Wave Of Emigration Research Articles

Exode des cerveaux et traumas culturels dans Avalon : Les secrets des émigrants heureux par Bogdan Suceavă (I)

Despite its impact on the education, research and health system, Romanian brain drain is still neglected in both the political agendas and cultural debates. Furthermore, the theme is almost absent within contemporary literature starting with the writings anchored in the transition period, which is precisely that of the first significant waves of labor and high-skilled emigration, but also that of some major social and cultural traumas. In this context, Avalon: The Secrets of the Happy Émigrés (2018) by Bogdan Suceavă fill up a main cultural gap as far as it individualize the social-historical traumatic experience of brain exodus by means of an autobiographical narrative which offers at the same time a realistic image of the so called “happiness” of émigré scholars, comprising their big efforts for achieving the highest performances in their field of research. Revealing the differences between the American and Romanian academic systems, which are condensed in the illustrative story of the hero-narrator, Avalon… incorporates, as Bildungsroman, a “cultural pedagogy” shaped especially under the guiding of one of the leading mathematicians on the world, Professor Bang Yen-Chen, but which is also grounded into the significant previous formative experience. In the same time, Avalon… offers a lesson of cosmopolitanism, which integrates, by means of literary memory, the cultural values of the post-communist East, especially those of Romanian recent pasts. Our analysis of the novel is focused on the “cultural-pedagogical” dimension of its multilayered architecture, in which the intertwined autobiographical, historical, and sociological levels are mobilized for converting the personal and collective traumas in a project of identity revision and rebuilding.

Między Wschodem a Zachodem (pisarze czwartej fali emigracji rosyjskiej)

Between the East and the West (Writers of the Fourth Wave of Russian Emigration) This article attempts to define the phenomenon of the fourth wave of Russian emigration in relation to writers leaving their homeland after the symbolic collapse of the USSR, or who are descendants of representatives of the third wave. The characteristics of contemporary emigration that differ from previous waves of refugees and the reasons for leaving their homeland are indicated here. The destinations of emigrants (USA, Canada, Switzerland, Israel) that shape the specifics of the mental landscape of the newcomers, the barriers, the borders that they have to overcome in order to establish good relations with the citizens of their host countries are also included. Indeed, the aim of multiculturalism is not to tear down walls, but to build bridges. In this respect, dialogue and the associated language as a fundamental distinctive feature of culture that determines the identity of each person is of paramount importance. The current of post-memory, autobiographical and memoir literature, promoted by many emigrants, is linked to identity and its recovery. As far as young emigrants are concerned, they have to live in a global village, in a specific uniformity introduced by the 21st century, which makes mobility one of the most important values.

THE NATIONAL MINORITIES EMIGRATION FROM THE UkSSR DURING THE NEP PERIOD (ON THE EXAMPLE OF THE VOLHYNIA PASSENGER AGENCY "RUSCAPA")

Abstract
 The purpose of the article is to study the main problems and factors of the ethnic minorities emigration, in particular, Germans and Jews, from Volhynia-Zhytomyr region in the 1920s; to reveal the peculiarities of the activities of the Russian-Canadian-American Passenger Agency (RUSCAPA) that helped USSR citizens to emigrate legally during the NEP period. Methodology of the study was general scientific methods (analysis of the available archival documents, synthesis of other sources that allowed to recreate the picture of the organization of migration flows), historical research methods (historical-comparative: parallels were drawn with previous periods and the causes of various migration waves), methods of classification and typology (to study the categories of citizens who could obtain permission to leave and enter another country). Scientific novelty. New documents from the archival fund «The Volhynia passenger agency «RUSCAPA»», stored in the State Archives of Zhytomyr region, are introduced into scientific circulation for the first time. The conditions of emigration during the NEP period and the methods of its regulation by the Soviet authorities are systematized.
 Conclusions. The second wave of emigration among the representatives of national minorities (primarily Jews and Germans) was an indicative form of protest against the conditions of economic, religious life, and other restrictions imposed by the Soviet political system. The former Volhynia province, with its center in Zhytomyr, was a region with a compact population of German and Jewish communities, whose representatives made up the highest percentage of those who took advantage of the short «window of opportunity» to travel abroad that existed in the USSR during the NEP period. That was a reason for the presence in Zhytomyr a representative office of a private company that organized emigration. However, it was not easy to leave the USSR, nor was it easy to get to the country of immigration, due to significant bureaucratic obstacles and arguments for the expediency of permits/prohibitions for the departure/entry of representatives of different social categories and national groups. Restrictions were created by the Soviet government that sought to prove to the world the advantages of the young «proletarian» state and by the immigration policy of «overseas» states that were interested in attracting physically, socially and financially prosperous citizens to their countries. RUSCAPA helped to bypass the restrictions, and its liquidation was a consequence of the collapse of the NEP and the transformation of the USSR into a totalitarian system closed by the Iron Curtain.

Why we stayed: Polish Jews’ reasons for remaining in Poland during two waves of postwar emigration

Although Poland’s Jewish presence had been widely considered to be near-obsolete in 1980s, since the 1990s a small but visible revival of Polish-Jewish life has been taking place as many Polish Jews have opened up about and embraced their origins. By interviewing five Polish Holocaust survivors who never left their country of origin, I attempted to answer the question of why they remained while many others fled.

The impact of monetary policy during the legal regime of martial law on the Ukrainian labor market

The purpose of this research is to conduct an in-depth analysis of the monetary policy influence during the period of martial law on the state of the labor market and welfare of the population in Ukraine. The article examines the effects of military actions on the workforce, employment sectors, and briefly outlines the key actions taken by the National Bank of Ukraine (NBU) to stabilize the macroeconomic situation in the country, mitigate inflationary pressure, and counter capital outflows.Based on available statistical data and expert assessments of the labor market in Ukraine following the full-scale invasion, the effectiveness of monetary mechanisms, including the temporary shift from inflation targeting to exchange rate fixing, was analyzed. The conducted analysis confirmed that despite timely adaptive changes in monetary policy by the regulator, the effectiveness of the monetary transmission mechanism during wartime remains low. The decline in real production, reduced confidence in the national currency, and the initiation of government spending financed through monetary emission resulted in an excess liquidity situation in the economy, leading to diminished effectiveness of the monetary transmission mechanism. As a result, controlling inflation levels and inflation expectations during the period of martial law cannot be fully ensured by the National Bank of Ukraine.Moreover, the analysis of forced emigration dynamics during the Russian invasion also revealed that high uncertainty levels deter refugees from returning to Ukraine and incentivize them to spend earned income in host countries. Despite the unprecedented wave of emigration, the increase in private remittances from abroad remains marginal. Thus, a priority task for the government should be to develop strategies of financial and social incentives to encourage the return of the working population and facilitate Ukraine’s post-war reconstruction.
 JEL classіfіcatіon: E58, F24, G28, J21

What will the Russian Diaspora Do When "Dvizhukha" Starts at Home?

This 2021 paper discusses the prehistory and some elements of political culture of the new Russian emigration which has been growing since the return of Putin as Russia’s president. Following a sociological study, I argue that a qualitative change occurred between 2012 and 2018 in the moods and action predispositions of the new émigrés which can contribute to a strong anti-authoritarian political culture of a significant part of the diaspora. Small recent additions deal with the Seventh Wave of emigration caused by Putin’s war in Ukraine, and the possibilities of structuration and further mobilization of the cross-border Russian prodemocracy movement.

СУДЬБА И СВОБОДА НАТАШИ КАЛЫМОВОЙ: ТРАГЕДИЯ ЭСЕРОВ-МАКСИМАЛИСТОВ В РОМАНЕ М.А. ОСОРГИНА "СВИДЕТЕЛЬ ИСТОРИИ"

The article is devoted to the study ofM.A. Osorgin's understanding and comprehension of the problem of terrorism in the Russian liberation movement of the early 20th century on the material of the novel «Witness of History»; consideration of the image of the main character of the novel Natasha Kalymova and the evolution of her understanding of the problem of freedom; the study of the artistic expression of the idea of denying terrorism as an inhuman means of solving social and political problems. The relevance of the work is determined both by the subject of study itself (the phenomenon of freedom), which generates the alleged plurality of meanings and reflections, and by the search for new aspects of the study of the artistic space of the prose of the first wave of Russian emigration, the experience of solving the problem of freedom in Russian socio-political and literary thought of the early 20th century. The study is based on an integrated approach, including the use of historical-literary, biographical, cultural-historical, descriptive-analytical methods. It was established that M.A. Osorgin, well aware of the history of revolutionary terrorism in the Russian Empire and the fate of the prototypes of the heroes of his novel, rethought their life stories in accordance with his artistic goals. The evolution of the consciousness of the main character, her understanding of the phenomenon offreedom was studied and described. It was shown that the position of the author-narrator is convincingly expressed in the plot and compositional organization of the work, in the dynamics of circumstances, characters, searches of heroes and actualizes the axiological aspect of the perception of a literary text. It was proved that the novel clearly expresses the denial of both terror and violence, which bring neither solutions to social problems, nor personal happiness, and terrorism as an ideology.

Making Migration Work: The Roles of Commercial Actors in Hong Kong’s Outmigration

This article examines the roles of commercial agents in driving the wave of emigration from Hong Kong since 2019. Human outflows from Hong Kong in recent years have been supported by a booming migration industry involving property agents, education consultants, financial planners, and tax advisors—the “PEFTs”—whose activities and effects on migration processes have been underappreciated in public discourses. Drawing on interviews with PEFTs in Hong Kong, potential migrants and migrants who have moved to the United Kingdom, as well as field research on activities of the PEFTs, this article argues that the PEFTs, through the products, services, and advice they provide, have created new interest, discussions, and even anticipation and excitement about emigration in Hong Kong. This research has three main findings: first, the PEFTs assume the roles of promotors, facilitators, and problem solvers in migratory processes; second, the ways in which the PEFTs operate cannot be studied in isolation as they are linked to existing structural characteristics of the polity in which they operate; third, the PEFTs have helped create and sustain a migration environment in Hong Kong in which political forces account for only one of the many drivers of emigration.

Forced emigration from Russia 2022: Russian IT-specialists’ potential for Central Asian CIS member countries

The article examines the factors and the scale of a forced emigration’s new wave from Russia to Central Asian countries. Wages in Central Asian countries are one of the factors in attracting highly qualified specialists from Russia. Such factors also include the potential of Russian IT-specialists in Central Asian countries and the policy of Central Asian countries to attract and retain IT-specialists from Russia. Emigration from Russia to Central Asian countries is a new wave of forced emigration. Various categories of people are leaving Russia: from ordinary emigrants to highly qualified specialists and also IT specialists. The active policy of the Central Asian countries to attract and retain specialists from Russia, as well as the visa-free regime between the Central Asian countries and Russia played a big role in choosing countries for the professionals’ migration from Russia. For the Central Asian country this is a new impetus for the development of an innovative economy. The article purpose is to identify the features of forced emigration from Russia to the Central Asian countries that are Commonwealth of Independent States’ members, as well as the prospects for using the potential of IT specialists in the development of Central Asian member countries of Commonwealth of Independent States.

The Mythologeme “Home” in the works of Russian Emigration writers of the Second Wave (using the example of R. Berezov’s works).

The article is devoted to the representation of the image of home, one of the dominants of Russian culture, in the works of émigré writers. In the literature of the Russian emigration, it acquires a special tragic character and is interpreted differently by representatives of different waves. However, one can single out typological features that unite émigré writers: autobiographical narrative, nostalgic motifs in the depiction of Russia, apocalyptic perception of the loss of connection with home. The analysis of the work of Rodion Berezov, a representative of the second wave, reveals the main ways of implementing the mythologeme in the prose of post-war emigration and allows us to trace the transformation of the perception of the loss of home by emigrants of different waves. The novelty of the study is due to the lack of literature studies of the second wave of emigration in the context of this issue.

Parish and Family in the Cultural Heritage of the Polish Emigrants to Texas in the Second Wave (1867)

The article focuses primarily on the institutions of the parish and family in relation to the cultural heritage of Polish Texans of the second wave since 1867. Reaching back to the beginnings of Polish emigration to the United States, which is associated with the settlement of Panna Maria in Texas by emigrants from Opole Silesia, the article presents the second wave of emigration from Galicia and Greater Poland. The analysis was based on the archival materials of the Polish Genealogical Society of Texas (PGST), which cover the periods from 1984 to 2021. The research material was collected from 124 PGST ­volumes (4,358 pages). The document proves that both the parish and the family were the basic units in the lives of Polish emigrants, around whom everyday family, social and religious life revolved.

Forced displacement from Ukraine due to Russia’s 2022 invasion and the likelihood of a new wave of emigration

ABSTRACT Russia's war against Ukraine caused the massive forced displacements. More than a third of the Ukrainian population left their homes, and many Ukrainians went abroad. Although the future migration prospects remain uncertain, the analysis of socio-demographic characteristics of the displaced persons, the traditions of labor migration among Ukrainians can facilitate the estimation of possible directions in the development of migration situation. The available data prompts the conclusion that a part of the refugees will decide in favor of a prolonged residence abroad, another part will return to their homeland, while the labor migration abroad will become a widespread practice. The volume and significance of these three migration tendencies depend on the war and post-war reconstruction results, which are impossible to envisage. However, the management of each of the three prospects concerning the migration of Ukrainians will require the development of a different political approach and specific targeted measures.

The Life and Death of the Red Prince

This article reviews Svyatopolk-Mirsky, a book by M. V. Efimov and G. Smith published by Molodaya gvardiya in the Lives of Remarkable People series (2021). It was written by the oldest English specialist in Russian literature Professor G. S. Smith and a well-known Russian researcher of the literature and culture of Russia abroad M. V. Efimov. Both have studied the life and literary legacy of the character of their book for many years. For the first time in Russia, using the Russian and European tradition of biographical studies and historical-literary, cultural, and textual practices, the authors have carried out a full-scale reconstruction of the biography of one of the most striking and enigmatic figures of the first wave of the Russian emigration. The authors of the book introduce a significant scope of archival materials and memories of contemporaries, hard-to-access English and émigré periodicals, and other sources into scholarly circulation. It makes it possible to create a detailed account of the main events of prince D. P. Svyatopolk-Mirsky’s life – from his childhood to his tragic death in the Magadan camp, dramatic twists of fate and the reasons behind them, his close circle and distant environment, the political, historical, cultural, and literary context of the events described. The biographers’ interest in the inner world and the psychology of Svyatopolk-Mirsky’s actions is combined with a subtle philological analysis of his literary criticism and studies. According to the reviewers, the book is a major event in the Russian literary, political, and cultural history of the 1920s–1930s.

Echa norwidowskie w polskich czasopismach emigracyjnych na Wyspach Brytyjskich w czasie i po drugiej wojnie światowej

Poles who stayed in Great Britain during and after World War II, as well as those who came to the United Kingdom in the following emigration waves, brought with them the baggage of their own culture, national heroes, and ethos. An important figure in this context was Cyprian Norwid who was a true European, a citizen of the world, and at the same time a great patriot, poet, prose writer, playwright, essayist, graphic artist, sculptor, painter, philosopher, and highly regarded as the last of the four most important Polish Romantic poets.Remembrances of him and references to his work are usually intended to raise the spirit of the Polish nation and raise foreign awareness about his work in other cultural societies. Norwid is present in various Polish emigre presses that are edited in the Great Brittan. Traces of work can be found in many publications: Dziennik Polski (The Polish Daily), Dziennik Polski and Dziennik Żołnierza (The Polish Daily and Soldier’s Daily), Pamiętnik Literacki (Literary Diary). Surprisingly, Norwid did not appear in the following post-accession periodicals aimed at the intelligentsia: Nowy Czas (The New Time) or Ekspresje (Expressions). Norwid was important to the authors of Merkuriusz (Mercurius) and Nowy Merkuriusz-Kontynenty (New Mercurius - Continents), and these authors were Adam Czerniawski, Bogdan Czaykowski, Marian Czuchnowski, Wojciech Gniatczyński, Mieczysław Paszkiewicz, Florian Śmieja, and Bolesław Taborski. These writers appreciated his poetry more than the poetics of Skamander.

Социально-философская и культурологическая мысль во взаимоотношениях России и Сербии

The article deals with the issues of socio-philosophical and culturological thought as a factor of interaction between Russia and Serbia in the modern European space. In the study the author presents the historical periods of socio-cultural development of relationships between the two countries, beginning from the first millennium. The work focused on identifying the common mental, cultural and historical commonalities of our peoples which allowed for the development of interaction between the two countries in the field of scientific cooperation, socio-philosophical, cultural and spiritual relations [1, c. 244-250]. The author defines the role of the language of communication and examines an important stratum of Serbian culture: Orthodoxy. In this context, the aspects of spiritual and cultural unity between Russia and Serbia, which have shaped the unity of views of the representatives of Serbian science and cultural, socio-philosophical and spiritual-cultural thought have emerged. The author defines the role of the ‘Russian House’ Centre for Culture and Science in Belgrade, Serbia, as a fulcrum of cultural, scientific and religious life of the Russian immigrant community and a firm manifestation of the Russian-Serbian spiritual, socio-philosophical and cultural ties between the two states. The paper focuses on such phenomena of intercultural contacts between Russia and Serbia as the scientific and cultural influence of the Russian intelligentsia after the 1917 revolution. Several waves of Russian emigration in the 19th and 20th century had the biggest impact on Serbian spiritual culture, architecture, civil engineering and art. One of the first associations of Russian post-November emigrants was the Archeological Society of Serbia (1921), represented by the Slavist historian A.L. Pogodin. Emigration to Serbia increased after the ruefully known ‘Philosophical steamer’ in 1922. This year, the St. Petersburg scholarly community widely marked the 100th anniversary of this exodus of Russian intellectuals, which marked the loss of the spiritual forces of Soviet Russia, but there was a considerable acquisition of culture, science, architecture, and theatrical art in Serbia, and thus in Europe.

КОНЦЕПТ «СВОБОДА» В АВТОБИОГРАФИЧЕСКОМ ПОВЕСТВОВАНИИ М.А. ОСОРГИНА «ВРЕМЕНА»: К ПОСТАНОВКЕ ВОПРОСА

The article is devoted to the study of the content of the concept «freedom» in the artistic world of autobiographical prose of M.A. Osorgin, describing the specifics of its representation when creating the image of the world and the person in it; the study of the process of transforming individual experience and worldview, developed in the process of life, into the artistic reality of a literary work. The relevance of the work is determined by the fact that the search by fiction for ways out of the spiritual crisis of the early 21st century returns research thought to the experience of solving the problem offreedom in Russian philosophical and literary thought at the turn of the 19th-20th centuries, as well as in the autobiographical prose of the first wave of emigration. The study is based on an integrated approach, including the use of cultural-historical, biographical, historicalliterary, descriptive-analytical methods. It was established that M.A. Osorgin not only uses the lexical meanings of the phenomenon «freedom», fixed in dictionaries, but also significantly expands them. Separate aspects of the content of the concept «freedom» are defined, studied and described, the specificity of its representation in the artistic world of the writer’s autobiographical prose is analyzed. It is shown that the study of the concept«freedom» and its representation in the text of the autobiographical book «The Times» actualizes the axiological aspect of the perception of a literary text. It has been proved that consideration of the issue of true and imaginary values provides an opportunity for a deeper understanding of the writer’s autobiographical prose.

War-driven wave of Ukrainian emigration to Europe: an attempt to evaluate the scale and consequences (the view of Ukrainian researchers)

The article aims to evaluate the scale and consequences of the emigration of Ukrainians triggered by the military aggression of the Russian Federation. The paper also attempts to determine the composition of the refugees. The first weeks of the military aggression saw the most active departure of the population from Ukraine, after that the number of those seeking refuge decreased. According to the estimation of the Ptukha Institute for Demography and Social Studies of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine based on the data from the State Border Guard Service, the number of ‘refugees from the war in Ukraine’ reached 3 million as of the end of June 2022. The emigrants are mainly residents of Kyiv and Kharkiv, which results in a much higher specific weight of people with higher education than the national average. This fact combined with an orientation towards employment rather than social assistance (a mentality that is relatively close to Europeans), suggests a high probability (especially compared to the same emigrants from other countries, including Syria and Afghanistan) for most Ukrainian women to successfully adapt to life across the border. This is especially true for those who came to Poland, due to the minimal linguistic and cultural differences between the countries. The potential amount of irreversible migration losses, depending on the military and economic factors, ranges from 600–700 thousand to 5–5.5 million people. Considering the fact that approximately 3 million Ukrainians had already been staying (working) abroad before 2022, the war is likely to result in a demographic catastrophe for Ukraine, whose demographic potential has been utterly exhausted.

“Exile on narrow paths”

The Hungarian word bujdosás originally referred to both exile and travel in general; thus, peregrination was understood as “bujdosás or travel in foreign lands”. This was not without a reason, as public safety, harsh travel conditions and unfamiliar foreign customs made exile and travel similar to each other. The genre of the exile song, which deals with wandering and leaving one’s homeland, already in the Middle Ages was connected to the image of hopelessness caused by leaving and saying farewell, as well as with the encounter with the unfathomable nature of one’s fate. The real model for later Hungarian farewell and exile songs is two poems by Bálint Balassi (cca. 1589). Seventeenth–eighteenth century complaint songs were increasingly concerned with the private sphere, turning more and more towards the lyric self. This is the experience that connects political and religious refugees, people in exile for private reasons, travellers and peregrines. Therefore, the genres of the complaint song and the exile song are markedly present in early modern popular poetry. The genre of exile song occurs with an increasing frequency already in the first half of the seventeenth century. In the early eighteenth century, the emigration waves following the end of the Rákóczi Insurgence turned exile into an everyday experience for both the exiled and those staying behind. Biblical reminiscences and the exodus motif known from the Old Testament were increasingly frequent, at times even at the expense of description of personal life. The exile song is an important and complex genre in Hungarian migration literature. These songs discuss central questions of several centuries, from fleeing personal problems to religious and political persecution, from the peregrine student’s desire for freedom to the risks taken for one’s worldview. They present all this in an empathetic, personal and rewritable way, constantly modifying the model at the same time.

Migrant associations, other social networks of Portuguese Diaspora, and the modern political engagement of non-resident citizens

Portuguese emigration has a long global history and, in recent decades, has increased substantially and diversified its range of destinations. Recent emigration, predominantly to the European Union and Lusophone countries in Africa, complemented the traditional 19th to twentieth centuries’ waves of emigration to the Americas. The Portuguese Diaspora is multigenerational and globally distributed, although diverse. How are those generations of migrants organized within the local spaces of the Diaspora? Based on an innovative survey of more than 500 Portuguese Diaspora organisations, this paper shows how migrant engagement policies and practices are evolving and dealing with the new types of Diaspora relations, organisations and institutions. The main output of this research is an exploratory typology of the contemporary apparatuses of these Portuguese Diaspora systems and their nodes. This typology characterises the modern political engagement of non-resident citizens through their participation in associations and other social networks. With this pioneering paper, we intend to open a discussion regarding the means and forms available to mobilise current and past emigrant groups within a meaningful Diaspora policy.

«Я унес с собой Россию»: журнал «Современные записки» как площадка русской эмиграции в 1920-е годы

The article is devoted to the analysis of the phenomenon of the journal «Modern Notes», which was published in several centers of Russian emigration. Attention is paid to the peculiarities of appearance, structural parts and socio-cultural characteristics of the magazine, which became a unique platform for creativity, work and communication within the first wave of Russian emigration. The author makes an attempt to determine the degree of inclusion of the journal in European culture and to identify features of the Russian cultural code in the journal «Modern Notes». In recent decades, the issue of Russian emigration has become a key aspect of humanitarian research. This is reflected in numerous publications by historians, philosophers, cultural scholars, and philologists. Nevertheless, a sufficient number of research gaps remain out of sight. Therefore, drawing attention to some stories becomes an impetus to search and publish Russian and foreign sources on the topic, revealing new aspects of the phenomenon of Russian emigration. The phenomenon of the magazine is also that it was created by emigrants, in the past, former political activists, who were far from publishing activity and publishing. Therefore, the degree of success of the journal was in direct dependence on what copyrights will be placed on its pages, who can attract authors for «promotion» of the journal. «Modern notes» for twenty years (1920–1940) labor-intensive and difficult work produces seventy books. The editorial staff moved to the European capitals: Paris, Berlin, Prague. Forming a certain axis of cultural influence, the magazine becomes a kind of collective place of creativity, a kind of literary monument that is formed in interwar time.