Security Doctrine Research Articles

בין מלחמת "יש ברירה" לרציפות תפיסת הביטחון הישראלית: עיון מחודש בתפיסות שהובילו למלחמת לבנון הראשונה

The Israeli public largely views Israel’s invasion of Lebanon in the summer of 1982 as an unusual event, a deviation from the path that Israel had followed until then. Unlike other wars, Israel did not fight in the Lebanon War for security purposes, but for the political aims and whims of Prime Minister Menachem Begin and Defense Minister Ariel Sharon. Therefore, this war is considered a war of choice, waged by Israel when it was not under an existential threat. The claim that the Lebanon War constitutes an exceptional event in Israeli history is at the heart of this article. In order to determine whether the Lebanon War was indeed a deviation from the “right path” of the State of Israel, we examine it in light of the Israeli security doctrine that had led Israel’s decision-makers until then and that, to some extent, continues to govern them to this day. Using the security doctrine as a guide, we find that this war was not a deviation or an anomaly, but rather an application of Israeli security principles.

Трансформация политики безопасности Государства Израиль: новые тренды на фоне традиционных приоритетов

Importance. The article discusses the development of the national security course of the State of Israel in the period 2021–2023. This issue is of particular interest due to the existence of two trends in the security sector: its transformation on the one hand and continuity on the other. Research methods. The study is based on the defense of historicism, objectivity and systemic ownership. Along with general scientific methods, such as analysis and comparison, historical-comparative, retrospective, synchronous methods, as well as the method of critical geopolitics, are used. Result and Discussion. It is noted that during the tenures of Prime Ministers N. Bennett and J. Lapid, there is a further development of “the Iron Dome” missile defense system and the laser weapons’ development to strengthen this system. Several operations are carried out, the purpose of which is to prevent the technical and offensive development of the opponents of the State of Israel in the Gaza Strip and the West Bank. In military operations, the emphasis is on the remote destruction of military installations in the depths of Palestinian territory and the prevention of militant access to Israel territory through underground tunnels, which in fact is a new trend. With the return of B. Netanyahu to the post of Prime Minister of the country in the end of 2022, there is a commitment to this military strategy, as evidenced by the continuation of Operation Breakwater. At the same time, B. Netanyahu is pursuing a policy of strengthening the strategic advantage of the State of Israel in the direction of the Gaza Strip, where Israel’s advantages are gradually leveled. Conclusion. It is noted that in the period 2021–2022 the military strategy of the state developed largely in line with and on the basis of the groundwork that is created by B. Netanyahu during his previous term as prime minister. At the same time, the old security doctrine is changed in order to prevent the technological development of the enemy and maintain the strategic advantage of the State of Israel. A general conclusion is made about the effectiveness of the adopted strategy and its long-term nature.

The legal policy of foreign countries in the field of counteraction to crime committed with the use of information technologies

The article provides a comparative analysis of the approaches of different countries to the issues of combating crimes committed using information technology. The relevance of such studies is due to a number of factors, including the increase in the number of computer crimes, the complexity of the legal regulation of the information space, the possibility of borrowing proven legal structures, etc. The methodological basis of the study is the comparative legal method. The article identifies promising areas for improving the legal system (further development of the terminological apparatus, clarified the composition of computer crimes in the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, the formation is proposed of a new Doctrine of information security (taking into account the experience of Singapore), the creation of special response teams to cyber incidents, the introduction of legislative assigned obligations for organizations to notify relevant authorities about computer incidents, etc.).

ПРОБЛЕМЫ МЕЖСУБЪЕКТНЫХ ВЗАИМОДЕЙСТВИЙ В СЕМЕНОВОДСТВЕ

The main problems in the development of seed production and inter-subject interactions in seed production are: the high level of import dependence of Russian agriculture on seeds of a number of crops; fragmentation of the system of domestic seed production; a relatively low level of selection work for some types of agricultural crops and the competitiveness of seeds of domestic selection; low rates of renewal of the technical and technological base of breeding centers and seed farms; shortage of highly qualified personnel in the field of breeding and genetics of agricultural crops and seed production; insufficient level of state support for seed producers and incentives for agricultural producers to use elite seeds and hybrids of domestic selection. The article also proposes a set of measures to modernize the existing seed production system and ensure the stability of its inter-subject relations, which will provide the necessary conditions for increasing the level of efficiency of the seed production system and solving the problems identified in the Doctrine of Food Security of the Russian Federation.

Producing of meat products using statistical evaluation of dietary types of meat

The article calculated the indicators of the coefficient of imbalance of the amino acid composition, the difference in the amino acid score and the biological value of proteins in dietary meat raw materials. Significant differences in the content of essential amino acids in different parts of the carcasses of the selected dietary meat raw materials were determined using the analysis of variance of a one-way uneven complex. In 2010, ideas to increase the life expectancy of citizens of the RF and improve its quality reached a new level – with the adoption by the Government of the RF of a number of strategic documents – «The Doctrine of food security of the Russian Federation until 2030»; «Fundamentals of state policy of the Russian Federation in the field of healthy nutrition of the population»; and etc. The main priority in solving the problem of the formation of the concept of a healthy lifestyle in Russia, citizens of Russia consider compliance with the principles of proper and nutritious nutrition. State measures to promote a healthy lifestyle for the population of Russia are consistent with the global concept of health promotion, according to which citizens participate in maintaining and strengthening their own health.

As creches Casulo no Amazonas, 1979-1990

ABSTRACT The text1 discusses the history of day care centers in Amazonas under the Projeto Casulo of Legião Brasileira de Assistência (LBA) between 1979, when the first daycare center opened, and 1990, the year in which the LBA reached 61 municipalities in the state. We assume that these day care centers emerged in a context of mass projects for children up to the age of six, implemented at a low cost, in collaboration with multilateral organizations, meeting Unicef requirements, such as the reduction of needs in material and cultural spheres, through the proliferation of these institutions throughout the country. We use the historical method with a social and cultural approach, having as procedures and instruments: documentary research, through journals, official and non-official documents, interviews, and oral reports. The findings reveal that the expansion of the day care centers occurred directly through operational units of direct execution, managed by the LBA, and indirectly through accredited operational units, in accordance with the National Security Doctrine - DSN.

Dynamics of nitrogen group compounds in fish-farming reservoirs of the Valdai National Park in summer period

According to the requirements of the “Food Security Doctrine of the Russian Federation” and the accompanying “Action Plan for the implementation of the provisions of the Food Security Doctrine of the Russian Federation”, as well as the order of the Ministry of Health and Social Development of the Russian Federation dated 02.08.2010 No. 593n “On approval of recommendations on rational standards of food consumption that meet modern requirements of healthy nutrition”, at least 80% of fish products must be of Russian origin, and the recommended rate of consumption of fish products per capita should be 18-22 kg/year. The following indicators were measured: the concentration of ammonium ions, nitrates, and nitrites, as well as dissolved oxygen. The lack of regular control over the amount of nitrogen-containing compounds in reservoirs used for commercial fish farming does not allow timely identification of the prerequisites for such emergencies.

Основные механизмы обеспечения национальной продовольственной безопасности

When ensuring national food security, it is necessary to proceed from the essence of this economic category in relation to the state, and not to its individual regions. It is the State that should be entrusted with the responsibility for its reliable provision, regardless of the influence of internal and external threats and challenges. Its role in the development of the entire food supply system of the country’s population is especially increasing in modern conditions of increasing sanctions pressure on it and conducting a special military operation in Ukraine. At the same time, the responsibility of the State for mobilizing domestic resources to achieve national interests in the field of food security is also increasing. At the same time, a successful solution to the problem of reliable provision of national food security is possible only on the basis of the paradigm of scientific and technological development of the agricultural sector of the economy, as well as the use of a system of effective mechanisms providing at the same time an optimal combination of market self-regulation and state impact on the production, exchange, distribution and consumption of food products and agricultural raw materials, as well as increasing the predictability of ensuring national food security and achieving its goals. According to different relations of interaction of mechanisms of production, logistics and consumption of food by the population, different models of ensuring national food security are mainly formed. In the conditions of sanctions pressure, it is important to implement the provisions stated in the Food Security Doctrine of the Russian Federation, for which it is necessary to adjust the existing mechanisms for its provision in relation to modern realities. It is necessary to adopt a system of effective organizational and economic measures that contribute to the consolidation of the efforts of government, science and the business community for the sustainable development of the agro-industrial complex, increasing the competitiveness of its products in the domestic and foreign agri-food markets.

Crop production trends in the context of the Food Security Doctrine of the Russian Federation

The article examines the dynamics of achieving the main targets for crop production in the Russian Federation and identifies the nature of the problems associated with under-fulfillment of some indicators for crop production. The commodity structure of the export/import of the Russian Federation for crop production for 2021, the dynamics of expansion and the structure of the acreage of agricultural crops are analyzed, information is provided on the achievement of the planned values of indicators for 2021, it is proved that Russia has reached the values of food security in almost all key areas: grain, vegetable oil, sugar, etc. The results showed that there are still a number of unresolved problems, including investing in domestic agricultural science and their effectiveness, reducing the human potential of innovative activity of the Russian agro-industrial complex, inefficiency of communications between key stakeholders, resource provision of the agro-industrial complex.

Продовольственная безопасность России: актуальные вопросы обеспечения качества продукции агропромышленного комплекса

The article discusses topical issues of ensuring the quality and safety of agricultural products and food in the light of the new Food Security Doctrine and the Strategy for Improving the Quality of Food products in the Russian Federation until 2030. It is noted that Russia has a developed system of standardization and certification of agricultural products and food. In terms of food quality and safety in the global food security ranking in 2022, Russia occupied the 23rd position among 113 countries. The article highlights the main indicators for determining the quality and safety of food in the global ranking. The system of technical regulation of food products and its constituent elements is analyzed, and the most pressing issues of its improvement are identified, primarily in the field of harmonization of norms established in technical regulations and quality standards with international norms, which is especially important when new products using GMOs and organic products appear on the market. There is a need to increase the role of food quality control, in connection with the circulation of counterfeit products on the market.

СОВЕРШЕНСТВОВАНИЕ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННОЙ ПОЛИТИКИ В СФЕРЕ АГРОПРОМЫШЛЕННОГО КОМПЛЕКСА СОВРЕМЕННОЙ РОССИИ: ДОКТРИНА И ИНСТИТУТЫ

The purpose of the work is to conduct a research analysis of the effectiveness the state policy of the agricultural sector after the adoption of the "Food Security Doctrine", while focusing on the quality of doctrinal documents and on the effectiveness of the development institutions that affect the agro-industrial complex. The article explores the essence of the priorities of the state agro-industrial policy taking into account the Food Security Doctrine adopted in 2010. The importance of development institutions in improving this policy, which has a positive effect on the saturation of the domestic food market, is highlighted. The authors, in the framework of the analysis of the available empirical information on the problems of the agro-industrial complex, come to the conclusion that the state policy in relation to this industry had three important dimensions. First, it is the solution of acute food problems that threatened socio-political stability and political order. Secondly, it is the relief of the negative effects of the backwardness of the agricultural sector, which requires modernization, which has become one of the drivers of economic growth since the 2010s. Thirdly, it is a radical reduction in the country's dependence on imported food. The research results are based on the following. First, the state agro-industrial policy of the Russian Federation in the 2000s led to the saturation of the Russian market with domestic agricultural products, and the country's dependence on imports of this type of goods was reduced. Secondly, the availability of doctrinal and strategic documents of this type of sectoral policy led to the achievement of the planned indicators of the "Food Security Doctrine" for grain, meat (pork and chicken), sunflower oil by the beginning of 2020. Thirdly, the improvement of the state policy in the sphere of the agro-industrial complex is possible only in the conditions of activation of the old, stimulation of new development institutions. At the same time, the functioning of these institutions should be based on effective interaction between the state, business, the scientific and expert community.

Финансовые инструменты обеспечения эффективности трансформационных процессов развития сельскохозяйственной отрасли

Ensuring the effective development of transformational processes in the agricultural sector is currently one of the key tasks of the socio-economic policy of the Russian Federation. The processes of systemic transformation of the market agro-economy are aimed at ensuring a stable and balanced growth in agricultural production in the country as part of the implementation of the doctrine of food security. Using modern financial mechanisms for preferential lending to agricultural producers should contribute to the dynamic development of the industry by ensuring sufficient investment in fixed capital and timely provision of agricultural enterprises with short loans, the purpose of which is to support farmers “in the moment” taking into account a seasonality factor. Based on the analysis of the dynamics of agricultural production for 1990-2022 the distinctive features of the stages of transformation of the agricultural industry of the Russian Federation are determined. In the course of assessing the level of digitalization of the agricultural industry at the present stage of development it was revealed that the digitalization index and the intensity of the use of digital technologies in agriculture are the lowest among all leading industries, as well as due to the low level of investment activity. Main tools of state support for enterprises of the agro-industrial complex are the direct subsidies and subsidies for preferential loans to ensure the stable functioning of the industry. Analysis of the needs of agricultural producers in preferential loans and the percentage of their satisfaction indicates the insufficient development of the mechanism for preferential lending to agricultural producers on the part of all its subjects. According to the results of the analysis, recommendations were developed to improve the efficiency of the mechanism for preferential lending to the industry, which are designed to ensure the availability of this type of lending for all forms of business, simplify the procedure for issuing preferential loans, reduce the time for filing and considering applications, and increase the percentage of their approval

INFLUENCE OF LIQUID SUPPLY WORKING PRESSURE ON POTATO PROCESSING AREA

The doctrine of food security lists critical products for Ukraine and the minimum level of their own production. Potatoes are among these products. Despite the fact that the country's needs are almost completely covered by potatoes produced on the territory of our state, in recent years more and more attention has been paid to increasing the yield of the crop. Pre-sowing treatment helps to increase the yield of crops. The main method of pre-sowing preparation of potatoes is to treat the planting material with drugs to protect against pests and diseases. The main method of pre-sowing seed preparation is poisoning with chemical preparations against pests and diseases. It is widely used in intensive agricultural technology and allows to reduce potential crop losses by 50-55%. The applied technical means, which ensure uniform and complete coverage of the surface of the seed material, have distributors that create drops of different diameters. In the best case, it is possible to control the average particle size, and large weight fractions of different particle sizes reduce the processing efficiency and negatively affect the uniformity of the coating. In this regard, one of the main tasks of the used technical means is to obtain drops of the same (monodisperse) size. Moreover, their size should be within 20 - 50 μm.. It is quite time-consuming to select the correct parameters of a technical device to achieve these aerosol sizes experimentally, therefore it is necessary to develop mathematical models of seed processing with different types of sprayers, which will tell in which direction scientific developments should be conducted .\ For the model of the technological process of processing, the design and technological parameters and operating modes of the spraying system can be used as initial conditions, and the parameters of the distribution system of aerosol droplets, seed material and drug as boundary conditions (the speed of the air flow created by the fan, the amount of working fluid that provided, design parameters of the processing chamber).

REGIONAL FOOD SECURITY: PROBLEMS OF FORMATION AND IMPLEMENTATION (ON THE EXAMPLE OF THE IRKUTSK REGION)

The purpose of the work is to analyze regional food security on the example of the Irkutsk region, both in conceptual and practical aspects. The objectives are to specify the basic components of this concept and to establish conditions for monitoring regional food security. The article analyzes the concept of food security, which offers criteria for its provision, including accessibility, reliability, sustainability, independence. Of these four criteria, only two are fixed in the Doctrine of Food Security of Russia with an emphasis on the level of self-sufficiency for 11 types of food without specifying the state of production, resource and other potential providing it and prospects for its development: The importance of creating analytical and information systems for monitoring food security is indisputable, while it is necessary to take into account the regional aspect of assessing this problem. Currently, there is a wide set of indicators for assessing food security, although without methodological support for monitoring and interpreting its results. Using the proposed composition of indicators grouped by four criteria: accessibility, reliability, sustainability, independence, an analysis of the food security of the Irkutsk region was carried out, which showed the criticality of the region in this area. The results of the work are very relevant for the formation of regional economic policy in the field of food security management.

The New Cold War: Cyber Frontline

Abstract The ongoing escalation of animosities between the United States, the Russian Federation and the People’s Republic of China is beginning to resemble the Cold War, which as a historical period might have ended in the twentieth century, but still endures as a state of hostilities between the countries, expressed in the form of an indirect conflict. These countries are actively growing their cyber capabilities that enable indirect and covert operations aimed at their opponents. In cyberspace, the states involved express the hostilities and the aims they try to achieve in the least detectable way. As a result, cyberspace has been securitized. It has been recognized by NATO as a domain of activities. In the United States, the National Cybersecurity Strategy has been published, recognizing cyberspace as an integral part of the economy and defence. A similar document called the Information Security Doctrine was issued in the Russian Federation, which manifests Russia’s aspirations in the field of information technology. The militarization of this area shows that cyberspace is becoming a battlefield in the new cold war. The Russian military invasion of Ukraine is complemented by the activities in the cyberspace. I analyse the new confrontation between the above-mentioned powers, looking for features of the Cold War in it. In particular, I examine the cyber capabilities of the United States, Russia and China. The article claims that the concept of cold war may be applicable to numerous historical eras, including the one that is still in effect now.

Digital Diplomacy in Russia–Europe Relations: Cross-Cultural Aspects

The development of information and communication technologies and the formation of the global information society give rise to the study of new directions in the evolution of diplomatic practice in the digital environment, including in the context of intercultural communication. The modern information revolution is characterized by the widespread and ever-growing use of social networks, blogs, wiki resources and other media platforms (labelled under the common term of Web 2.0 technologies). At the same time, the widespread use of Web 2.0 technologies and the increasing amount of time people all over the world spend there has a broad and profound impact on political and intercultural communication and diplomatic practice. A new phenomenon of digital diplomacy is gaining prominence among the foreign policy tools of states and international organizations. Digital diplomacy can be defined as the use of social networks and Web 2.0 technologies in public diplomacy and international interaction by states and international organizations to achieve foreign policy goals and reach foreign audiences. According to the traditional view of digital diplomacy, which has developed in the academic literature, and is reflected in the works of authors such as Manuel Castells and Joseph. Nye, it helps to strengthen network ties at the level of civil societies in different countries and thus reduces international conflicts. However, cultural differences and digital polarization can impede the potential of digital diplomacy. Today, almost all states and international organizations in the global arena are involved in the practice of digital diplomacy, and Russia is no exception. Russia actively participates in digital diplomacy by using social media and Web 2.0 tools as soft power instruments to introduce and explain foreign policy initiatives and reach foreign and domestic audiences, as stated in the 2016 Doctrine of Information Security of Russian Federation. For Russia’s foreign policy, relations with the EU countries and institutions are of particular importance, including in the digital sphere. However, even though both Russia and the EU countries make extensive use of digital diplomacy tools, the practice of horizontal network interaction mediated by digital technologies does not contribute to strengthening trust between countries and reducing conflicts. The authors consider incidents and allegations in the sphere of digital interaction and, based on the theory of digital polarization, conclude that the use of digital tools in horizontal interactions within digital diplomacy exacerbates intercultural differences between countries and increases conflict instead of improving mutual understanding.

EPISTEMOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF THE RUSSIA-UKRAINE MODERN WAR

Ideas on the political nature, causes, motivations of the parties and the very essence of the Russia-Ukraine hybrid war of 2014–2022 are presented. Ideological preconditions, reasons and current consequences of the Russian armed aggression against Ukraine, as well as the evolution of the formation of the political and security doctrines of the ruling regime of Russia from quasi-liberal views to the expansionist concept of “restoration of historical Russia” and justification of aggressive war against Ukraine are considered.
 The authors’ theoretical framework for examining the political nature, essence and causes as well as specificities of this war is based on the provisions of classic military theory as well as their further development. These fundamental ideas are gaining new relevance in the context of hybrid war with the simultaneous presence of elements of military confrontation pertinent to third-generation war and factors pertinent to the new type of sixth-generation war. Conclusions are based on an analysis of a number of conceptual documents by Russia’s leadership over the past 15 years.

ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЕ ПРЕИМУЩЕСТВЕННЫХ УСЛОВИЙ КОСТРОМСКОЙ ОБЛАСТИ ДЛЯ ПРОИЗВОДСТВА СЕМЕННОГО КАРТОФЕЛЯ

The research was carried out in 1990-2020 in order to analyze the state and level of potato growing sub-sector development in the Russian Federation and in Kostroma region with further identification of priority areas for improving its efficiency for the production of high-quality seed potatoes. Over the past three decades, the potato industry of the country has undergone serious changes. During the period from 1990 to 2020, the area of potato planting in the Russian Federation decreased by 1935.4 thousand hectares, or by 62%, the gross harvest decreased by 11240.8 thousand tons, or by 36.4%.In 2020 the level of self-sufficiency in potatoes, defined as the ratio of products produced in the country to its domestic consumption, amounted to 89.2%, which is lower than the indicator established by the Food Security Doctrine of the Russian Federation by 5.8 percentage points. In Russia, leading agricultural organizations have appeared, working on innovative technologies of world standards and reaching record yields of 45...50 t/ ha. However, the average potato yield in the country remains one of the lowest in Europe – at the level of 17 t/ha. A significant factor in obtaining high potato yields is the use of high-quality seed material of the best varieties. Potato seed production is effective only in optimal soil and climatic conditions with the use of reliable methods of accelerated reproduction of virus-free material and prevention of re-infection with diseases. This problem is successfully solved by organizing special protected areas with favorable climatic and phytosanitary conditions for growing healthy seed potatoes. The Kostroma region, subject to the effective use of its geographical location, favorable soil, climatic and phytosanitary conditions, can take a leading position in the production of high-quality potato seeds.

КОНФУЦИЙ И ФОРМИРОВАНИЕ КУЛЬТУРЫ ИНФОРМАЦИОННОЙ БЕЗОПАСНОСТИ В КОНТЕКСТЕ РАЗВИТИЯ ЦИФРОВОЙ ЭКОНОМИКИ (новое – это хорошо забытое старое)

The issues of information security are the most acute in the development of the modern information society. At the same time, as the experience of introducing information technologies into almost all spheres of life shows, the key here is the formation of an information culture and, above all, an information security culture. This provision is repeatedly emphasized in the Doctrine of Information Security of the Russian Federation. It is known the basis of this process are the ethical norms and rules of society. Given that the concept of ethics has a thousand-year long history, the approaches used for its development at different stages of human existence are of particular interest. The main purpose of this study is to analyze some of the main components of ethical norms and rules formed several millennia ago within the framework of one of the major directions of ancient philosophy - Confucianism. As Confucius has said, «To live according to the ethic rules is to be aware of your belonging to the world to the same extent as you are aware of your difference from other people» In this regard, we examine several quotes from the legacy of the classical Chinese scientist Confucius and analyze its importance for the formation of the information society ethics. Based on this analysis, an attempt is made to propose some particular steps in order to address the ethical issues arising today.

Information security when working with geoinformation systems (GIS).

The purpose of the work is to study the features of information security when working with GIS by analyzing scientific publications. The main research methods are synthesis and methods of system, structural-logistic, functional analysis. The regulatory framework was compiled by the "Information Security Doctrine of the Russian Federation", Moscow, 2000, GOST R 54593-2011, "The concept of protection of computer equipment and automated systems from unauthorized access to information", 1992. The basic concepts in the field of information security are considered, the current state of the development and use of geoinformation systems (GIS) in various fields of the information field, including veterinary medicine, is analyzed. The classification of GIS according to various characteristics and its structure is given. The properties of information as an object of protection are considered, the patterns of creation of protected information systems are determined, the principles of ensuring the information security of the state are disclosed, attention is paid to information competition. In order to protect information, the necessity of monitoring risks/potential threats and creating a database based on geoinformation systems with a single secure system for entering and processing primary source data is emphasized. Solving the problem of creating conditions for information security requires mandatory comprehensive application of legislative, software, technical and organizational measures at the state level.