Disaster Evacuation Research Articles

Environmental supplement book of flood disaster for university students

<span lang="EN-US">Solving natural disaster problems, especially floods, requires community participation. One of the efforts that can be done is by implementing the environmental supplement book of flood disasters based on innovation learning model for natural science and environmental learning (ILMIZI). The purpose of this research was to implement a supplementary book to improve university students’ higher order thinking skills (HOTS) and pro-environmental behavior (PEB). This was an experiment method consisting of experimental class and control class. The samples were 115 university students with 60 university students in experimental class and 55 university students in control class. The data analysis was a t-test that aims to test the significance of the difference in the mean HOTS and PEB scores for the experimental class and the control class. In addition to the t-test, descriptive analysis was also carried out by comparing the HOTS and PEB scores between the experimental class and the control class. The results of this study indicated that the t-test results were significant, which means that supplement books could increase HOTS and PEB of university students. The results of the descriptive analysis showed that university students were still weak in flood mitigation efforts related to the provision of disaster evacuation tools. In an effort to prevent disasters, it was necessary to innovate environmental learning to support sustainability. A conclusion can be drawn that the use of supplementary books can increase university students’ HOTS and PEB.</span>

Kajian Upaya Mitigasi Struktural dan Nonstruktural Bencana Banjir di Kota Kendari

The government and the community need to take various mitigation measures to reduce the impact and losses caused by flooding in Kendari City. This study aims to examine flood disaster mitigation efforts implemented in Kendari City. Qualitative descriptive research was applied and analyzed using the Miles and Hubermann analysis method. The structural mitigation efforts carried out between the Kendari City Government, stakeholders, and the community include the construction of river embankments, flood retention ponds, repair of the city's drainage system, installation of river water level monitoring devices, installation of flood-prone signs, and disaster evacuation routes, as well as the construction of embankments and modifications to the house building. Non-structural mitigation includes: making disaster regulations, conducting risk assessments, threats, and flood vulnerability, mapping disaster-prone areas and flood evacuation routes, assisting in research activities or research on flood disasters, forming Disaster Preparedness Groups, making appeals, cleaning rivers and drainage channels, conducting socialization activities and disaster training to the general public and school environment, as well as disaster insurance.

Transdisciplinary Approach Toward Preparedness in a Mountainous Community in Central Taiwan and its Impact on Disaster Evacuation: A Case Study

This study examined the main factor that helped residents of Xinshan Village—which is vulnerable to landslides and debris flow hazards—to react and respond to Typhoon Morakot in such a way that no casualties were reported during the severe event in 2009. When the typhoon hit, over 20 residential houses collapsed into a river and were washed away during the night. However, the locals were evacuated before the disaster struck, which was attributed to the timely actions and cooperation that had occurred between them with their village head and the local police. Apart from them, it was also found that the central government, local government, academics, and engineering firms had played a crucial role that contributed to the preparedness of the locals to respond to the natural disaster. Specifically, assistance and resources were provided to them according to the disaster mitigation act, detailed risk reduction plans were drawn up at the town and village levels, drills and evacuation practices were held, and an early warning system was established and its robustness was tested. Prior to the 2009 typhoon, the practice of a transdisciplinary approach (TDA) toward disaster risk reduction in Xinshan Village had fostered its disaster preparedness. Consequently, TDA was identified as a key factor that had contributed to the successful evacuation of its residents before the village was hit by the typhoon.

Evaluating human behaviour during a disaster evacuation process: A literature review

Evaluating human behaviour during a disaster evacuation process: A literature review

An Exploratory Study on Accompanying Companion Animals during Disaster Evacuations

This study deduced improvement measures such as institutional deficiencies and improvement points for accompanying animals during disaster evacuation. As a result of using the AHP analysis technique for experts, the most important factors were factors that improved public awareness, such as developing promotional contents for companion animals and strengthening trust in the government. The population living with companion animals in Korea is continuously increasing, and it is judged that the issue of companion animals accompanying disaster shelters in the event of a disaster will become an issue in the future disaster and response field. Social consensus on companion animal standards is needed, and it is necessary to establish the concept of livestock and companion animal ranges and boundaries. This study is meaningful in that it presents the direction of experts' perceptions and the government's direction for measuring items of system and policy improvement, operational plan improvement, and public awareness improvement in companion animal accompaniment in disaster evacuation following a disaster.

Community - Based Disaster Management in Trimurti, Bantul Yogyakarta

Abstract. Trimurti Village is a village located on the southern causeway that connects provincial roads by connecting roads on the island of Java and the border of Kulon Progo Regency. This village is in Srandakan District, Bantul Regency, Yogyakarta Special Region, consisting of 19 villages with the merger of three villages, namely Mangiran, Srandakan, and Puron. Based on the geographical location, Trimurti village is a lowland because it is very close to the sea. The height of the land from sea level is 8 meters. FPRB (Forum for Disaster Risk Reduction) Bangkit Trimurti was formed in early 2011, this institution was formed as an institution engaged in social and voluntary in disaster risk reduction in Trimurti Village. December is the peak where disaster events often occur, so there is a need for supporting facilities for information and evacuation regarding the danger of floods, earthquakes in decent conditions. The purpose of this activity is to increase capacity and these activities are direct observation, interview, mentoring and evaluation. The development of Trimurti Village with the existence of FPRB makes Tangguh village a disaster involving several related partners including the Regional Disaster Management Agency of Yogyakarta Special Region Province, village officials, and the community. The results of this activity include: 1) increasing community understanding of management to minimize casualties, 2) being able to identify threats, vulnerabilities, and village capacity in dealing with disasters; 3) Disaster risk maps and village disaster evacuation maps can be compiled. The conclusion of this service activity is the achievement of a disaster forum together with TRC BPBD DIY can synergize together with the suitability of the program shown by the results of surveys and post-tests of participants in which 80% of participants understand the material presented and are ready to be prepared when there is a disaster.

Dissemination of Evacuation Routes for Earthquake and Tsunami Hazards in the Red Zone of Johan Pahlawan District at the Aceh Health Polytechnic

This community service activity provides information related to disaster and tsunami evacuation routes in the city of Meulaboh, West Aceh Regency, especially in the red zone area. Poltekkes is a vocational college located in Meulaboh, West Aceh District, which is in the red zone area. Communities in the red zone are prone to earthquakes and tsunamis, so they must carry out an evacuation process. The method of implementing this community service activity consists of socializing evacuation routes consisting of 7 routes in Johan Pahlawan District and 5 routes in Meureubo District. Measuring the achievements of socialization activities was carried out by distributing questionnaires to students, including filling in suggestions and input for planning earthquake and tsunami disaster evacuation routes. The results of the questionnaire showed that the Poltekkes students, after the socialization was carried out, already knew the 12 evacuation routes provided. On average, students understand the current condition of the evacuation routes that have been socialized. Students also mostly answered agree from each question given. For questions related to problems encountered during the evacuation process, 63.8% answered that there was congestion at the intersection because each vehicle met from a different direction, 53.2% mixed residents who evacuated with vehicles and people who ran during the evacuation process ongoing, and 29.8% answered that the capacity of the road section exceeded the capacity of the community conducting the evacuation.

Multilevel governance, climate (in)justice, and settler colonialism—evidence from First Nations disaster evacuations in so-called Canada

ABSTRACT Wildfires and subsequent community evacuations offer a highly visible example of climate change-induced dislocation. In so-called Canada, both the changing climate and reconciliation with Indigenous Peoples are policy priorities for the federal government and certain provincial governments, like the Province of British Columbia. Despite these purported policy priorities, we find evidence that colonial logics–like the rejection of Indigenous governments’ capacity and knowledge to shape this policy area–underpin emergency management, resulting in the perpetuation of inequities and less effective responses. By analyzing data from Indigenous Services Canada, we find that First Nations are disproportionately affected by largely climate-related disasters, evacuating at a higher frequency–328 times higher, on average. We then employ a decolonial lens to analyze the policy landscape and actions taken to date and examine whether emergency management is moving away from unilateral policymaking in favor of more horizontal, multilevel governance arrangements. We find that both the federal and British Columbia governments perpetuate barriers that prevent First Nations from acting as effective first responders in emergency situations.

72 Jam Pertama Pendekatan Komunikasi Risiko Untuk Kesiapsiagaan Bencana

Disasters are caused by the interaction of biophysical systems, human systems, and the built environment. Disaster management with a lack of understanding and context of risk communication. When a major disaster occurs, recovery requires a massive infusion of external public and private resources, but what happens is that conditions are highly unequal, and likely to produce many of the pre-existing inequities in exposure and vulnerability. This research focuses on the first 72 hours of disaster relief through effective communication in the case of the 13 June 2022 tornado in Yogyakarta. The purpose of this study is to provide education about the first 72 hours that must be carried out in handling disaster cases through an effective and central communication channel. The research method used is qualitative, existential phenomenology and the paradigm built is constructivism. The findings in the field show that the people of Yogyakarta still lack knowledge about how to communicate effectively in dealing with disasters such as a lack of evacuation training, minimal communication tools, minimal evacuation route maps, even in the context of a tornado disaster, no residents know what to do. to do and to whom they should communicate first. The potential impact of ineffective communication; more and more victims, disaster losses increased partly because the way to design and build communication is wrong and not on target. Many people speculate about the causes of disasters, the minimal contribution of society to increased exposure to hazards often results in damage to environmental resources such as the collapse of people's houses and damage to public facilities. Initial disaster failure; identifying communication lines to ensure evacuation of highly vulnerable environments should be known before disaster. Improvement of long-term communication lines needs to be improved by mapping community communication patterns, communication tools and who is the first person to contact.Keywords: Risk Communication, Disaster Communication, Disaster Evacuation, Communication Lines

Performance Comparison of YOLOv5 and YOLOv8 Architectures in Human Detection using Aerial Images

The development of UAV technology has reached the stage of implementing artificial intelligence, control, and sensing. Cameras as UAV data inputs are employed to ensure flight safety, search for missing persons, and disaster evacuation. Human detection using cameras while flying is the focus of this article. The application of human detection in pedestrian areas using aerial image data is used as the dataset in the deep learning input process. The architectures discussed in this study are YOLOv5 and YOLOv8. The precision, recall, and F1-score values are used as comparisons to evaluate the performance of these architectures. When both architecture performances are applied, YOLOv8 outperforms YOLOv5. The achieved performance of YOLOv8 is a precision of 84.62%, recall of 75.93%, and F1-score of 79.98%.

DISASTER SHELTER DESIGN AS AN ADDITIONAL FUNCTION IN UNIVERSITY OF BENGKULU’S MOSQUE

Mosque is preferable for shelter or refuge area in emergency situation from natural disaster in Indonesia. Therefore, additional function for a mosque is needed. This paper will discuss how to create a shelter mosque for earthquake and tsunami hazard. Site was located at University of Bengkulu, one of disaster evacuation area appointed by Bengkulu City regulation. Two main design variables used are the height level of evacuation floor area which determined by tsunami wave height prediction, and the convenience of site and building circulation path. Space syntax analysis were conducted to find the best circulation path design. Building design proposed as the result of this study are evacuation area on 2nd floor level or in the elevation of 8,5m, 3 site entrance along with the circulation path, and 4 vertical access to reach evacuation area on 2nd floor. The farthest access to reach evacuation area (height level of 16,5m) from site entrance is 12 minutes. This proposed shelter mosque are expected to be a placed for interaction, worship, and shelter for University academician and community around the campus when disaster occurred.

Climate change and extreme weather disasters: evacuation stress is associated with youths' somatic complaints.

Climate-change has brought about more frequent extreme-weather events (e.g., hurricanes, floods, and wildfires) that may require families to evacuate, without knowing precisely where and when the potential disaster will strike. Recent research indicates that evacuation is stressful for families and is associated with psychological distress. Yet, little is known about the potential impact of evacuation stressors on child health. After Hurricane Irma, which led to a mass evacuation in Florida, we examined whether evacuation stressors and hurricane exposure were uniquely associated with youth somatic complaints, and whether youth psychological distress (i.e., symptoms of posttraumatic stress, anxiety, and depression) served as a potential mediating pathway between evacuation stressors, hurricane experiences, and somatic complaints. Three months after Irma, 226 mothers of youth aged 7-17 years (N=226; M age = 9.76 years; 52% boys; 31% Hispanic) living in the five southernmost Florida counties reported on evacuation stressors, hurricane-related life threat and loss/disruption, and their child's psychological distress and somatic complaints using standardized measures. Structural equation modeling revealed a good model fit (χ2 = 32.24, p = 0.003, CFI = 0.96, RMSEA = 0.08, SRMR = 0.04). Even controlling for life-threatening hurricane experiences (β = 0.26) and hurricane loss and disruption (β = 0.26), greater evacuation stressors were associated with greater symptoms of youth psychological distress (β = 0.34; p's < 0.001), and greater psychological distress was associated with more somatic complaints (β = 0.67; p < 0.001). Indirect effects revealed that evacuation stressors (p < 0.001), actual life-threatening events (p < 0.01), and loss and disruption (p < 0.01) were all uniquely and indirectly associated with youths' somatic complaints via youth psychological distress. Findings suggest that even coping with the threat of a disaster may be sufficient to prompt psychological and physical health symptoms in youth. Due in part to climate change, threats of disaster occur much more often than actual disaster exposure, especially for areas that are prone to hurricanes or wildfires. Preparing youth and families residing in vulnerable areas for potential disaster evacuation or sheltering-in-place appears critical. Encouraging families to develop Disaster Plans and teaching stress management skills may reduce both youth distress and somatic health problems.

An Integrated Data-Driven Predictive Resilience Framework for Disaster Evacuation Traffic Management

Maintaining smooth traffic during disaster evacuation is a lifesaving step. Traffic resilience is often used to define the ability of a roadway during disaster evacuation to withstand and recover its functionality from disturbances in terms of traffic flow caused by a disaster. However, a high level of variances due to system complexity and inherent uncertainty associated with disaster and evacuation risks poses great challenges in predicting traffic resilience during evacuation. To fill this gap, this study aimed to propose a new integrated data-driven predictive resilience framework that enables incorporating traffic uncertainty factors in determining road traffic conditions and predicting traffic performance using machine learning approaches and various space and time (spatiotemporal) data sources. This study employed an augmented Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM)-based approach with correlated spatiotemporal traffic data to predict traffic conditions, then to map those conditions to traffic resilience levels: daily traffic, segment traffic, and overall route traffic. A case study of Hurricane Irma’s evacuation traffic was used to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed framework. The results indicated that the proposed method could effectively predict traffic conditions and thus help to determine traffic resilience. The data also confirmed that the traffic infrastructures along the US I-75 route remained resilient despite the disturbances during the disaster evacuation activities. The findings of this study suggest that the proposed framework is applicable to other disaster management scenarios to obtain more robust decisions for the emergency response during disaster evacuation.

A Resource-Saving Shelter Selection Approach for Large-Scale Area Emergency

Most disaster evacuation approaches prioritize the best possible shelters for people based on their escape time. However, it is observed that lots of people continuously try to contact or travel to their relatives and friends after they safely arrived at shelters. This results in the occupation of communication and transportation resources and causes traffic congestion and internet blocking. Resources in disaster are insufficient and should be reserved for emergencies. This article proposed a resource-saving approach, resource-saving shelter selection approach (RSSA) in short, which determines shelters for people by considering their relationships and locations. In other words, people are gathered with whom they care to the same shelter to maximize the resource-saving for disaster relief. In addition, RSSA is designed standalone on mobile devices to cope with the inevitable network failures. The simulation results reveal that 23% of traveling costs are saved by RSSA compared to other approaches.

Evacuating Premature and Critically Ill Neonates When Hospitals are Endangered by Disasters: A Case Study of the PANDA Team Evacuation of a Neonatal Intensive Care Unit During Severe Wildfires in Oregon, USA

Introduction:In September 2020, severe wildfires in Oregon (USA) came dangerously close to Hospital A. The entire county was under evacuation orders. The Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) at Hospital A needed to evacuate patients to other areas for safety, however the characteristics of premature and critically ill neonates required a specialized transport team. This presentation outlines a case study of how the Pediatric and Neonatal Transport team (PANDA), based at Oregon Health and Science University (Portland, Oregon, USA), responded to evacuate neonatal and infant patients to other metro area NICUs during the wildfires.Method:Case study.Results:During a six-hour period, both PANDA transport teams on shift were activated to complete back-to-back transports of neonates and infants by ground ambulance to fire safe locations. Each patient was transported by a PANDA Registered Nurse and PANDA Respiratory Therapist, with an Emergency Medical Technician who drove the ambulance and Medical Control available by phone. The PANDA team normally operates in non-disaster settings. This was the first time PANDA was activated to evacuate patients from a hospital during a disaster. This presentation will discuss lessons learned and implications for future practice.Conclusion:Wildfire frequency and severity is predicted to increase due to climate change. Evacuation of premature and critically ill neonates requires a specialized transport team due to patient size, weight, and other considerations. Specialized transport teams should develop disaster evacuation workflows and resources, and regularly practice for these events. There is also a need for trauma-informed care in the post-evacuation setting to transport staff and parents of patients who were unable to travel with their child during transport. A full team pre-transport risk assessment is crucial in these circumstances.

Hypothermia Progression Time Course for Evacuation Planning

Introduction:Accidental hypothermia occurs very rarely. Japan experienced hypothermic victims in the 2011 earthquake and tsunami disaster. In northern Japan, where the largest class of earthquakes and tsunamis are estimated, study for countermeasures has been advanced. The progression of hypothermia varies significantly by individual differences and environmental factors, and it is considered to be challenging to assess its damage. We present the findings that can be the basis for damage estimation from the data of hypothermia victims experienced in mountain rescue.Method:From 2002 to 2020, we examined ten fatal cases of hypothermic witnessed respiratory arrest (HWRA) by companions, which led to subsequent cardiac arrest among 164 cases from mountain rescue. We collected the time course of the deceased from rescue records and calculated the time from cold exposure to symptom, exposure to incapable, and exposure to HWRA. Temperature and wind speed data were extrapolated from nearby AMEDAS and upper-air weather records, and the wind chill index (WCI) was calculated.Results:We obtained the time course data in seven cases of ten, five males and two females between 21 and 67 years old. The weather conditions where the seven cases were placed were -5 to -30°C of WCI. The shortest time from cold exposure to incapacity was 65 minutes, 42.9% (3/7) within 180 minutes, and the fastest time to HWRA was 90 minutes, with 57.1% (4/7) between 10 and 12 and half hours.Conclusion:For disaster evacuation measures, both evacuees and rescuers need specific indicators to refer to. From very little but valuable data, we consider that rescue within 10 hours is necessary for lifesaving in similar conditions. Additionally, increasing the number of cases that become incapacitated within 1-3 hours can be valuable information for considering the location of the evacuation shelter and evacuation plan.

A Pattern of Public Open Space Utilization in Tondo I Permanent Resettlement Residential Area (HUNTAP) as Evacuation Space

Learning from the disaster in Palu on September 28, 2018, disaster management in residential areas needs to be facilitated, such as a disaster evacuation or gathering point. This study tries to see the other side of the function of public space as an evacuation shelter in a settlement, with the study case of Huntap I Tondo. This study aims to formulate a pattern of public open space as an evacuation space in Permanent Residential (Huntap) I Tondo. The method is descriptive with field observation of data collection techniques and questionnaires. The stages of the research are 1) conducting spatial analysis to map the location of public open spaces and 2) using the behavioral mapping method and describing it to reveal the spatial pattern created from the reciprocal relationship between humans and space. 3) Distributing questionnaires to determine perceptions and preferences of public open spaces as evacuation spaces. The results obtained the pattern and factors of public open space as an evacuation space in the Huntap I Tondo area are influenced by, (1) the physical aspect of the availability of the nearest public space in the form of environmental roads and open spaces in residential areas. (2) Non-physical aspects include survivors’ and refugees’ social interactions.

DEVELOPING RESILIENT DESIGN CRITERIA FOR EVACUATION CENTRE

Schools and community halls are frequently chosen as disaster evacuation centres during difficult flood incidences. However, the buildings' existing designs and facilities are designed for their respective uses and are inefficient for disaster relief. Thus, the buildings' suitability as disaster evacuation centres is in doubt. It is therefore recommended to apply the Multidisciplinary Centre for Earthquake Engineering Research, or MCEER 4R’s Resilience Framework, to investigate the centres' resilience. It integrates four primary qualities to make a more disaster-resilient centre. These are robustness, redundancy, resourcefulness, and rapidity. The research method for the development of criteria is document analysis, which is used to collect qualitative data, which includes shelter design considerations, space provisions in a disaster evacuation centre, and resilience properties. Various official documents on disaster management, shelter guidelines, and resilience frameworks were used to compile this research. These documents attribute the current design standards used in a disaster evacuation centre and inform researchers that each design standard includes embedded resilience features. The findings of the document analysis approach will be used to understand key design issues and resilience ideas. Before identifying the essential design standards through the content validation process, this shelter guidelines. The findings will be presented in a disaster evacuation centre context, emphasising the four design domains with built-in resilience: site planning, spatial layout, existing design, and existing construction. The investigation continued with transforming the design variables into resilient design measures, synthesising the resilience ideas gathered from the shelter guidelines. A tabulation of four resilience categories was put together to see the overall resilience design pattern in disaster evacuation centres. This study aimed to develop a practical design framework that included design guidelines and resilience indicators for improving the existing design and space planning of the disaster evacuation centre buildings. As a result, the facilities can be enhanced to provide a resilient, more secure, comfortable, and practical environment for flood victims and rescuers.

Understanding Mothers' Worries about the Effects of Disaster Evacuation on Their Children: A Cross-Sectional Study.

In Japan, there is an imminent threat of major earthquakes and floods. Children's health is increasingly at risk from climate-change-related disasters. The purpose of this study was to identify factors related to mothers' worries about the effects of evacuation on their children. Participants were mothers whose children attended a childcare center in one municipality in Ishikawa, Japan. A cross-sectional design was used. A questionnaire was developed based on previous studies, and it was used to conduct a survey. A total of 1298 individuals who provided valid data were included in the analysis. The following factors were related to mothers' worries about the effects of evacuation on their children: not having prepared a grab bag as a disaster risk reduction strategy, having no neighbors to help them in case of disaster, having children aged <3 years, and having children with allergies. The mothers of children <3 years old with allergies who are unprepared and have no social support are likely to worry about evacuating their children. Policymakers must be aware that the mothers of children aged <3 years and the mothers of children with allergies experience substantial concerns about the effects of evacuation on their children.

Disaster evacuation route planning strategy based on traffic prediction

Disaster evacuation route planning strategy based on traffic prediction