properties, and phenolic constituents of various types of fabrics including viscose, cotton, wool, and polyester-viscose blended fabrics with different parts of Anthemis tinctoria var. tinctoria. Comparative study was carried out between ethanol and aqueous extracts of stem, flower, and root of the plant in terms of phenolic constituents, cytotoxic activity, and dyeing properties. It was found that the quantity of phenolic constituents of ethanol and aqueous extracts was quite different. All parts of the plant extract show 0% cytotoxicity except ethanol extract of the root. All the extracts exhibit better cytotoxic activity than the standard cancer drug 5-Florouracil. Ethanol and water extracts of A. tinctoria var. tinctoria plant were used to dye fabrics, but only the water extract displayed dyeing properties. Best color strength value (K/S = 9.19) was obtained with aqueous extract of the stem in the presence of alum mordant for cotton fabrics.

ANTIDIABETIC ACTIVITY OF BACOLEPIS NERVOSA (WIGHT AND ARN.) DECNE. EX MOQ. EXTRACT ON ALLOXAN INDUCED DIABETIC RATS

Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of ethanol extracts of stem and leaf of Bacolepis nervosa as antihyperglycemic, anti-hyperlipidemic and antioxidant activity in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Methods: Diabetes was induced in wistar albino rats by administration of alloxan monohydrate (150 mg/kg). The ethanol extract of B. nervosa leaf and stem at a dose of 150 and 300 mg/kg body weight was administrated at a single dose per day to diabetes-induced rats for a period of 14 d. The effect of ethanol extract of B. nervosa leaf and stem on blood glucose, insulin, urea, creatinine, HbA1C, serum protein, albumin, globulin, serum enzymes, serum lipid profiles, lipid peroxidase (LPO) and antioxidant enzymes like superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and reduced glutathione (GSH) were measured in the diabetic rats.Results: The ethanol extract of B. nervosa stem and leaf elicited significant reduction in blood glucose (p&lt;0.001), serum enzymes (SGPT, SGOT, ALP) (p&lt;0.01), lipid parameters (TC, TG, VLDL-LDL, PL) (p&lt;0.01) except HDL-C and significantly increased insulin (p&lt;0.01), HDL-C (p&lt;0.05),, GPx, GSH, SOD and CAT (p&lt;0.05) at the dose of 300 mg/kg when compared with the diabetic-induced control.Conclusion: From the above results, it is concluded that ethanol extracts of B. nervosa leaf and stem possesses significant antihyperglycemic, antihyperlipidemic and antioxidant effect in alloxan induced diabetic rats.

Phytochemical and Antimicrobial Studies on Vitex Chrysocarpa (Planch ex Benth.)

Ethanolic leaf, stem and root extracts of Vitex chrysocarpa were investigated for the presence and composition of these phytochemicals (alkaloid, flavonoid, phenol, tannin, sterol, hydrogen cyanide, anthraquinone, saponin and terpenoid) using standard techniques. Their antimicrobial activities at different concentration against some selected clinical pathogens (bacterial strains Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa , Fungal strain Aspergilus niger ) were also studied using agar diffusion method. Minimum Inhibitory Concentration against the organisms was also evaluated. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was employed in data analysis. Qualitative and percent quantitative phytochemical results showed that Ethanolic leaf, stem and root extracts contained these phytochemicals assayed but at varied quantities. Antimicrobial studies indicated that the ethanolic leaf, root and stem extracts of Vitex chrysocarpa inhibited the growth of the pathogens but at varied levels and the inhibition was extracts concentration dependent. However, the extracts showed higher inhibition against the fungal strain than the bacterial strains. Inhibitory effect of the leaf extract was significantly higher than those of the stem and root extracts with minimum inhibitory concentration of 50mg/ml for S . aureus and E. coli , 25mg/ml for P. aeruginosa and 12.50mg/ml for A. Niger . For the stem, the minimum inhibitory concentration is at 50mg/ml for S. aureus and P. aeruginosa , 75mg/ml for E.coli and 25mg/ml for A. Niger . For the root, minimum inhibitory concentration is at 75 mg/ml for S. aureus and E.coli , 25mg/ml for P. aeruginosa and 50mg/ml for A.niger . Antibiotic had a better activity when compared to the extracts at the same concentration. The data obtained from this study showed that the plant possessed antimicrobial properties especially antifungal and could be used in the treatment of bacterial and fungal infections but more especially the latter.

DETERMINATION OF BIOACTIVE COMPONENTS OF MYXOPYRUM SERRATULUM A.W. HILL (OLEACEAE) STEM BY GC-MS ANALYSIS

The present study is to evaluate bioactive compounds of ethanol extract of Myxopyrum serratulum stem using GC-MS analysis. The chemical compositions of the ethanol extract of stem of Myxopyrum serratulum were investigated using Perkin-Elmer Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, while the mass spectra of the compounds found in the extract were matched with the National Institute of Standard and Technology (NIST) library. Thirty two compounds were identified. The prevailing compounds in ethanol extract were 2-Propenoic acid, 3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-, αAmyrin, 1-(2-Hydroxy-ethyl)-2-methyl-1H-benzoimidazole-5-carboxylic acid methyl ester, n-Hexadecanoic acid, Pyrazolidine-3,5-dione and 4phenyl-, 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural. The compounds identified through the GC-MS analysis were used in various applications as antimicrobial, antiinflammatory, hepatoprotective and cancer preventive.

Inhibitory effects of Zanthoxylum rhoifolium Lam. (Rutaceae) against the infection and infectivity of macrophages by Leishmania amazonensis.

Zanthoxylum rhoifolium Lam. (Rutaceae) has been traditionally used in the treatment of microbial infections and parasitic diseases. In the present study, the antileishmanial effect induced by the ethanol extract of stem barks from Z. rhoifolium (ZR-EEtOH) and its n-hexane fraction (ZR-FHEX) on infection and infectivity of murine macrophages by promastigote forms of Leishmania amazonensis were investigated. In different set of experiments, macrophages or promastigotes were pretreated with ZR-EEtOH or ZR-FHEX at non-lethal concentrations for 24 hours, and then macrophages were submitted to infection by promastigotes. Moreover, their effects on activation of macrophages, as well as on the DNA content, size and number of promastigotes by flow cytometry were also evaluated. The infection rate and the number of internalized amastigote forms were markedly decreased after pretreatment of macrophages or promastigotes when compared with non-treated cells. The increase in phagocytic capability and nitrite content was also observed. Furthermore, the decrease of DNA content, size and number of promastigotes was also observed. In conclusion, ZR-EEtOH and ZR-FHEX promoted a markedly significant antileishmanial effect and reduction of infection of macrophages, probably underlying defense mechanisms activation in macrophages. These findings reinforce the potential application of Z. rhoifolium in the treatment of leishmaniasis.

In Vitro Antioxidant Properties of Equisetum arvense and Its Effects on Serum Lipid Levels in Mice Fed a High-Fat Diet

This study analyzed the antioxidant properties of Equisetum arvense and its effects on serum factor levels in mice fed a high-fat diet. The aim was to establish a new effective resource for biologically active materials. E. arvense stem and root extracts were obtained using deionized water at <TEX>$95^{\circ}C$</TEX>, and 70.5% ethanol at <TEX>$85^{\circ}C$</TEX>. These extracts were used to analyze the total phenolic compounds and antioxidant (ABTS, DDPH, and FRAP) activities. The effects of prepared ground samples were evaluated by feeding them to mice. E. arvense extracts showed strong antioxidant effects. The caffeic acid content was highest in the 70.5% ethanol extract of the vegetative stem, as determined by high-performance liquid chromatography. The blood concentrations of insulin and leptin were significantly lower in mice fed a high-fat diet supplemented with extracts of the root, reproductive stem, and vegetative stem of E. arvense than in mice fed only a high-fat diet. These results suggest that the polyphenolic compounds in E. arvense extracts exert various antioxidant effects. The stems and root of E. arvense can lower the blood levels of insulin and leptin, even after consumption of a high-fat diet.

Bioactive metabolite profiles and antimicrobial activity of ethanolic extracts from Muntingia calabura L. leaves and stems

ObjectiveTo determine the bioactive phytochemicals and antimicrobial activity of leaf and stem ethanolic extracts from Muntingia calabura L. (M. calabura). MethodsDried leaves and stems of M. calabura were extracted with 95% ethanol. The antibacterial and antifungal activities of the extracts were examined using the disc diffusion assay. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of each extract showing antimicrobial activity was determined. The dried extracts were subjected to phytochemical screening to determine the presence of bioactive components. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents were also determined by the Folin–Ciocalteu method and the aluminum chloride method, respectively. ResultsVarying degrees of antimicrobial activity were exhibited by the leaf and stem extracts against Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa), Salmonella typhimurium, Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), Bacillus subtilis, and Candida albicans (C. albicans), with minimal activity against Escherichia coli. Based on the MIC, the extracts showed the highest activity against C. albicans, S. aureus and P. aeruginosa. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of sterols, flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, glycosides and tannins in the leaf extract; however, no triterpenes were detected. In the stem extract, triterpenes were detected along with relative amounts of flavonoids, saponins, glycosides and tannins. Alkaloids and sterols were absent in the stem extract. ConclusionsM. calabura leaf and stem ethanol extracts are potential sources of antibacterial agents against P. aeruginosa and S. aureus. This study reports for the first time the high degree of antifungal activity of M. calabura ethanolic extract, especially against C. albicans.

IN VITRO EFFICACY OF MOMORDICA CHARANTIA EXTRACTS AGAINST PHYTOPATHOGENIC FUNGI, FUSARIUM OXYSPORUM

The study is aimed at evaluating the antifungal potential of plant parts of Momordica charantia against the Fusarium oxysporum. During investigation ethanolic extracts of stem showed maximum inhibition in both, spore germination (at 50mg/mL) and mycelial growth (at 50% concentration) with 86.10±4.80 and 79.04±1.06 % inhibition respectively. This was followed by root (with 64.81±3.20 and 62.78±2.85%), leaves (64.28±0.00 and 59.55±0.99%), and fruit (50.97±3.40 and 43.99±1.85%). Aqueous extracts of all plant parts showed a comparatively less significant amount of inhibition in spore germination and mycelial growth. Aqueous extracts (at 50 mg/mL concentration) of root showed 48.88±3.85% inhibition in spore germination followed by fruit (39.39±5.24), leaves (37.03±3.20%) and stem (33.32±3.04%). Even at 50% concentration, aqueous extracts of leaves (14.86±1.00%), root (13.11±1.23%), stem (7.04±0.98%), and fruit (4.05±2.01%) was not found effective in inhibiting the mycelial growth of F. oxysporum. Ethanolic extracts of fruit showed 0.625 mg/mL MIC value against F. oxysporum while ethanolic extracts of the leaves and root exhibited 2.5 mg/mL and stems 1.25 mg/mL MIC for F. oxysporum. The plant parts of Momordica charantia were also found rich in phenolics, tannins, flavonoids and saponins. These compounds may be responsible for the antifungal activity of respective plant part.

Cytoprotective influence of Ethanolic Stem extract of Tinospora cardifolia on the inflammatory bowel disease.

Cytoprotective influence of Ethanolic Stem extract of Tinospora cardifolia on the inflammatory bowel disease.

Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) Analysis of Ethanolic Extracts of Barleria acuminata Nees.

Barleria acuminata Nees (Acanthaceae) commonly known as Vellaikurunji. It is used as one of the most important drugs in traditional system of medicine. The GC-MS analyses showed that the presence of Twenty two different phytocompounds in ethanolic extract of leaf of B. acuminata . The highest peak area of 34.13% for 9,12,15-Octadecatrienoic acid,(z,z,z)- was identified in leaf of B. acuminata . The ethanolic stem extract of B. acuminata showed that the presence of Twenty six different phytocompounds. The highest peak area of 46.73% for Piperidine,2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-. The root extract of B. acuminata showed that the presence of Twenty four different bioactive compounds. The root of B. acuminata showed Piperidine,2,2,6,6-tetramethyl- with the highest peak area of 39.58%. The present study confirmed that the presence of active compounds in different parts of B. acuminata. In future, the isolation of above mentioned bioactive compounds from the different part of B. acuminata would be useful to find out the novel drugs.