Oxygen Diffusion Research Articles

Effects of electrodes on antiferroelectricity and fatigue endurance of Hf0.2Zr0.8O2 thin films

The influence of electrodes on antiferroelectricity and fatigue endurance of 15 nm thick Hf0.2Zr0.8O2 thin films has been studied by a metal–antiferroelectric–metal capacitor structure using TiN and W as electrodes. The W|Hf0.2Zr0.8O2|W capacitor shows significantly enhanced antiferroelectricity and better endurance compared to the capacitor using TiN as the electrode. Assisted by grazing incidence x-ray diffraction and scanning transmission electron microscopy, the different electrical properties are discussed based on the contents of different phases and the diffusion of oxygen from the thin film into electrodes.

Abstract 369: In silico investigation of hypoxia and its association with disease outcome and ecDNA detection in TRACERx

Abstract Tumors exhibit dynamic gradients of oxygen diffusion and consumption leading to regions of hypoxia. The presence of hypoxia is associated with poor clinical prognosis and elevated genomic instability. Genes can be amplified extrachromosomally as ecDNA, which are acentric circular structures that can rapidly generate large genomic copy number amplifications. The amplification of oncogenes on ecDNA is unstable thus providing cells with an advantage to adjust and survive the changing environment. Here, we have analysed the effect of hypoxia on disease outcome and ecDNA formation in the multiregional longitudinal NSCLC TRACERx (TRAcking Cancer Evolution through therapy (Rx)) cohort. We have analysed next generation sequencing, clinical and histopathological data available from the tumours that were harvested at the time of surgery from patients recruited into the lung TRACERx study. Hypoxia was first quantified using the mRNA-based Buffa hypoxia gene signature. Complexheatmap from R-Bioconductor package was used for clustering based on mRNA expression of gene signature. Moreover, hypoxia scores for each region were established using the Gene Set Variation Analysis (GSVA) from R- Bioconductor package. The impact of hypoxia on overall and disease-free survival was performed using the survminer package. Histopathological data was used to study the association between hypoxia and necrosis. The genetic instability was analyzed using whole exome sequencing. The amplicon architect tool was used to study the association of hypoxia with ecDNA detection. Our preliminary results demonstrate that the extent of hypoxia varies widely both within and between primary tumours, suggestive of the presence of inter and intratumour hypoxia heterogeneity. High hypoxia status is associated with worse overall and disease-free survival in adenocarcinoma but not in squamous-cell carcinoma. The presence of necrosis in the primary tumour was associated with higher hypoxia. Moreover, higher hypoxia scores correlate with circulating tumour DNA (ctDNA) shedding in pre-surgery plasma samples (p value< 0.05). Higher hypoxia was significantly associated with increased wGII scores, indicative of genomic instability. Also, hypoxia resulted in increased detection of ecDNA in both lung adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma. In conclusion, there is inter and intratumoral heterogeneity in hypoxia levels in lung TRACERx. Moreover, the presence of hypoxia is associated with the detection of necrosis and ctDNA shedding. The increased genomic instability and detection of ecDNA in this study could be associated with the poor prognosis that is observed with hypoxic tumours and could merit further investigation. Citation Format: Natasha Sharma, Chris Bailey, Corentin Richard, Jeanette Kittel, Wing Kin Liu, Alexandar M. Frankell, Georgia Satvrou, David Moore, Monica Sivakumar Sivakumar, Mariam Jamal Hanjani, Charles Swanton, Nnennya Kanu. In silico investigation of hypoxia and its association with disease outcome and ecDNA detection in TRACERx [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2024; Part 1 (Regular Abstracts); 2024 Apr 5-10; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2024;84(6_Suppl):Abstract nr 369.

Boosting Oxygen Reduction Reaction Selectivity in Metal Nanoparticles with Polyoxometalates.

The lack of selectivity toward the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in metal nanoparticles can be linked to the generation of intermediates. This constitutes a crucial constraint on the performance of specific electrochemical devices, such as fuel cells and metal-air batteries. To boost selectivity of metal nanoparticles, a novel methodology that harnesses the unique electrocatalytic properties of polyoxometalates (POM) to scavenge undesired intermediates of the ORR (such as HO2 -) promoting selectivity is proposed. It involves the covalent functionalization of metal nanoparticle's surface with an electrochemically active capping layer containing a new sulfur-functionalized vanadium-based POM (AuNP@POM). To demonstrate this approach, preformed thiolate Au(111) nanoparticles with a relatively poor ORR selectivity are chosen. The dispersion of AuNP@POM on the surface of carbon nanofibers (CNF) enhances oxygen diffusion, and therefore the ORR activity. The resulting electrocatalyst (AuNP@POM/CNF) exhibits superior stability against impurities like methanol and a higher pH tolerance range compared to the standard commercial Pt/C. The work demonstrates for the first time, the use of a POM-based electrochemically active capping layer to switch on the selectivity of poorly selective gold nanoparticles, offering a promising avenue for the preparation of electrocatalyst materials with improved selectivity, performance, and stability for ORR-based devices.

Oxidation resistance of Mo/Cr bilayer coating on Zr alloy in a 1200 °C steam environment

The Cr-coated Zr alloys demonstrate excellent resistance to high-temperature steam oxidation. However, the rapid diffusion pathways for oxygen formed by the inter-diffusion between the coating and alloy at high temperatures significantly affect the steam oxidation resistance of the coated alloys. To address this issue, we developed a Mo/Cr bilayer coating on Zr alloy by a combination of dc-MS and HiPIMS surface treatments. The coating exhibits outstanding steam oxidation resistance at high temperatures, resulting in a mass gain approximately 86.6% and 44.1% lower than that of the bare Zr alloy and Cr coating, respectively, after 30 min of steam oxidation at 1200 °C. This is mainly because, during the oxidation process, the Mo interface layer undergoes a transformation into a thin and high-quality double diffusion layer structure, effectively avoiding high-temperature inter-diffusion between the Cr coating and Zr alloy, thereby inhibiting the formation of oxygen diffusion pathways.

Solid State Diffusion Bonding of Alumina with Aluminum Alloy

The objective of this work is to study the effect of time during the bonding process of alumina with an industrial aluminum 6060 alloy by the technique of solid-state welding at 600°C. Optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectroscopy, corrosion tests, and microhardness measurements were used as characterization techniques. The extended time during the bonding process had an effect on the microstructure of the interface and its mechanical properties. Oxygen diffusion was detected across the aluminum alloy/alumina interface. A recrystallization reaction developed on the aluminum side during the bonding process, which affected the aluminum alloy hardness values. By bonding metal to ceramic, it allows the use of ceramics in automotive engines to reduce weight, increase thrust-to-weight ratio and operating temperature, and improve working efficiency.

Flow field optimization for performance enhancement of planar solid oxide fuel cells

The flow field design is very essential to the material distribution uniformity and overall output performance of planar solid oxide fuel cells. In this paper, the structure of the external manifold and cathode side interconnect is optimized to solve the uneven flow field distribution problem. The effects of crucial geometric parameters on the internal mass transfer, component transport, electrochemical reaction, temperature field and overall output performance of the fuel cell are studied by three-dimensional multi-physics numerical simulation. It is found that the combination of the three-inlet-two-outlet external manifold and cylindrical ribbed interconnect significantly reduces the uneven gas distribution between different channels and greatly improves the diffusion of oxygen under the ribs, thus enhancing the overall output performance of SOFC. Increasing the number of cylindrical ribs is beneficial to the transport and uniform distribution of oxygen. However, the excessive number of cylindrical ribs will hinder oxygen diffusion to the end of the flow channel, resulting in increased concentration polarization along the flow channel. Moreover, reducing the total contact area of the ribs enhances oxygen diffusion beneath the ribs but also raises the contact resistance and may deteriorate the cell performance.

Epitaxial growth of Nd2O3 layers on virtual SiGe substrates on Si(111)

This study explores the growth and structural characteristics of Nd2O3 layers on virtual germanium-rich SiGe substrates on Si(111). We focus on the emergence of the hexagonal phase depending on the stoichiometry of the virtual substrate. X-ray diffraction measurements reveal a hexagonal phase when Nd2O3 is grown directly on Si(111), while growth on Ge leads to a cubic oxide structure. On SiGe layers, the growth of the oxide results in a mixed phase containing hexagonal and cubic regions, regardless of the Ge content. The cubic structure grown on virtual Ge substrates exhibits strong tensile strain, while layers grown on SiGe layers show no strain. In situ growth control via electron diffraction shows a dependence of the oxide structure of the surface reconstruction of the virtual substrate. Growth on a 7×7 reconstruction leads to hexagonal parts on Si-based substrates, while growth on c(2×8) results in cubic oxide growth on Ge. Furthermore, oxide layers grown on virtual SiGe substrates form an interfacial silicate layer. The thickness of the interfacial layer is influenced by the Si content and the structure of the oxide layer enabling oxygen diffusion pathways.

O132: Impaired oxygen unloading from stored blood results in diffusion-limited oxygen release at tissues: evidence from twinned-circuit human kidney perfusion

Abstract Background The storage lesion is a multifactorial degradation effect seen in units of banked blood, and results in an increase in the time-constant of oxygen-unloading from red cells (tau). We have previously shown the relevance of this effect in observational data from a recent clinical trial of prolonged normothermic kidney perfusion as a preservation technique ahead of transplantation. We sought direct confirmatory evidence for diffusion-limited oxygen release by stored red cells (RBCs) during normothermic kidney perfusion in a precisely controlled experimental setting. Methods A novel twinned-circuit kidney perfusion system using common, recirculated dialysis was developed, achieving physical separation of RBCs of two conditions whilst allowing non-cellular components of the perfusate to equilibrate throughout. Using human kidneys unsuitable for transplantation, perfusion was alternated between stored and rejuvenated RBCs (treated with PIPA solution) originating from the same donation, to manipulate oxygen-unloading whilst holding all non-RBC parameters constant, without interrupting blood flow. Results Tau improved with PIPA treatment (1.6 to 1.1s). Rejuvenated oxygen-unloading kinetics reversibly and significantly improved the kidney’s oxygen diffusion capacity and increased cortical oxygen tension by 60%. This supported observations from our clinical trial, where increased tau was strongly associated with restricted renal oxygen consumption. Conclusions We have confirmed that oxygen delivery to tissues can become diffusion-limited during normothermic perfusion with stored blood. This effect is reversible by treatment with PIPA solution. This has important implications for ex-vivo normothermic organ perfusion, and potentially for other scenarios such as major hemorrhage, elective surgery with high blood product utilisation, and paediatric transfusion.

Preparation of Cr-N coatings on 316H stainless steel via pack chromizing and gas nitriding, and their resistance to liquid metal corrosion in early stages

Liquid metal corrosion has become a critical issue in lead-cooled fast reactor when the steel encounters lead–bismuth eutectic (LBE). Although various coatings applied in LBE have garnered interest from many researchers, there are few reports on the compatibility of chrome carbide or chromium nitride coatings in LBE. Thus, Cr carbide and Cr-nitride coatings with thicknesses of 80 μm were prepared on 316H stainless steel (SS) to investigate the corrosion behavior in contact with static liquid LBE at 550 °C for 25, 76, and 207 h. These coatings were synthesized via pack chromizing and subsequent gas nitriding. The results showed that a distinct LBE penetration layer appeared on the surface of the as-received 316H SS after exposure to LBE. Pack-chromized coating and pack-chromized + gas nitride coating did not undergo obvious consumption in LBE in the early stages. Cracks in the pack-chromized coating promoted the preferential diffusion of oxygen and PbBi. The Cr in the pack-chromized + gas nitride coating slightly diffused outward to combine with oxygen to form Cr-oxide scale on the coating surface. These coatings act as a barrier to LBE corrosion, making the surface of the coating impermeable to LBE.

Does the temperature–size rule apply to idiobiont parasitoids?

AbstractIn most ectotherms, several life‐history traits, including body size, respond to environmental conditions through the temperature–size rule (TSR). The mechanisms underlying the TSR are still being debated, but studying idiobiont insect parasitoids, which develop with a fixed amount of resources, may shed light on this relationship. In this study, we conducted experiments to determine how the developmental temperature affects various characteristics of male and female Trichogramma euproctidis (Girault) (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae), an idiobiont egg parasitoid of Lepidoptera. The study tested various hypotheses, including the cellular or oxygen diffusion hypotheses and the resource acquisition hypothesis, to understand whether T. euproctidis follows the TSR. The developmental time of both male and female T. euproctidis decreased with increasing temperature. Both males and females displayed a unimodal distribution for size, dry mass, and lipid content, with individuals at lower and higher temperatures being smaller, weighing less, and containing fewer lipids. Female lifetime fecundity increased from 13 to 24 °C and then decreased at 31 °C. Additionally, the number and size of gametes in male and female T. euproctidis displayed a unimodal distribution with increasing temperature. Trichogramma euproctidis deviates from the TSR as it follows a non‐linear reaction norm with an optimal developmental temperature. This result supports the hypothesis that for species following TSR and having unlimited access to food resources, the resource acquisition hypothesis is a significant mechanism explaining the TSR. With climate change affecting temperature, understanding the TSR is crucial, and research on insect parasitoids may help reveal how the interplay between environmental temperature and resource allocation affects the TSR in natural populations.

Effect of high temperature oxidation on mechanical and electromagnetic interference shielding effectiveness of Ti3SiC2 modified SiCf/BN/SiBCN composites

SiCf/BN/SiBCN composites were prepared through the technique of polymer infiltration pyrolysis (PIP). To enhance the electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding effectiveness (SE), 20 wt% of Ti3SiC2 was incorporated into the composites. The study investigated the influence of different oxidation temperatures (1300 °C, 1400 °C, and 1500 °C) on both the mechanical properties and EMI SE of the composites. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were utilized to analyze the phase and microstructure of the composites, while characterizing their mechanical properties and EMI SE. The outcomes revealed a decline in the mechanical properties of the composites following high temperature oxidation, with the formation of SiO2 and TiO2 as the main oxidation products. Notably, an oxide layer formed on the material's surface at 1400 °C acted as a barrier to oxygen diffusion, facilitating self-healing of pores and cracks and thereby enhancing material protection. Moreover, the material oxidized at 1400 °C demonstrated a remarkable synergy between impedance matching and electromagnetic loss, resulting in the optimum EMI SE. The EMI SE of this material was 6.35% higher than the total shielding effectiveness at room temperature and effectively shielded 99.88% of electromagnetic waves.

Application insights of environmental catalysts: Synergistic effects of cellulose-based porogens and catalytic metal sites in toluene catalytic oxidation

Utilizing environmentally-friendly bacterial cellulose as a scaffold, a highly porous, layered OA-BC catalyst was synthesized through an enhanced sol-gel process. This catalyst demonstrated exceptional performance in the oxidation of toluene, outperforming conventional alternatives that utilize chemical porogens. The OA-BC catalyst efficiently degrades toluene at 220℃ with high stability and hydrophobicity, indicating resistance to deactivation. Its superior activity is due to increased oxygen vacancies, enhanced metal oxide cooperation, and a layered porous structure, which together enhance active oxygen species and oxygen diffusion. Calcination of the OA-BC catalyst results in molecular cleavage and formation of small aggregates, increasing hydroxyl groups that stabilize Cu and Ce centers, enhancing toluene-oxygen reactions. In-situ infrared and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy confirm stable monodentate Cu+ ligands, contributing to its high catalytic activity. This study introduces a novel approach by employing bacterial cellulose as a template for synthesizing a porous stratified OA-BC catalyst, demonstrating superior performance in toluene oxidation. The efficacy of catalyst results from a tripartite synergy involving the stratified porous architecture, the stabilizing effect of Cu+-coordinating ligands and hydroxyl groups, and the interplay of hydroxyl electron donors and acceptors, shedding light on environmentally benign catalyst development.

Unveiling the oxidation mechanism of CrTaTiMo refractory medium-entropy alloys: A synergy of density functional theory and ab initio molecular dynamics

The demand for advanced materials capable of withstanding extreme high-temperature conditions has led to the development of novel High-Entropy Alloys (HEAs). Recent works indicate that forming a CrTaO4 protection layer gives HEAs excellent long-term oxidation resistance. In this study, the high-temperature oxidation resistance properties of CrTaTiMo Refractory Medium-Entropy Alloys (RMEAs) were assessed by Density Functional Theory (DFT) and ab initio Molecular Dynamics (AIMD). Through the oxygen adsorption and diffusion calculations, we demonstrated the preferential oxygen adsorption sequence on the surface of the RMEA as Ti, Ta, Cr, and Mo. Furthermore, our analysis identified the sites featuring Ta as subsurface atoms were the weakest locations for oxygen atom diffusion. The dynamic oxidation mechanism of oxygen molecules on CrTaTiMo RMEA was investigated by AIMD simulations. The results confirmed that the adsorption and dissociation of O2 molecules on the alloy surface. Additionally, the diffusion of the O atom took place at temperatures greater than 873 K and confirmed the O-attracting feature of Ta atoms. Moreover, electronic structure calculations confirmed the bonding of oxygen atoms with those four metal elements. This study could serve as a valuable reference for the strategic development of the CrTaTiMo-based RMEAs or RHEAs for high-temperature, long-term oxidation resistance applications.

Enhancing the Proton Exchange Membrane in Tubular Air-Cathode Microbial Fuel Cells through a Hydrophobic Polymer Coating on a Hydrogel.

The usage time of air-cathode microbial fuel cells (MFCs) is significantly influenced by the moisture content within the proton exchange membrane (PEM). Therefore, enhancing the water retention capability of the PEM by applying a hydrophobic polymer coating to its surface has extended the PEM's usage time by three times and increased MFCs' operational duration by 66%. Moreover, the hydrophobic nature of the polymer coating reduces contamination on the PEM and prevents anode liquid from permeating into the air cathode. Towards the end of MFC operation, the internal resistance of the MFC is reduced by 45%. The polymer coating effectively maintained the oxygen reduction reaction activity in the cathode. The polymer coating's ability to restrict oxygen transmembrane diffusion is demonstrated by experimental data showing a significant decrease in oxygen diffusion coefficient due to its presence. The degradation efficiency of the chemical oxygen demand from 16% to 35% increased by a factor of one.

First-Principles Investigation on the Adsorption and Diffusion of Oxygen at the B2(110)–O(001) Interface in Ti2AlNb Alloys

The adsorption and diffusion of oxygen at the B2(110)[1¯11]||O(001)[11¯0] interface in Ti2AlNb alloys were investigated via first-principles calculations. Only a 2.6% interfacial mismatch indicates that B2(110)–O(001) is basically a stable coherent interface. The calculated adsorption energies and diffusion energy barriers show that oxygen prefers to occupy the Ti-rich interstitial sites, and once trapped, it hardly diffuses to other interstitial sites, thus promoting the preferential formation of Ti oxides. Under the premise of a Ti-rich environment, a Nb-rich environment is more favorable for oxygen adsorption than an Al-rich environment. The electronic structures suggest that O 2p orbitals mainly occupy the energy region below −5 eV, bonding with its coordinated atoms of Ti, Al, and Nb. However, Al 3p and Nb 4d orbitals near the Fermi level couple with sparsely distributed O 2p orbitals, forming anti-bonding, which is not conducive to oxygen adsorption. Because Nb 4d electrons are more localized than Al 3p electrons are, Nb–O anti-bonding is weaker. O–Ti has almost no contribution to anti-bonding, suggesting good bonding between them. This is consistent with the experimental observations that TiO2 is the main oxidation product.

In-plane oxygen diffusion measurements in polymer films using time-resolved imaging of programmable luminescent tags

Oxygen diffusion properties in thin polymer films are key parameters in industrial applications from food packaging, over medical encapsulation to organic semiconductor devices and have been continuously investigated in recent decades. The established methods have in common that they require complex pressure-sensitive setups or vacuum technology and usually do not come without surface effects. In contrast, this work provides a low-cost, precise and reliable method to determine the oxygen diffusion coefficient D in bulk polymer films based on tracking the phosphorescent pattern of a programmable luminescent tag over time. Our method exploits two-dimensional image analysis of oxygen-quenched organic room-temperature phosphors in a host polymer with high spatial accuracy. It avoids interface effects and accounts for the photoconsumption of oxygen. As a role model, the diffusion coefficients of polystyrene glasses with molecular weights between 13k and 350k g/mol are determined to be in the range of (0.8–1.5) × 10–7 cm2/s, which is in good agreement with previously reported values. We finally demonstrate the reduction of the oxygen diffusion coefficient in polystyrene by one quarter upon annealing above its glass transition temperature.

Coverage-Dependent Site-Specific Placement and Correlated Diffusion of Atomic Oxygen on Moiré-Patterned Graphene on Ru(0001).

Nano-periodic arrays of atomic oxygen are visualized on epitaxial graphene on Ru(0001) via STM following supersonic beam exposure to non-equilibrium fluxes of atomic oxygen. Self-organization of atomic oxygen on graphene is directed by the intrinsic moiré pattern of the ruthenium-graphene interface. Atom-resolved STM imaging reveals the richness of multiparticle interactions, leading to correlated atomic diffusion and placement. Pair-distribution functions demonstrate that repulsive oxygen-oxygen interactions play an increasingly important role in the site specificity and diffusivity of atomic oxygen on the moiré lattice with increasing coverage. Atomic visualization shows the number of oxygen atoms in a local region changes overall diffusion rates and promotes the correlated motion of oxygen atoms. Understanding the site specificity of oxygen adsorption and diffusive behavior of atomic oxygen on epitaxial graphene on Ru(0001) provides insight for both the synthesis and stability of moiré-templated two-dimensional materials which show promise as platforms for next-generation quantum materials and catalysts.

Causes and consequences of gas bubble trauma on fish gill function.

Total dissolved gas supersaturation (TDGS) occurs when air mixes with water under pressure, which can be caused by features such as hydroelectric dams and waterfalls. Total dissolved gas supersaturation can cause harmful bubbles to grow in the tissues of aquatic animals, a condition known as gas bubble trauma (GBT). As gills are the primary gas exchange surface for most fish, it is through the gills that elevated total dissolved gases enter the blood and tissues of a fish. We describe the role of the gills in admitting TDGS into the body and discuss potential effects of bubbles in the gills on blood oxygen and carbon dioxide diffusion, blood ion and pH homeostasis, and nitrogenous waste excretion, as well as downstream effects on aerobic swimming performance.

Emerging Strategies for Beta Cell Encapsulation for Type 1 Diabetes Therapy.

Diabetes is a prevalent chronic disease affecting millions of people globally. To address this health challenge, advanced beta cell therapy using biomaterials-based macroscale, microscale, and nanoscale encapsulation devices must tackle various obstacles. First, overcoming foreign body responses is a major focus of research. Strategies such as immunomodulatory materials and physical immunoshielding are investigated to reduce the immune response and improve the longevity of the encapsulated cells. Furthermore, oxygenating strategies, such as the use of oxygen-releasing biomaterials, are developed to improve oxygen diffusion and promote cell survival. Finally, yet importantly, promoting vascularization through the use of angiogenic growth factors and the incorporation of pre-vascularized materials are also explored to enhance nutrient and oxygen supply to the encapsulated cells. This review seeks to specifically highlight the emerging research strategies developed to overcome these challenges using micro and nanoscale biomaterial encapsulation devices. Continuously improving and refining these strategies make an advance toward realizing the improved therapeutic potential of the encapsulated beta cells.

Enhancing Sr-deficient Sr(Ti0.3Fe0.7)O3–δ Cathode Performance through Sm0.5Sr0.5CoO3–δ Infiltration

The development of cathodes with improved polarization, aimed at reducing the operating temperature of solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs), is an important avenue of research toward more efficient SOFCs. Sr(Ti0.3Fe0.7)O3–δ recently emerged as an active and stable cathode material; although its oxygen transport capability was shown to be further improved by introducing a Sr deficiency, the accompanying increased sinterability creates challenges in optimizing cathode microstructure. One facile approach may be single-step infiltration with highly active materials, such as Sr0.5Sm0.5CoO3–δ (SSC). However, there is limited knowledge regarding the impact of SSC on the electrochemical mechanisms within Sr-deficient Sr(Ti0.3Fe0.7)O3–δ . In this study, we systematically investigate the electrochemical characteristics of SSC-infiltrated Sr0.95(Ti0.3Fe0.7)O3–δ (STF) cathodes. Transmission line model-based impedance analysis provides a mechanistic understanding of STF and the role of SSC infiltrants in polarization improvement. The results reveal that SSC effectively reduces the resistance associated with key electrode processes, including oxygen diffusion, surface exchange, and dissociative adsorption/desorption. Consequently, using SSC infiltration, the power density of a Ni–Zr0.84Y0.16O2–δ (YSZ) anode-supported full cell with thin (∼2.5 μm) electrolyte increased from ∼1.88 to ∼2.47 W cm–2 at 800 °C.