Disaster Evacuation Research Articles

Hydrometeorological disasters during COVID-19: Insights from topic modeling of global aid reports

Since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, the world has experienced numerous hydrometeorological disasters along with it. The pandemic has made disaster relief work more challenging for humanitarian organizations and governments. This study aims to provide an overview of the topics/issues of concern in the countries while responding to hydrometeorological extreme events (e.g., floods and cyclones) during the pandemic. Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA), a computational topic modeling technique, is employed to reduce the numerous (i.e., 1771) humanitarian reports/news to key terms and meaningful topics for 24 countries. Several insights are derived from the LDA results. It is identified that countries have suffered multiple crises (such as locust attacks, epidemics and conflicts) during the pandemic. Maintaining social distancing while disaster evacuation and circumventing the lockdown for relief work have been difficult. Children are an important topic for most countries; however, other vulnerable groups such as women and the disabled also need to be focused upon. Hygiene is not a highly weighted topic, which is of concern during a pandemic that mandates good sanitation to control it effectively. However, health is of great importance for almost all countries. The novelty of the paper lies in its interdisciplinary approach (usage of a computational technique in disaster management studies) and the timely examination of disaster management experiences during the ongoing pandemic. The insights presented in the study may be helpful for researchers and policy-makers to initiate further bottom-up work to address the challenges in responding to hydrometeorological disasters during a pandemic.

Analysis of Sanitation Fulfillment with Visitors Comfort in Kreo Cave Semarang

Background: Enjoying natural beauty, fresh air, and beautiful scenery has become a necessity at this time. Identification of sanitation compliance and visitors' comfort level at tourist sites needs to be done to increase visitor comfort, which can increase tourist attraction. This study aimed to analyze the relationship between the fulfillment of sanitation to the comfort level of visitors to tourist attractions. Methods: The research method used is cross-sectional, with the number of respondents as many as 100 people. The research location is in the tourist area of Kreo Cave, Semarang. Results: The results showed that there was a relationship between the fulfillment of sanitation and the comfort level of visitors to Kreo Cave (P-value <0.005) with a reasonably strong relationship strength (Rho: 0.370). Conclusions: The better the fulfillment of sanitation, the more perceived level of comfort by visitors. Fulfillment of toilet cleanliness, availability of water, friendliness of officers, and implementation of health protocols makes visitors feel comfortable at tourist attractions. However, in this tourist spot, it is necessary to install a disaster evacuation route signboard that has not been carried out by the tourist spot manager and improve the cleanliness of the food and beverage sellers.
 KEYWORDS: Sanitation; Comfort Level; Visitors; Tourist Attractions; Kreo Cave

Transportation infrastructure planning in supporting disaster mitigation: Case study in Mount Gamalama.

Effective mitigation planning is needed for communities living in areas prone to disasters, including natural calamities such as volcanic eruptions. The development of disaster evacuation routes in disaster-prone areas, including the area where this study was conducted, requires proper planning in transportation infrastructure. Ternate city in Indonesia is a disaster-prone area because of the presence of an active volcanic mountain and an area traversed by the Pacific ring of fire. This area includes a vulnerable zone that has the potential for disasters such as volcanic eruptions, therefore it is important to make mitigation plans to assist the community in evacuating and reducing the impacts of a disaster. Data was obtained from road network observations and by carrying out inventory surveys on the condition of facilities and infrastructure for land transportation and sea transportation in Ternate city, which is located close to Mount Gamalama. A quantitative approach was utilised in this study through transportation modelling using Vissim to analyse the existing traffic conditions and forecasting. The research aims to formulate disaster mitigation measures to reduce the damages caused by the volcanic eruption of Mount Gamalama and identify plans for evacuation routes in disaster-prone areas. The road network performance of Ternate city showed that the city has roads that can be used as evacuation routes for disaster victims. It has good road performance in terms of meeting points and final evacuation points. Efforts to reduce the number of victims when a volcanic eruption occurs, the socialisation of disaster mitigation to the community and the installation of disaster information signs need to be equipped with the preparation of evacuation routes in the form of evacuation gathering points and final evacuation points. This study recommends local governments to develop new evacuation routes in disaster-prone areas and increase evacuation capacity.

Short-notice flood evacuation plan under dynamic demand in high populated areas

Driven primarily by climate change, natural disasters are expected to continue increasing throughout the years. A multitude of approaches for modelling disaster evacuation have been proposed for over decades and most of them focus on minimizing the travelling times or costs after a disaster strikes. However, evacuating all vulnerable people to safer places with sufficient vehicles before a disaster strikes is a better option. Owing to this operation's importance at such a crucial time, we have developed a short-notice flood evacuation model by utilising public transportation to evacuate an uncertain number of people, particularly in areas with a high population. The proposed model aims to find the minimum number of vehicles required and its sequence trips to save all evacuees before the water reaches the predicted areas. A closing time window at each evacuation point and evacuees-dependant service times are taken into account to tackle the flood propagation. Due to the limitation of available vehicles at the early stage of the disaster, the model considers splitting the demands and reusing the vehicles, i.e. multi-trips, to cover all the necessary routes within a time horizon. We apply the new model to some synthetic and real-world instances. In addition, we study the trade-off between the minimization of the number of vehicles and total travelling times. The results show that the proposed model has effectively saved more resources when split deliveries and multi-trips are imposed.

Sistem Informasi Geografis Pemetaan Daerah Rawan Bencana Alam dengan Metode End User Development

Cilacap is the largest district in Central Java with an area of 225,361 hectares. Topographically, Cilacap Regency is located at an altitude of 1-198 meters above sea level, stretching from west to east. With this condition, Cilacap Regency is an area that is prone to natural disasters such as floods, landslides and earthquakes. The area of Cilacap district along with the many areas prone to natural disasters makes the importance of a geographic information system mapping areas prone to natural disasters. With this system, it is hoped that the community and local governments can take precautionary measures before a natural disaster occurs in their area. The purpose of the research is to design a geographic information system for mapping natural disaster-prone areas for the Cilacap Regency web-based area with End User Development method. This method is used because it is able to produce a system that meets user needs directly. The testing the feasibility study of the system is conducted using the SUS (System Usability Scale) method. The results of this study are a geographic information system for mapping natural disasters and website-based evacuation points with the test results getting an average score of 72. This shows that the system can be implemented properly and is able to show the location of the natural disaster evacuation point areas more quickly as well as it is able to help the community and BPBD Cilacap in anticipating natural disasters.

Environmental Sustainability Improvement Of Malang City Based On Local Sustainability

Background: Malang City is a city that has a function as an area of education, industry, trade, and services so that it is experiencing fairly rapid development. These developments often only pursue economic and social aspects, causing problems in environmental aspects. Research purposes: Assessing the environmental sustainability index in all urban villages in Malang City, analyze the indicators that affect the environmental sustainability index in all urban villages in Malang City and prepare recommendations for improving environmental sustainability in Malang City. Research methods: The method used is Multi-Dimensional Scaling (MDS) through the Rapid Appraisal for Sustainable Development (RAP-SUSDEV) ordination technique approach modified from RAPFISH, which is a sustainability analysis used to determine status and identify sensitive indicators in the process of knowing sustainability. The MDS method can provide stable results compared to multivariate analysis methods such as factor analysis. Research results: The results of the index display indicators that are sensitive or have an effect on sustainability, which are useful as reference materials in compiling recommendations for improving environmental sustainability in Malang City. Conclusion: The urban areas that have the highest environmental sustainability index values are Tasikmadu and Tunggulwulung Urban Villages with very sustainable status. Meanwhile, the kelurahan that has the smallest environmental sustainability index value is Kotalama Urban Village with unsustainable status. The results of the leverage analysis show that the factors that have a significant effect on environmental sustainability are anticipation and mitigation efforts, namely as many as 23 urban villages. Based on the analysis that has been done, the recommendations for improving environmental sustainability in Malang City are prioritized to build anticipation and mitigation efforts such as early warning systems, safety equipment, and signs, and disaster evacuation routes. The prioritized recommendations were taken based on the most recommendations given to 57 urban villages in Malang City.

Environmental Sustainability Improvement Of Malang City Based On Local Sustainability

Background: Malang City is a city that has a function as an area of education, industry, trade, and services so that it is experiencing fairly rapid development. These developments often only pursue economic and social aspects, causing problems in environmental aspects. Research purposes: Assessing the environmental sustainability index in all urban villages in Malang City, analyze the indicators that affect the environmental sustainability index in all urban villages in Malang City and prepare recommendations for improving environmental sustainability in Malang City. Research methods: The method used is Multi-Dimensional Scaling (MDS) through the Rapid Appraisal for Sustainable Development (RAP-SUSDEV) ordination technique approach modified from RAPFISH, which is a sustainability analysis used to determine status and identify sensitive indicators in the process of knowing sustainability. The MDS method can provide stable results compared to multivariate analysis methods such as factor analysis. Research results: The results of the index display indicators that are sensitive or have an effect on sustainability, which are useful as reference materials in compiling recommendations for improving environmental sustainability in Malang City. Conclusion: The urban areas that have the highest environmental sustainability index values are Tasikmadu and Tunggulwulung Urban Villages with very sustainable status. Meanwhile, the kelurahan that has the smallest environmental sustainability index value is Kotalama Urban Village with unsustainable status. The results of the leverage analysis show that the factors that have a significant effect on environmental sustainability are anticipation and mitigation efforts, namely as many as 23 urban villages. Based on the analysis that has been done, the recommendations for improving environmental sustainability in Malang City are prioritized to build anticipation and mitigation efforts such as early warning systems, safety equipment, and signs, and disaster evacuation routes. The prioritized recommendations were taken based on the most recommendations given to 57 urban villages in Malang City.

Review of evacuee mobilization challenges causing time-lag: Conceptualizing a new framework

This paper explores the concept of evacuation mobilization as a protective decision-making process and builds a theoretical framework that captures the factors from the perspective of risk communication. As a critical step in the decision process of disaster evacuation, mobilization has been overlooked in practice. This study aims to embrace the varied yet inconsistent factors to a theoretical framework built upon the Protective Action Decision Model (PADM). A comprehensive review of literature of seminal and recent studies exploring the factors of mobilization and the major risk communication studies were used to build the theoretical framework explaining the variance of evacuation mobilization. Upon reviewing the aspects and factors of evacuation mobilization, this study asserts that the PADM is the most appropriate framework among those examined to theorize this process in evacuee decision-making. Specifically, the stages of receiving environmental cues and information, pre-decision processes, and perceptions, sequentially determine the on-going decision process of mobilization. This study fully discusses the issues surrounding evacuation mobilization and invites further empirical studies on early-warning disaster evacuations and more accurate simulations for late or no-warning evacuations. It also offers suggestions on how to mitigate the potential harm caused by extended mobilization.

Flood Disaster Evacuation Route Choice in Indonesian Urban Riverbank Kampong: Exploring the Role of Individual Characteristics, Path Risk Elements, and Path Network Configuration

Flood Disaster Evacuation Route Choice in Indonesian Urban Riverbank Kampong: Exploring the Role of Individual Characteristics, Path Risk Elements, and Path Network Configuration

Integration of Electric Vehicle Evacuation in Power System Resilience Assessment

Electric vehicle growth is creating a larger share of mobile load in power systems. This can affect system stress in potentially constrained areas of the grid, during a period that may already be an emergency. This paper proposes a novel model to reflect the behavior and spatiotemporal charging demand of electric vehicles during a natural disaster evacuation. The paper integrates the model in an algorithmic approach enabling operators to anticipate grid impacts from the charging of electric vehicles during a wildfire and subsequent evacuation. Geospatial visualization of evacuation charging demand provides a means to enhance operator awareness of spatiotemporal impacts and indicate critical areas of the grid for proactive mitigation. Results for a case study using the RTS-GMLC test system suggest that electric vehicle evacuation can result in dynamic changes to load patterns, adding stress to network components with the most significant load changes occurring during the initial evacuation period.

Utilization of Terrestrial Laser Scanning Data in Building Information Modelling (BIM) for Fire Disaster Evacuation Simulation

The development of digital building modeling technology for documentation and spatial planning is growing rapidly. Along with the development of these technologies, the urgency concerning the level of accuracy in the measurement is also increasing. One of the technologies currently being developed to address the urgency is the creation of three-dimensional objects using the Terrestrial Laser Scanner (TLS). Three-dimensional (3D) imaging sensors, such as TLS, can be used to create a Building Information Model (BIM) of the condition of buildings and other facilities in the field. However, quality control needs to be carried out to ensure that the model accurately describes conditions in the field. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine the level of accuracy of the results of the BIM made by utilizing the TLS. In this study, researchers applied a deviation analysis method. This method produced an area with a significant difference between the point cloud data and the reconstructed model. The BIM went through a virtual disaster evacuation simulation process by utilizing the A* search algorithm. The evaluation results of BIM deviation to the average point cloud were dominated by green results. This indicated that the deviation of the distance between the point cloud and the BIM data ranged from 0 to 2 mm. The results of the test of accuracy in the field using a rolling meter showed that the RMSE value of the difference between the distance of the roll meter and the BIM was 0.0139 m with an average distance difference of 0.0102 m. The results of the creation of the evacuation route showed that the maximum distance of the evacuation route in the building was 21.251 m on the ground floor, 17.290 m on the 1st floor, 17.718 m on the 2nd floor, and 17.851 m on the 3rd floor. From the results of the simulation, the disaster evacuation took 89.8 seconds with an average evacuation process of 44 seconds. The length of the path has been in line with the applicable regulations, in which according to Indonesia's Minister of Public Works and Housing Regulation No. 26/2008, the maximum length of the path in educational residential buildings is 62 m.

RnR-SMART: Resilient smart city evacuation plan based on road network reconfiguration in outbreak response

• RnR framework is proposed for a road network reconfiguration method that can consider various disaster factors based on open source GIS data. • The proposed model presents a big data processing method for generating an evacuation plan from actual large-scale road network data. • It presents a disaster response system with various paths and safe routs for urban resilience. • Reconfigured road networks improve the efficiency of evacuation plans from raw data. As the frequency of disasters increases worldwide, resilience planning through disaster management has become critical. Disaster managers must make difficult decisions prioritizing various disaster evacuation routes with limited road resources. This study proposes a road network reconfiguration (RnR) framework for disaster evacuation planning. The proposed model proposes a method to reconfigure a road network that can consider various factors based on open-source geographical information systems data. The proposed model first presents a big data processing method for generating an evacuation plan from actual large-scale road network data. This method is adopted for effective routes for large objects. Second, the proposed framework derives routes by disaster risk and is not limited to the minimum route cost, ensuring an optimal safe route according to the degree of risk. As a result, the proposed RnR framework contributes to the resilience of cities by enabling decision-makers and executives in disaster management to design action plans to avoid city risks and conserve human resources.

A Research of the Evacuate Behavior and Issues of Elderly Residents under Local Disaster Prevention and Response Works in Flooding Areas—A Case Study of 823 Flooding Evacuate of Elderly People in 3 Villages, Madou District, Tainan City

<p>本研究以台灣南部持續降雨的823水災為案例進行研究。研究者選取台南市麻豆區人口老化嚴重的北勢里、小埤里和埤頭里作為案例研究地點。並於2019年10月對里長、高齡者、麻豆區民政部門和其他縣市民政防救災單位相關承辦進行深入訪談，了解社區高齡者在水災時經驗與在災害過程中遇到的問題，及地區災害防救工作落實於高齡者避難收容實踐。 研究者共訪談了17位高齡者、里長2位與區公所相關承辦人員，受訪高齡者年齡在63至90歲之間。訪談結果顯示，水災對研究地區造成嚴重破壞，由於地區水位監測傳感器被洪水沖走，導致區公所錯過預先撤離機會，社區在具有自救能力居民協助下進行撤離。儘管社區平時有防災社區培訓，但因安全與財產損失歸屬問題，導致社區防災和疏散系統無法有效運作，區公所民政課與社區之間溝通不良，救援支持工作受阻。此外，由於地區受災嚴重，區公所缺乏足夠的救災資源和設備，需要外部援助（軍方）。但因無法及時提供救援，導致社區救災資源枯竭。高齡者與弱勢居民只能垂直避難並等待救援，進行二次或多次避難。 根據前述發現，當發生大規模洪災時，社區內部的相互救援和支持極為重要，可向高齡者提供直接和無障礙援助。防救災單位應當增加社區高齡者的主要聯絡人，確定防災和救災專業知識，並提供適當的專業培訓，使這些人可以作為向社區高齡者傳遞信息的橋樑。簡言之，前述措施可幫助高齡社區在災難期間實施自救工作。</p> <p> </p><p>This study selected three villages in Madou District, Tainan City - Beishih Village, Siaopi Village, and Pitou Village in 823 flood disaster to be the research site for analysis. These three villages face the common problem of a drastically aging population. The author conducted in-depth interviews to understand the problems faced by community elderly when prolonged flooding occurs, and to expound the issues encountered during the course of natural disasters. The author visited the three villages (in which Siaopi Village has merged into Pitou Village) to conduct interviews with elderly residents and 17 elderly residents were interviewed. The interview results indicate that the flood had caused serious damage in the study area. As the water level monitoring sensor of the area’s disaster prevention unit was swept away by the floodwaters, it was impossible to ascertain the extent of the damage caused by the heavy rainfall on the area. Consequently, no preventive evacuation measures were implemented and the decision to evacuate was made by the community, in conjunction with the assistance of residents with self-rescue capabilities. Despite regular training, due to flooding and property considerations, the community’s disaster prevention and evacuation system was inoperable, and there was a lack of communication and rescue and support efforts between the district office and the community. Moreover, owing to the size of the disaster area, the district office lacked sufficient disaster relief resources and equipment and required external assistance. However, the assistance was not provided in a timely manner and the community’s resources became depleted. The victims could only save themselves while awaiting the district office to transport them to the evacuation shelters. Based on the findings, the author deduced that when natural disasters occur, community elderly victims have a poor response capability and tend to delay their decision to evacuate. During a flooding event, they would prioritize vertical evacuation unless the water supply and power have been cut off from their homes, and they would only move to an evacuation shelter if they are unable to seek refuge somewhere near their homes. Moreover, the elderly residents had a propensity to rely on people they are familiar with to make their evacuation decisions. As a result, if the opportunity for pre-evacuation is missed, rescue efforts would become more difficult. Since most of the elderly residents had chronic diseases and regularly required medical treatment or health care, natural disasters are a threat to their lives and health. Some of them were even hard of hearing and could not articulate their words properly. It is often not possible to achieve effective information transfer. According to the findings, disaster prevention and relief units should also identify and provide adequate professional training on disaster prevention and relief for the key contact persons of elderly residents in a community, such that these people can serve as a bridge for conveying information to elderly victims. In short, these measures can assist aging communities to implement selfrescue efforts during disasters.</p> <p> </p>

Analysis of Disaster Mitigation in Carita with Environmental Learning in Elementary School

This study analyzes the profile of Carita people in the efforts of tsunami disaster mitigation and the role of environmental learning in coping with the disaster, then analyzes the use of environmental learning. The method used is a mixed method of qualitative and quantitative methods. The quantitative method measures various community readiness levels in performing disaster mitigation, whereas the qualitative method is utilized to obtain various further information from the communities using interview technique. There were 88 randomly selected respondents participating in this research. The study results indicate a low land utilization density (below 33%). Indicators suggest a good category, namely: people evacuate when a disaster occurs (86%), rescue during a disaster (96.59%), and try to find new livelihoods (82.95%). In addition, public knowledge of disaster evacuation route is at a good level (87.50%) and there is an increase of 39.77% respondents with improved knowledge after the tsunami disaster occurred. Environmental learning, in this case, plays an important role to provide information to the public relating the efforts in disaster mitigation. The conclusion is that community’s disaster mitigation readiness still requires some improvement through various efforts, one of them is environmental learning with learning media in elementary school.

Natural disaster evacuation modeling: the dichotomy of fear of crime and social influence

Natural disaster evacuation modeling: the dichotomy of fear of crime and social influence

Alone in the disaster? The independent nature of behavioural instructions for evacuation.

In disaster evacuation, the most reasonable reaction is seen as to evacuate through independence. On the contrary, people often stay and behave socially interdependent, hence stressing the gap between evacuation instructions and actual people's behaviour. The present research analyses the content of a set of behavioural instructions and provides an overview of common framing of evacuation communication. That is informed by psychological models that explain behaviour based distinguish between the independent self (i.e., everyone for themselves) and interdependent self (i.e., all together). Results of this article highlight that, despite the prevalence of interdependent behaviour, most of the instructions focuses on the independent behaviours rather than on interdependent instructions that do not reflect actual people's behaviour in case of evacuation. The objective of this article is to increase authorities' awareness on the relation between existing instructions (independent) and actual behaviour (interdependent); the final aim is to help authorities to design and create better instructional communication campaign for disaster evacuation.

Designing the building space of a shopping street to use as a disaster evacuation shelter during the COVID-19 pandemic: A case study in Kobe, Japan

This study considers the risk of a natural hazard-induced disaster occurring during a pandemic, such as the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic, and develops the idea of utilizing a shopping street with disaster-proof buildings as a temporary evacuation shelter by incorporating countermeasures against the spread of infectious diseases. Using a case study of a shopping street in Kobe, Japan, we estimate shelter capacity by considering the requirement of 6 m2 of space allotted for each person. The shelter can accommodate 1194 evacuees and provide them with food and drinks for one day, even in the worst case of lifeline disruption. This study proposes a method of designing shelter space, and demonstrates how non-homogeneous and noncontinuous spaces within shopping street buildings can be applied to prevent the spread of infection, through the classification of evacuee types and use of space and facilities designated for each type. The study further examines the liability issue of secondary infection at the shelter with reference to civic law and the roles of government in developing a distributed evacuation framework.

Numerical Analysis of Evacuation Start in Pangandaran

Tsunami evacuations plan should consider the behavior of local people. In this study tsunami evacuation start was analyzed using tsunami evacuation simulation consist of evacuee generation and evacuee behavior model. Pangandaran west beach was selected as the target area due to its popularity as a tourist spot and fishery activities in West Java. Evacuation simulations were conducted using 500 evacuations agents with tsunami shelter and grand mosques as goal for the safer place. A total of six evacuation scenarios were made using a different set of evacuation triggers parameter value with the combination of influence weight and effective range. The simulation result indicates that the influence weight which made 57% of people start evacuation immediately after the earthquake happened showed an instantaneous evacuation. Simulation result that was using lower influence weight and lower exposure range showed a more gradual tsunami evacuation. The simulation gave promising results that Pangandaran people could be safely evacuating if they raise their awareness and preparedness. The low-cost simulations that were used in this study provide an insight into the behaviors of Indonesians during disaster evacuation and might use as support for tsunami evacuation planning. However, to produce more satisfactory result we need to conduct field survey and tsunami drill to gain more information of people behavior during tsunami evacuation.

Application of the clarke-wright algorithm in determining tsunami disaster evacuation route in Purworejo district

The potentials for tsunami in Indonesia are spread over many areas, one of which is Purworejo. Purworejo has a high tsunami potential because it is located on the Indo-Australian plate. In Central Java, Purworejo occupies the 3rd position in the tsunami-prone area. Therefore, a route is needed to evacuate the population to mitigate the tsunami. This research focuses on two sub-districts, namely Ngombol and Purwodadi. The problems in this paper are: (1) Which points can be used as evacuation sites (2) How to model tsunami evacuation routes with graphs (3) What are the optimal evacuation routes. The method used to find the evacuation route is the VRP with time window. The algorithm used is Clarke Wright algorithm. The optimal evacuation route is obtained if all points are evacuated with minimal time and distance. From nine final evacuation points, only 4 points that fulfill criteria for the shortest distance and can be accessed by vehicles. There are eight final routes with minimum time of 42 minutes. Each of depots B3 and C2 has 3 routes. Whereas each of depots C4 and C5 has 1 route.

School Community Preparedness in Anticipation of Earthquake and Tsunami Threats in Temon Sub-District

The Kulon Progo Regency is a region prone to earthquake and tsunami, including on the coastal of Temon Sub-District. The study aims to determine: (1) school preparedness in Temon Sub-District in anticipating of the earthquake and tsunami threat, and (2) school efforts in Temon Sub-District in improving the preparedness of the earthquake and tsunami disaster. This study used descriptive research. The population of this study is all high schools in Temon Sub-District that enter the area prone to earthquake and tsunami disaster, which is used as a research analysis unit. The sampling technique used simple random sampling and calculated using the Slovin formula with a 10% error rate which results in a total sample of 6 principals, 84 teachers, and 177 students. Data collection techniques in this study are observation, interviews, and documentation. The research data presented in a frequency distribution table and analyzed descriptively. The results of the study showed: (1) school preparedness in Temon Sub-District from the schools aspect in “not ready” category (50.0%), the teachers aspect in “ready” category (42.9%), and the students aspect in “ready” category (44.1%). (2) Efforts to improve the preparedness of the earthquake and tsunami disaster carried out by schools in Temon Sub-District, including: (a) conducting disaster evacuation drills through scouting and PMR activities in schools, (b) holding regular disaster socialization and simulation routinely, (c) improving the quality and quantity of school facilities.