Difficulties In Translation Research Articles

China's First Acquaintance with Logic: Difficulties in Translation

China's First Acquaintance with Logic: Difficulties in Translation

Book Review. A New Contribution to the Treasury of Translation Theory

Book Review. A New Contribution to the Treasury of Translation Theory

ОСНОВНІ ОСОБЛИВОСТІ ПЕРЕКЛАДУ ТЕРМІНІВ ІЗ АНГЛІЙСЬКОЇ МОВИ НА УКРАЇНСЬКУ (НА ПРИКЛАДІ ГАЛУЗІ АТОМНОЇ ЕНЕРГЕТИКИ)

The article deals with the productive ways of translating English terms of nuclear power industry and considers the field of nuclear power industry as a source of language units in science causing translation difficulties. The nuclear power industry term is a word or phrase that has both scientific and technical meaning, accurately and unambiguously reflects the concept of the studied field, used in the process of cognition and development of objects and relations in the investigated field. The main ways of translating terms on the example of nuclear power industry vocabulary are illustrated. The following methods are used such as systematization and description, continuous sampling of examples, and translation analysis. Like any other branch of science, the nuclear power industry vocabulary is illustrative of a set of distinctive features and arises difficulties in intercultural communication, the elimination of which is possible only through adequate translation of terms. The deep analysis of terms proves that the method of full correspondence of lexical units is universal when translating the terms of nuclear power industry. In order to give a correct translation and convey to the reader the exact meaning of terms and abbreviations in the field of nuclear power industry, it is necessary to interpret and “decipher” them accurately, i.e. to find the appropriate meaning in the dictionary, and create technical English-Ukrainian dictionaries and glossaries with full translation and explanation.

ПЕРЕКЛАД ЯК ТРАНСФЕР КУЛЬТУРИ (ХУДОЖНІЙ, НАУКОВО-ТЕХНІЧНИЙ ТА МЕДІА-ДИСКУРС)

The presented article is devoted to the problem of cultural transfer during the translation of various discourses (artistic, scientific, technical and media discourse). It systematizes the views on translation after the «cultural turn», explains the emergence of the term of «translatology» as a science of translation in conjuction with ist extralingual reality and provides an interpretation of culture within this discipline. In addition, the idea of ​​cultural translation as a hybrid space has been formed, with loyally coexisting representatives of different cultures. In contrast to multiculturalism, transculturalism is considered as a common phenomenon of cultural contamination in todayʼs globalized world. The article outlines realities and their types as culturally specific words and untranslatable terms, as well as explains the presence of respective concepts in a linguistic culture, the absence of which causes lacunae in other linguistic and conceptual pictures of the world. In literary translation, it is worth determining what to translate in order to spread own culture abroad and enrich the achievements of world literature, as well as taking into account artisticality in the work, because what is said is not always intended by the author. Translation problems in media discourse are represented by a large number of neoplasms, as this type of discourse responds quickly to world events and provides them with a description or evaluation. A separate factor in the transmission of culture is the media discourse as a discourse of manipulation causes specific translational difficulties. The article represents the peculiarities of culture transmission in the professional literature, which is reflected in terms of the legislation features and other social sectors of the nation.

Der Ausdruck von Aktionen im Deutschen und Italienischen

The article considers contrastive linguistics as a discipline that interacts closely with its intralinguistic and applied neighbouring disciplines. Within this framework, the online ontology IMAGACT presents an instrument that allows to contrast how languages lexicalize concrete actions (movements, modification of objects, setting relations among objects, etc.) in their verbs.
 German and Italian, the language pair considered here, differ typologically in their lexicalization strategies, which leads to difficulties in L2 acquisition, translation and lexicography. The article shows how the corpus-based IMAGACT database, which presents a set of 1010 actions in short films and links them to the appropriate verbs in 15 languages, provides help in these fields, and how it can at the same time empirically support contrastive-typological findings

Soziogeographische Variation im Deutschen und ihre Übersetzung ins Italienische

The translation of multilingual texts, in which diatopic, diastratic and diaphasic varieties contribute to the characterization of the figures and their milieus, poses the problem of the sociolinguistic adequacy of the translation. It is well known that the greatest challenge lies in the varieties caused by the spatial variation of the language, since it is practically impossible to establish perfect equivalence between dialects. However, the reproduction of diamesic varieties, in particular the written reproduction of the spoken language, can cause great difficulties for translators. The article presents the TRADIVARIO project, the aim of which is to investigate strategies and tendencies in the translation of multilingual literary texts for the German-Italian language pair that are characterized by a pronounced sociolinguistic stratification or representative of the variety structure of the spoken language of the present. In addition, the concrete goal of the project is the creation of a parallel corpus as well as the development of a digital platform, which makes the results of the investigation researchable and which can serve as a tool both for translators and learners and as an empirical basis for contrastive linguistic research.

Nanoencapsulation for Probiotic Delivery.

Gut microbiota dynamically participate in diverse physiological activities with direct impact on the host's health. A range of factors associated with the highly complex intestinal flora ecosystem poses challenges in regulating the homeostasis of microbiota. The consumption of live probiotic bacteria, in principle, can address these challenges and confer health benefits. In this context, one of the major problems is ensuring the survival of probiotic cells when faced with physical and chemical assaults during their intake and subsequent gastrointestinal passage to the gut. Advances in the field have focused on improving conventional encapsulation techniques in the microscale to achieve high cell viability, gastric and temperature resistance, and longer shelf lives. However, these microencapsulation approaches are known to have limitations with possible difficulties in clinical translation. In this Perspective, we present a brief overview of the current progress of different probiotic encapsulation methods and highlight the contemporary and emerging single-cell encapsulation strategies using nanocoatings for individual probiotic cells. Finally, we discuss the relative advantages of various nanoencapsulation approaches and the future trend toward developing coated probiotics with advanced features and health benefits.

Трудности перевода текстов автодорожной тематики с русского на английский и немецкий языки на материале веб-сайтов дорожно-строительных компаний

The paper aims to identify difficulties in translating road-engineering texts from Russian into English and German based on materials from road-building companies’ websites. It considers grammar-, vocabulary- and style-related difficulties in multilingual translation. Scientific originality of the study involves a comprehensive analysis of difficulties when translating road-engineering texts from road-building companies’ websites. The research findings are as follows: the authors propose a classification of road-engineering terminology according to a specific area of professional activities, analyze highly specialized road-engineering terms and identify the frequency of terms possessing particular morphological structure.

Practical Issues in Education and Adoption of IFRS: Evidence from Russia

This paper examines how the recognition and spread of the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) have affected accounting practices and accounting education in Russia. We use evidence from Russia as a case study to provide a historical perspective on the changes in its accounting system and analyze the translation and communication difficulties in accounting practices and education. By conducting Russian accounting textbooks’ content analysis, we highlight IFRS translation issues in order to investigate the positional statement of the problems regarding the challenges with IFRS education. We also discover the current difficulties in teaching IFRS-based accounting to non-English speakers. Our findings outline the interrelation between the educational approach and practical applications of the existing knowledge on financial reporting. Finally, this research addresses the nature of the challenges that emerge due to the linguistic translations of the IFRS. We consider this paper will be of particular interest for non-native English-language speakers, including academics, practitioners, and standard setters.

Role of Translator as a Gap Filler in Communication with Reference to Françoise Balogun

Translation of messages between two languages has been very challenging among translators. Translations have led to the filling of gaps in communication barriers so that equivalence and accuracy are achieved in the process of transfer of messages from one language to another. This paper aims to examine the role of a translator in filling the communication gap between the Source Language (SL) and the Target Language (TL). These gaps are known as translation problems or difficulties as a means of solving them. We apply the interpretative and comparative approaches of translation. This is achieved through the extract of texts from the English and French versions of our corpus. The main objectives of the paper are i) to examine some concepts in translation ii) to identify some gaps in translation, and iii) to determine the approach that fits better in translating discourse messages with varied contexts. Among the findings of the study are instances of gap filling in communication as no two languages see a concept in the same way that includes i) set and series, ii) cultural words, and iii) neologism. The study concludes that equivalent is the key to achieving successful translation across cultures.

Traduire l’argent : le rôle des compléments cognitifs dans la traduction littéraire

The paper aims to emphasize that the use of cognitive complements during the translation process is essential. Based on the Interpretive Theory of Translation (ITT), this analysis sees translation as a cognitive approach. In the first instance, the author explores the presence of cognitive processes during the three phases of translation: comprehension, deverbalization, reformulation. Thereafter, the paper shows the difference between linguistic and extralinguistic elements that contribute to translation and stresses the importance of linguistic competencies and of the encyclopedic knowledge. Cognitive complements, understood as extralinguistic parameters, notional and affective, that contribute to understanding sense, help the translator carry the message not only from one language to another, but also from one cognitive world to another. In order to solve translation difficulties, the translator resorts to cognitive complements and adopts adequate strategies. When he/she wants to preserve the particularities of the source cognitive milieu, the translator uses literary translation or explicitations. On the contrary, when the translator intends to alleviate the specificities of the cognitive environment presented in the source text, he/she resorts to generalizing techniques or to adaptations. A case study is also included in the paper: the analysis of the way in which explicit and implicit references to money in an excerpt of the novel Eugenie Grandet by Balzac have been translated into English and Romanian. The analysis of the corpus shows that translation strategies should be chosen according to the knowledge that the translator shares with the target audience.

Terminology as a source of difficulty in translating international legal discourses: an empirical cross-genre study

Abstract Despite the persistent focus on terminology in legal translation studies, to date, no large-scale research has empirically explored the difficulty of terminology in translating legal genres. Approaches to translation difficulty in translation studies more broadly remain limited in scope. To fill this gap, a study was conducted to measure the difficulty associated with the translation of legal terminology and phraseology, as well as with terminology of other domains, in the LETRINT 1+ corpus, including nine representative genres of three institutional settings (the European Union, the United Nations and the World Trade Organization). For comparative purposes, four levels of translation difficulty were assigned to multiple terminological features by a group of specialized translators through a consensus-building process of annotation based on the cognitive effort estimated for translation decision-making. The difficulty scores obtained confirm the correlation between legal singularity and higher translation difficulty, as well as the connection of more commonly used legal terms and phrasemes, and core economic terms, with lower difficulty levels. The findings also provide evidence of the prominence of non-legal specialized terminology in institutional legal discourses, and the aggregate terminological difficulty levels of each genre examined, which can be particularly useful for informing translation quality assurance, project management and translator training.

TMOD-17. A NOVEL GLIOBLASTOMA INVASION MODEL USING HUMAN BRAIN SLICE CULTURES

Abstract OBJECTIVE Glioblastoma (GBM) is among the most common of malignant brain tumours, with a median post-surgical survival of less than one year. Over the past several decades, therapies that appeared promising in mice models have failed during clinical trials due to the differences encountered during translation of research from model organisms to humans. To partially mitigate these difficulties in translation, we present a human cortical organotypic culture based GBM model, which allows us to manipulate individual components of the tumour environment in order to investigate the influence of different cell types in the immunosuppressive tumour microenvironment. METHODS Human neocortical tissue (at least 2 cm away from the tumour core) or entry cortex from epilepsy surgery guided by intraoperative neuro navigation, was cultured for up to 14 days post resection using an optimized medium. The cultured tissue was further injected with patient derived human GBM cells to create an ex vivo human model of glioblastoma model. The role of astrocytes in the tumour microenvironment was studied using microglia loss of function model. RESULTS Our established human neo-cortical slice model can recapitulate an in-vivo characteristics of glioblastoma from functional and imaging aspect. Our data corroborate differences between astrocytes in human and murine models in different reactive states, shows that the glioblastoma microenvironment can be difficult to be accurately modelled using murine models. Results from our human microglia depletion model, provided ample evidence that complex interaction of astrocytes and microglia cells, promotes an immunosuppressive environment in Glioblastoma by releasing high concentration of IL10 and TGFbeta (p< 0.001). CONCLUSION Our model therefore has potential applications to the fields of neuroscience, neuro-oncology, and pharmacotherapy.

How international is the International Prostate Symptom Score? A literature review of validated translations of the IPSS, the most widely used self-administered patient questionnaire for male lower urinary tract symptoms.

The International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS) approaches its 30th anniversary. This ubiquitous clinical assessment tool is a standard in the assessment and research of lower urinary tract symptoms in men. The authors explore its history, development, and subsequent dissemination through validated translations across the world. An estimated global coverage is calculated and mapped according to language population. Embase and Medline literature searches were performed, with further hand searches of grey literature and online resources. Twenty-two abstracts and journal articles validating language translations of the IPSS were reviewed in full and tabulated. Language population data were gathered from an official database and mapped. The IPSS is available in 53 languages. Twenty-seven languages have statistically or clinically validated translations for use in male patients. This corresponds to a conservative estimate of global population coverage of approximately 2.3 billion men, or 60% of the worldwide male population. Translation methodology involves forward and back translation. Statistical validation is performed with control patients. Cronbach's alpha is used for internal consistency, and Spearman's coefficient (p) or Pearson's coefficient (r) for test-retest reliability. Issues such as the emergence of altered versions deviating from original validated translations and translation difficulties due to cultural differences are observed. Further translational work is needed to validate versions of the IPSS in languages of the developing world. The IPSS is the most prevalent patient-administered questionnaire used in urology across the world. There is no other clinical tool seen to have similar coverage. This paper aims to provide a roadmap for future clinical tools to acquire a similar level of translation and dissemination.

Фразеологический аналог как самый оптимальный способ перевода фразеологизмов в американской художественной литературе (на примере романа Харпер Ли «Убить пересмешника»)

The paper aims to reveal techniques to translate American literary phraseologisms. The study is conducted by the material of the novel “To Kill a Mockingbird” by Harper Lee and its Russian translations conducted by Nora Gal and Raisa Oblonskaya. Among the techniques to translate American literary phraseologisms, the researcher identifies phraseological analogue, analyzes its advantages in comparison with other translation techniques, and herein lies scientific originality of the study. The findings indicate that American literary phraseologisms are almost always translated with the help of phraseological analogues - translation technique to translate non-equivalent linguistic units. This method involves choosing an appropriate Russian phraseological unit with the same figurative meaning based on a different image, which creates special difficulties for translators.

Business Correspondence: Main Rules and the Specifics of Translation

Abstract: The article discusses the issue of business correspondence, its rules and etiquette, which is highly important in modern world as a great number or e-mails and business letters are sent and received every day throughout the world. So, the ability to correspond in business sphere is a crucial skill for the employees of multinational companies as well as for those who communicate internationally in different fields. It also concerns the cross-cultural aspect of organizing and translating business letters taking into consideration the key role of international communication due to the growing globalization of our society, and a lot of attention is paid to the national differences and peculiarities we may face while establishing contacts with foreign colleagues and partners. It analyses numerous studies and articles written by linguists, interpreters as well as by business coaches who, basing on their research and experience give advice and suggest solutions to different challenges we may face in this sphere. The article focuses on the different issues, such as the language and style, the structure and layout, the peculiarities and difficulties of translation, the things which should be avoided and are inappropriate in business letters. A lot of advice with numerous examples are given in order to avoid misinterpreting when it comes to cross-culture communication as well as embarrassing mistakes and those mistakes, which may have serious professional consequences. The article focuses six different problematic areas in business letter translation. These include: lexical-semantic problems; grammar; syntax; rhetoric; and pragmatic and cultural problems. The information must be interesting and useful for those who deals with business communication on international level as well as career coaches and business consultants in order to provide them with advice appropriately and help to improve and systemize necessary knowledge and skills to handle business correspondence successfully.

The translation of Watchmen: a job for superheroes?

This case study explores the many challenges that an audiovisual translator must face, conceiving translation as a means for diffusing culture. For that purpose, a case study is carried out on the Spanish translation of the 2019 series Watchmen, created by Damon Lindelof. Subtitles have been chossen for this analysis, due to the increasing popularity of this modality in Spain, as in other dubbing countries where a coexistence of dubbing and subtitling has been established (Perego et al., 2014).The study delves into the main translation difficulties posed by this series and is based on an interview held with the translator. In first place, Watchmen is a portray of the contemporary social and political society, digging into themes such as white supremacy, racism, war, and cultural attitudes. These deep historical roots in society may cause a cultural gap that must be overcome by the translator (Botella, 2017).Moreover, references to the comic are not only present in the dialogues —to be conveyed by the subtitler— but also in the visual and auditive signs that converge to create a multisemiotic complex. This study presents a categorisation of the challenges found and the solutions employed, to prove that the translator must be aware of the multiple codes of significance and acquire certain film knowledge. Therefore, to achieve difference and create from the ingenious mind, the translator must perform as a filmmaker or a cineliterate film viewer, rather than from a linguistic mind (McClarty, 2012).

Hypoxia Tolerant Species: The Wisdom of Nature Translated into Targets for Stroke Therapy.

Human neurons rapidly die after ischemia and current therapies for stroke management are limited to restoration of blood flow to prevent further brain damage. Thrombolytics and mechanical thrombectomy are the available reperfusion treatments, but most of the patients remain untreated. Neuroprotective therapies focused on treating the pathogenic cascade of the disease have widely failed. However, many animal species demonstrate that neurons can survive the lack of oxygen for extended periods of time. Here, we reviewed the physiological and molecular pathways inherent to tolerant species that have been described to contribute to hypoxia tolerance. Among them, Foxo3 and Eif5A were reported to mediate anoxic survival in Drosophila and Caenorhabditis elegans, respectively, and those results were confirmed in experimental models of stroke. In humans however, the multiple mechanisms involved in brain cell death after a stroke causes translation difficulties to arise making necessary a timely and coordinated control of the pathological changes. We propose here that, if we were able to plagiarize such natural hypoxia tolerance through drugs combined in a pharmacological cocktail it would open new therapeutic opportunities for stroke and likely, for other hypoxic conditions.

CATEGORIZING DECLARATIVE SPEECH ACTS IN ENGLISH – ARABIC POLITICALTRANSLATION : A PRAGMATIC STUDY

Declaratives are those speech acts that brings changes to the world via uttering them. They are judged by certain pragmatic criteria and determined by certain conditions to be taken as genuine acts. Thus, their specification raises problematic area as not all declarative utterances serve out performatively. The specificity of pragmatic conditions of declaratives lead to another problem in that affecting the same immediate change would not similarly be attributed in two different languages. Therefore, declaratives pose difficulties for translators in categorizing them and affecting immediate change. Accordingly, it aims at: 1)setting some felicity conditions for determining whether the specified declarative expressions serve out performatively. 2)Examining whether English declaratives are perceived performatively in Arabic and vice versa. 3- providing some remedies for mistranslated declaratives. The objective of study is confined to a number of declaratives selected from dialogues, comments, and debates of English and Arabic Channels ( e.g. Al-Jazeera TV and BBC). The result of the study shows that declaratives are performatively influenced by contextual nature. From functional perspective, the perception of English declarative acts are different from the Arabic ones and vice versa. The most accurate rendering of declaratives is based on the correspondence between perception and immediate illocutionary affects.

English Education Department Students’ Difficulties in Translating English News Report

Different language systems between English and Indonesian cause difficulties in communication, both written and oral. This case can be solved with translation. This research aims to find about types of translation difficulties in translating English news reports encountered by the fourth semester of English Education Department students of Tarbiyah and Teacher Training Faculty at UIN Antasari Banjarmasin. This research is a qualitative descriptive research by analyzing the text of the news report entitled "London is the Best Destination in the World in the 2019 Trip Advisors Travellers' Choice Awards," published on 29 March 2019 at 00.48:00 a.m translated into Bahasa Indonesia by involving 50 of the students. The number of the students are the participants taken by using purposive sampling. The writers collect the written documents due to translating the text of the English News Report by the students, analyze the words, phrases, and sentences to find the students' difficulties based on Hartono's theory. There are four difficulties the writers found in this study. The difficulties are lexical, grammatical, stylistic, and cultural difficulties.