Effect Of Azadirachta Indica Research Articles

The Effect of Azadirachta Indica (Neem) & Moringa Olifera Leaves on Control of Anopheles Mosquito Larvae

The Effect of Azadirachta Indica (Neem) & Moringa Olifera Leaves on Control of Anopheles Mosquito Larvae

Effect of Azadirachta indica and Phyllanthus niruri Plant Meal on Performance and Health in Growing Calves

Background: During perinatal period, the immune system of calves is developing, making them vulnerable to infectious diseases that affect their growth or increasing mortality. Phytobiotics have various physiological effects on animals that could improve their performance and health. In this study, the effect of a feed herbal mixture made from Azadirachta indica and Phyllanthus niruri were evaluated in dairy calves. Methods: Forty Holstein calves were assigned into four groups (doses of 0, 2, 3 and 4 g d-1) and productive and health parameters were recorded. Results were analyzed according to a completely randomized design in which linear and quadratic effects of daily feed additive dose were tested. Result: Increasing the dose of herbal mixture linearly reduced final body weight, body weight gain and daily calve starter intake, although it improved feed conversion. Blood tests showed that hematocrit and hemoglobin increased quadratically. The number of segmented neutrophils increased linearly. Finally, the number of pneumonia cases decreased quadratically. These results suggest that supplementation with herbal additives could improve feed efficiency and improve the health status of calves.

Effects of Azadirachta indica (Neem) seed extract on larvae and adult Anopheles mosquitoes in Nasarawa Local Government Area, Nasarawa State Nigeria.

Effects of Azadirachta indica (Neem) seed extract on larvae and adult Anopheles mosquitoes in Nasarawa Local Government Area, Nasarawa State Nigeria.

Effect of Azadirachta indica and Tamarindus indica leaf extract and evaporative cooling on the quality characteristics and shelf life of sapota (Manilkara zapota)

Tropical fruits such as Sapota (Manilkara zapota) are highly perishable. The main reasons for the quality deterioration of these fruits are field heat and microbial attack, which can be reduced by proper cooling techniques and by using antimicrobial agents. The present study was undertaken to extend the shelf life of Sapota using evaporative cooling and antimicrobial coating, namely, neem leaves (Azadirachta indica) and tamarind leaves (Tamarindus indica), at different concentrations (20, 50 and 100%). Coated Sapota fruits were stored for 24 days, whereas uncoated fruits were stored for only 7 days. Both the selected antimicrobial extracts showed antimicrobial activity, and the cooling efficiency of the evaporative cooling chamber was 81-85%. Fruits were cooled to 15-18°C (core temperature), which could enable retention of physio-chemical properties. The results indicated that fruits coated with the highest level (100%) of antimicrobial extract coating (neem leaves and tamarind leaves) and stored under evaporative cooling conditions had the lowest percentage loss in weight (5-7% after 24 days of storage) and good retention of total soluble solids (1-2%), pH (2-3%) and total sugars (3-5%). Thus, coating Sapota fruits with neem leaves and tamarind leaf extracts and storing them under evaporative cooling conditions can be a better way to enhance the shelf life of sapota.

Effects of Azadirachta indica on neuropathic pain induced by chronic constriction injury to sciatic nerve of Wistar rat.

The research was designed to assess the consequences of Azadirachta indica aqueous leaf extract (AILE) on neuropathic pain in Wister rats and the role of the ATP-dependent potassium channel (KATP) as an underlying mechanism. This experimental layout was conducted on Wistar rats (n = 120) having 150 to 200 gm of body weight. On the foundation of the experimental design, rats were divided into group I (normal saline, 5 ml/kg/body weight) and group II (sham surgery and treatment with NS), group III [chronic constriction injury (CCI) in the sciatic nerve; and treated with NS], group IV (CCI and treated with AILE 400 mg/kg body weight), Group V (CCI, pretreated with Glibenclamide 15 mg/kg followed by treated with AILE 400 mg/kg). All the treatments were given once daily for a consecutive 21 days via the oral route, except Glibenclamide. Glibenclamide was given once through the intraperitoneal route on the day of the experiment. Based on the neuropathic pain evaluation test, all groups were again sub-divided into subgroup "a" (walking tract analysis), "b" (cold tail immersion test), "c" (Von Frey test), and "d" (hot plate test). AILE showed a significantly higher sciatic functional index (p < 0.05) in walking track analysis, tail flick latency (p ≤ 0.05) in the cold tail immersion test, and paw withdrawal threshold (p ≤ 0.05) in the Von Frey test compared to CCI control. In addition, a nonsignificant difference in all these above-mentioned variables between the rats with CCI plus AILE and the CCI plus AILE plus glibenclamide group indicated that the KATP channel was not involved in the beneficial analgesic effects of AILE. The outcome of the present study indicates that AILE prevented worsening of neuropathic pain after chronic constriction injury in the sciatic nerve of Wistar rats in which the KATP channel was not involved.

Evaluation of in vitro antimicrobial effects of Azadirachta indica (Neem) leaves extracts against selected pathogens

Evaluation of in vitro antimicrobial effects of Azadirachta indica (Neem) leaves extracts against selected pathogens

Screening of Antibacterial Activity of Azadirachta Indica (Neem) by Using Leaf Extract against Escherichia Coli and Bacillus Subtilis

Azadirachta Indica (Neem) is the member of the Meliaceae family. It is rich source of Antibacterial properties and Antioxidants. They have consist 65 biochemically active compounds. In ancient time plant and plant product are used for medicine. Neem (Azadirachta indica) is the most useful and traditional medicine used in India. They are also used in cosmetics and beauty aid. The demand of neem products are increasing day by day. In agricultural sector is now becoming a major consumer of the neem products. They also have use agricultural, Pesticides made from neem are product if natural plant origin. They are biodegradable and non-toxic. They do not have any side effects. It is widely used in Ayurvedic, Unani and Homeopathic. All the Parts of neem plants like Neem leaves, Fruits, Seeds, Organic Product, Roots and Bark are utilized to make various medicine. But Neem leaves and its constituents have been shown to display many properties like- Antiulcer, Antimalarial, Antifungal, Antibacterial, Antiviral, Antimutagenic and Anticarcinogenic. The present study was evaluate Antimicrobial activity of Neem extract against some pathogens. The Antibacterial effect of Azadirachta Indica against Gram Negative Bacteria (Escherichia coli) and Gram Positive Bacteria (Bacillus Subtilis) was determined using the MIC (Minimum Inhibitory Concentration) on Agar Media by Disk Diffusion Method. The inhibition zone were measured in millimetre with the help of Zone Reader. The data show that the inhibition zone of Neem Extract were greater than each of Phytoconstituents 80mg/ml concentration was the more effective than 40 mg/ml and 20mg/ml was more effective than 10mg/ml.

Effect of Azadirachta indica and Senna siamea Decoction on CD4+ and CD8+ Level, Toxicological, and Antioxidant Profile in HIV/AIDS Positive Persons.

Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) is a major public health problem affecting several countries with predominance in black Africa. Faced with therapeutic failure caused by resistance and supply disruptions, searching for other antiretroviral agents, in particular from natural sources, becomes necessary. Given popular consumption of Azadirachta indica and Senna siamea decoction in the Northern Cameroon region and the traditionally attributed antiretroviral value, information on its efficacy and safety consumption is relevant to confirm its use. A total of 297 participants aged 18–52 and HIV-positive were recruited and divided into 3 groups: one taking only the decoction (group 1), another taking only antiretroviral therapy (ARTs) (group 2), and finally, one taking the decoction and antiretroviral (group 3). During 6 months, all the participants of the concerned groups consumed daily (morning and evening) 250 mL of Azadirachta indica and Senna siamea decoction. CD4+ and CD8+ levels were measured by flow cytometry. Hepatic and renal toxicity and oxidative stress were evaluated spectrophotometrically by measuring ALT, AST, ALP, BUN, CREAT, SOD, CAT, and GSH parameters. We note an increase in the CD4+ level of the three groups with values much more pronounced in the group treated by ARTs + decoction, from 328 ± 106 to 752 ± 140. Group 2 presented not only biological signs of hepatic and renal toxicity but also significant oxidative stress. No signs of toxicity were detected in the other groups. The study concludes that a decoction of Azadirachta indica and Senna siamea stimulates the production of CD4+ and is not toxic. On the contrary, it would reduce the toxicity caused by ARTs intake.

Effect of cashew (Anacardium occidentale) nut shell stored and fresh extracts on cowpea bruchid, Callosobruchus maculatus (Fabricius.) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)

Effect of cashew (Anacardium occidentale) nut shell stored and fresh extracts on cowpea bruchid, Callosobruchus maculatus (Fabricius.) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)

Effect of Azadirachta indica supplemented feed on growth performance of Labeo rohita

Effect of Azadirachta indica supplemented feed on growth performance of Labeo rohita

Effect of Azadirachta Indica in Metal Oxide Nanoparticles

Nanotechnology has come to mean a range of highly promising disciplines in science andtechnology. Metal oxide Nanoparticles had been used in recent studies due to its large bandwidth andhigh binding energy and it has potential applications like antibacterial, antifungal, anti-diabetic, antiinflammatory,wound healing, anti-oxidant and optic properties. The usages of nanomaterials areenormous as energy storage devices such as fuel cells, detection of threads in defence, navy, drugdelivery and water purification. Green synthesis of Nanoparticles has received a lot of attention andclose scrutiny of scientists and researchers. Leaf extract of Azadirachta Indica contains phytochemicalsand enzymes which take part in the conversion of metal compounds into Nanoparticles. Pure zinc oxideand Manganese oxide is prepared and doped with Azadirachta Indica to analyse its general and opticalproperties. We have attempted to prepare pure ZnO and MnO Nanoparticles also both were doped withneem at 5:1 ratio by using solvothermal method.

Phytochemical Composition, Antimicrobial Effect of Azadirachta indica and Carica papaya Extracts on Fungi Isolated From Gmelina arborea Seedling

Gmelina arborea Roxb has important economic value in Nigeria and worldwide. It has been used as timber, for pulp and paper, furniture, plywood and for particle board. Due to the menace caused by fungal diseases in nurseries and sites where the seedlings are raised and the observed disease severity at the Awi Gmelina Forestry Project Nursery in Cross River State, Nigeria. It became necessary to provide a viable environmentally friendly measure to curb the diseases, hence, a trial on the antifungal effects of leaf extracts of Carica papaya and Azadirachta indica in-vitro using different extract solvents on some pathogenic fungi isolated from Gmelina arborea seedlings. The isolated fungi were Trichoderma viride (from stem and leaf) and Mucor mucedo (stem and leaf). The solvents used were ethanol, methanol, propanol, butanol, acetone, chloroform and distilled water. Phytochemical screening of extracts of C. papaya from the different solvents showed that there was no tannin and hydroxymethyl anthraquinine. Flavonoids and polyphenols were in excess in acetone and methanol extracts respectively. For A. indica, polyphenols were only found in excess in ethanol and methanol extracts. Application of the extracts at different percentages of 0% (control), 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90% and 100% showed that Carica papaya extracted with butanol was more potent on Trichoderma viride and Mucor mucedo at 60%, 70%, 80% and 100% while the growth of Trichoderma viride and Mucor mucedo was checked by butanol extracts of A. indica at 70%, 80%, 90% and 100%. Conclusively, butanol extracts of C. papaya and A. indica at higher concentrations is recommended for use as spray to control the diseases.

Beneficial effect of Azadirachta indica on advanced glycation end-product in streptozotocin-diabetic rat

Context: Both oxidation and hyperglycemia cause increased glycation and the formation of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) which underlie the complications of diabetes.Objective: The goal of this article is to determine the effect of the chloroform extract from leaves of Azadirachta indica A. Juss; (Meliaceae) (AI) on the formation of glycated protein.Materials and methods: Chloroform extract was subjected to in vitro bioassays to evaluate advanced glycation end-products formation. Bovine serum albumin (BSA)-glucose, BSA-methylglyoxal, Amadori-rich protein, glycated hemoglobin, oxidation, and glycation of LDL were determined. Doses of AI of 200 mg/kg/d by oral gavage were administered once daily for 30 d, at streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. After this period, renal damage (TBARS), glucose, methylglyoxal, glycolaldehyde, and tail tendon collagen were investigated.Results and discussion: AI exhibits protective action in BSA against glycation formation, GHb, protein levels, and LDL against glycation and oxidation. The renal glucose level decreases a 3.9 mg/g wet tissue. TBA-reactive substance showed a significant decrease to 1.82 mmol/mg protein. In addition, AI showed inhibitory activity against AGEs formation, methylglyoxal, and glycolaldehyde levels in kidney. Treatment with AI in rat tail tendon produced a reduction in cross-linking of collagen proteins. The antiglycation activities of A. indica were attributed in part to their antioxidant activity. AI alleviated oxidative stress under diabetic conditions through the inhibition of lipid peroxidation prevents the onset renal damage.Conclusion: We found that A. indica is an inhibitor AGE formation, and oxidative stress with a renoprotective effect, which are considered to play important roles in diabetic kidney disease.

Effect of Azadirachta indica (Neem) and Aloe vera as compared to subantimicrobial dose doxycycline on matrix metalloproteinases (MMP)-2 and MMP-9: An in-vitro study.

Background:A critical outcome of periodontal diseases is degradation of collagen in the periodontal tissues, by enzymes such as Matrix Metallo-Proteinases (MMPs). Doxycycline is known to down-regulate the activity of MMPs. Azadirachta indica (Neem) and Aloe vera are herbs known to have an anti-inflammatory effect. The present study was designed to evaluate the anti-inflammatory effect of Neem and Aloe vera by way of its inhibitory effect on MMP-2 and MMP-9 activity in cases of chronic periodontitis and compare it with doxcycline.Materials and Methods:A total of 30 subjects were enrolled in this study. Gingival tissue samples were obtained from patients diagnosed with the chronic periodontitis. The tissue extracts were treated with the said drug solutions and inhibition of MMP-2 and MMP-9 was analyzed. Enzymatic activity was detected by electrophoresis. The data was subjected to Student's paired t-test.Results:The results showed that the activity of MMP-2 and MMP-9 was significantly decreased by the use of doxycycline, Neem and Aloe vera. A 53.5% reduction in the MMP-2 and 52.5% reduction in the MMP-9 activity was seen when samples were subjected to Neem treatment at the concentration of 1500 μg/ml. Tissues treated with Aloe vera in the concentration of 2000 μg/ml showed a 20.09% reduction in the MMP-2 and 20.4% reduction in the MMP-9 activity. Doxycycline in the concentration of 300 μg/ml, showed an 82.1% reduction in the MMP-2 and 82.6% reduction in the MMP-9 activity.Conclusion:The present study demonstrated an inhibitory effect of Neem and Aloe vera on MMP-2 and MMP-9, which are involved in the extracellular matrix degradation during periodontitis.

A study of hypoglycemic effects of Azadirachta indica (Neem) in human blood cells

This research had the objective to validate the effect of the plant Azadirachta indica (neem) in human blood cells in a normoglycemic medium. This hypoglycemic effect had been attributed by the communities to this plant. This research is experimental, in which the aqueous extract of the plant was used in a concentration of 6.4% m/v and from this, were prepared the following doses: 0.01 mg; 0.05 mg (low doses); 0.1 mg; 0.175 mg (medium doses); 0.7 mg and 1.4 mg (high doses); also it was used insulin Humulin R ® in different concentrations (0.1, 1, 10 nM) in order to compare both effects in a normoglycemic medium with human blood cells. The results demonstrated a hypoglycemic effect when the levels of glucose concentration went down in the normoglycemic medium in relation to the control. There was a significant effect (p<0.001) for the high doses group. These findings validate the hypoglycemic effect of this plant attributed by the communities.

Antioxidant, hepatoprotective, and ameliorative effects of Azadirachta indica on Eimeria papillata-induced infection in mice

Azadirachta indica (neem) is used in traditional medicine for its pharmacological properties. Here, we investigated the effects of neem on the outcome of coccidiosis caused by Eimeria papillata in mice. Coccidiosis was induced by infection of mice with 103 sporulated oocysts of E. papillata. The methanolic extract of neem (Azadirachta indica) leaves (500 mg/kg) was used in vivo for its antioxidant and hepatoprotective properties. Anticoccidial and anti-inflammatory activities of neem were determined through oocyst output and liver histopathology, respectively. The data showed that mice infected with E. papillata revealed an output of about 6.5×105 oocysts per gram faeces on day 4 postinoculation (p.i.). This output is significantly decreased to about 2.7×105 oocysts in neem-treated mice. Infection caused a marked liver injury as indicated by histopathological alterations as well as the significant increase in liver aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and bilurubin. Also, infection induced a significant increase in nitric oxide (NO) and malondialdehyde (MAD), and a significant decrease in glutathione (GSH). The methanolic extract of A. indica leaves showed a significant (P ≤ 0.05) hepatoprotective potential by improving the above mentioned parameters. Based on these results, it is concluded that A. indica leaves contain potent antioxidant compounds that could offer protection against hepatotoxicity as well as ameliorate preexisting liver damage and oxidative stress conditions. Key words: Neem, liver, Eimeria papillata, oxidative stress, mice.

Physiological and histological impact of Azadirachta indica (neem) leaves extract in a rat model of cisplatin-induced hepato and nephrotoxicity

This study investigated the protective effect of Azadirachta indica (neem) leaves against cisplatin-induced hepato and nephrotoxicity. Neem leaves showed significant protection as evidenced by the decrease of elevated serum alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, gamma glutamyl transpeptidase, alkaline phosphatase, total bilirubin, creatinine, uric acid and urea. This improvement of physiological function was associated with high protection against histopathological injury induced by cisplatin on liver and kidney. These results suggest that neem leaves pre, co and post-treatment can prevent the hepato and nephrotoxicity induced by cisplatin. Key words: Cisplatin, Azadirachta indica, liver, kidney, rats.

Effects of Azadirachta indica Canopy Manipulation and Nitrogen Fertilization on Diversity and Productivity of Herbaceous Vegetation in an Arid Environment of India

Effects of Azadirachta indica A. Juss and nitrogen fertilizer on herbaceous diversity, productivity, and soil improvement were monitored with aims to enhance productivity of desert pasturelands. Fifty four plots of 1 m2 area were laid with lopping of 36-month old Azadirachta indica plants and nitrogen fertilization. Plots without plant (C0), intact plant (C1) and lopped plant (C2) were canopy, whereas plots without nitrogen (N0), 10 mg N kg−1 soil (N10), and 20 mg N kg−1 soil (N20) were nitrogen treatments. Both treatments influenced resource availability and vegetation diversity and biomass. Intact plants reduced photosynthetically active radiations (PAR) by 53–55% more PAR in C0/C2. A. indica plants were associated with 15 herbs/grass species belonging to 7 families. Nitrogen fertilization increased soil nitrogen, species richness, diversity, and biomass but negatively affected soil water and species evenness and dominance. Plots with intact plants showed highest soil available nitrogen, species richness, diversity, and evenness indices. However, soil water and species dominance were highest in the control plots. Herbage biomass increase was 2.0-fold more under intact plants and 1.4-fold more under lopped plants than in the control (C0N0). The highest species diversity and biomass in C1N20 suggest the benefit of tree association and nitrogen fertilization in enhancing rangeland productivity. Conclusively, application of nitrogen fertilizer enhances herbage productivity but retaining/introducing tree component in rangeland improves soil conditions, diversity, and herbage productivity in aridisol. Therefore, woody plants with canopy and addition of nitrogen fertilizer may be a viable option for increasing forage production in the forage-deficient dry lands.

Effect of Azadirachta indica (neem), sodium thiosulphate and calcium chloride on changes in nitrogen transformations and inhibition of nitrification in soil incubated under laboratory conditions

A laboratory experiment was conducted to examine the effects of nitrification inhibitors (NIs) neem seedcake (Azadirachta indica) (NSC), sodium thiosulphate (Na2S2O3) and calcium chloride (CaCl2) on changes in NH4+–N, inhibition of nitrification and recovery of applied nitrogen (N) in soil. Surface soil samples of 0–15cm were collected from an arable field, amended with urea N (UN) at the rate 200mgNkg−1, UN+NSC, UN+Na2S2O3 and UN+CaCl2 and incubated at 22°C periodically over 50d. Soil without any amendment was used as check (control). Results indicated that more than 58% of N applied as NH4- disappeared over a period of 50d from the soil mineral-N pool. Some of this N (21%) was accumulated as NO3-–N while the remaining N was unaccounted for. Addition of nitrification inhibitors NSC, Na2S2O3, and CaCl2 resulted in a decrease in the extent of NH4+ disappearance by 35%, 44% and 30%, respectively. In the treatment receiving UN alone, 56mg NO3-–Nkg-1 was accumulated over 50d (maximum 93mgkg−1) indicated an active nitrification. Application of nitrification inhibitors NSC, Na2S2O3, and CaCl2 with UN inhibited nitrification by 54%, 64%, and 59%, respectively. Apparent N recovery (ANR) in the treatment receiving UN alone was 63% that substantially increased to 83%, 89% and 76% in the treatments receiving UN+NSC, UN+Na2S2O3, and UN+CaCl2, respectively indicating 32%, 41% and 20% increase in N recovery. Among three NIs tested, Na2S2O3 proved superior in inhibiting nitrification and increasing ANR. The study demonstrated that application of NSC, Na2S2O3, and CaCl2 which are cheap and easily available NIs inhibited nitrification and improved N recovery efficiency of applied N in an arable soil very effectively. It is suggested that these inhibitors should be tested under field conditions for increasing NUE and improving crop productivity.

Effects of Azadirachta indica on Sheep Infected Naturally with Helminthes

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of neem (Azadirachta indica) on natural helminthes infection in lambs. Forty, four-month-old entire Santa Ines lambs were grazed on pasture, over a 20 week period. They were divided into 4 treatments: Without drenching (ND), 3 g A. indica/animal (A3), 6 g A. indica/animal (A6) and 9 g A. indica/animal (A9) over 5 consecutive days, with an interval of 25 days between drenchings. Faeces were collected weekly and lamb weight and blood collection were carried out fortnightly. Four weeks after the last drenching all lambs were slaughtered, and worm burdens calculated. No significant differences were observed for lamb performance between treatments. Blood parameters highlighted the progress of the worm infections, with sheep on treatments A6 and A9 ending the experiment showing anemia. There was an increase in the total number of worms associated with increasing levels of neem, especially due to the increase in number of H. contortus in detriment to the number of T. colubriformis for highest levels of neem (A6 and A9). The increasing doses of neem did not improve the control of endoparasites in sheep naturally infected.