Differences In Blood Glucose Levels Research Articles

Effects of targeted nursing intervention on patients with gestational diabetes mellitus

Objective To discuss the effects of targeted nursing intervention on pregnancy outcome and neonatal weight in patients with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) . Methods Totally 108 GDM patients treated in our hospital from July 2017 to February 2019 were selected and divided into intervention (n=54) and control (n=54) groups according to the random number table. Patients in the control group received conventional nursing care, while patients in the intervention group received targeted care on this basis. Patient's blood glucose level, pregnancy outcome, neonatal weight and satisfaction with nursing before and after nursing care were compared between the two groups. Results There was no statistically significant difference in blood glucose levels between the two groups before nursing intervention (P>0.05) . Fasting blood glucose, 2 h postprandial blood glucose and glycosylated hemoglobin levels were lower after nursing intervention in both groups. The levels of the intervention group were even lower than those of the control group, and there were statistically significant differences between the two groups (P<0.05) . The incidence of malignant pregnancy outcome and neonatal complications of the intervention group were lower than those of the control group after nursing intervention, and patient's satisfaction with nursing was higher in the intervention group than in the control group, and there were statistically significant differences between the two groups (P<0.05) . Conclusions Targeted nursing intervention can effectively reduce blood glucose levels of GDM patients and the incidence rate of adverse maternal and neonatal outcome, and improve patient's satisfaction, which is worth promoting in clinical practice. Key words: Pregnancy outcome; Infant, neonatal; Weight; Diabetes, gestational; Targeted nursing

Adverse Drug Reaction Profile of SGLT2 Inhibitor-Associated Diabetic Ketosis/Ketoacidosis in Singapore and their Precipitating Factors.

Background and ObjectiveAs of December 2017, 20 diabetic ketosis (DK)/diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) cases associated with sodium–glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) had been reported to the Health Sciences Authority (HSA), Singapore. We aimed to provide a detailed analysis of the profile of these cases.MethodsAs part of the emerging safety issue monitoring, the HSA followed up on SGLT2i-associated DK/DKA cases with the reporters to obtain the missing and/or supplementary information. Descriptive statistics were employed to summarise the data collected, while the Mann–Whitney test was employed to evaluate the differences between typical and euglycaemic DKA cases as well as between genders.ResultsAll cases led to hospitalisation but were non-fatal. Where reported, the majority (71–85%) of DK/DKA cases occurred within 180 days of SGLT2i therapy initiation and involved female patients and/or patients with long-standing type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Apart from the difference in blood glucose levels, no differences in the profile between the typical and euglycaemic DKA cases were noted. Known precipitating factors were identified in all cases. Acute illnesses, particularly infections and abscesses, were the most commonly reported precipitating factors, followed by insulin dose reduction/cessation.ConclusionsBased on the profile of the reported cases, it is imperative to maintain clinical vigilance for DK/DKA, especially during the first 6 months of SGLT2i treatment and more so in female patients and/or patients with long-standing T2DM. Prompt evaluation and management of underlying precipitating factors is also important to assess and mitigate the risk of developing DK/DKA during treatment with SGLT2i.

Elevated Expression of Vascular Adhesion Molecule-1, Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1, Cyclooxygenase-2, and Thrombomodulin in Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells from Hospitalized Gestational Diabetes Mellitus Patients.

Protein expression in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) is a useful indicator of maternal condition and the intrauterine environment during pregnancy. Therefore, we investigated protein expression in HUVECs obtained from patients with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). HUVECs were prepared from the umbilical cords of GDM patients and controls who underwent planned cesarean section between 2013 and 2014 at Teikyo University Hospital (Tokyo, Japan). There were no differences in blood glucose levels between the GDM patients and controls at admission. However, pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI) was higher in GDM patients, although the changes in gestational BMI were smaller during hospitalization. To evaluate the state of the endothelium, we examined the protein expression levels of vascular adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), intercellular adhesion molecule-1, thrombomodulin (TM), endothelial nitric oxide synthase, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and VE-cadherin, which are altered by various factors in endothelial tissue. VCAM-1, PAI-1, and COX-2 expression was higher in HUVECs from patients with GDM than the controls. Because the pre-pregnancy BMI was higher in GDM patients, we examined the relationship between BMI and protein expression. However, the expression levels of these proteins were not correlated with pre-pregnancy BMI and were higher in HUVECs from BMI-matched GDM patients than from BMI-matched controls. Intriguingly, TM expression was also higher in HUVECs from BMI-matched GDM patients. Thus, expression of VCAM-1, PAI-1, COX-2, and TM may reflect certain factors in the intrauterine environment that are altered in hospitalized GDM patients with controlled body weight.

Efektivitas Waktu Injeksi Insulin terhadap Kadar Glukosa Darah 2 Jam Setelah Makan pada Pasien Diabetes Mellitus Tipe 2

The aim of the study was to analyze the effectiveness of insulin injection time on blood glucose levels 2 hours after meals. The research design was experimental randomized pretest-posttest two group design. The results of the study, blood glucose levels of intervention I before meals (234.88 mg / dl ± 79.68) and 2 hours after meals (246.94 mg / dl ± 76.76) with a p value of 0,000. Intervention II (234.12 mg / dl ± 80.86), 2 hours after eating (252.35 mg / dl ± 78.79) with a p value of 0,000. Difference in blood glucose levels of intervention I and intervention II (12.06 ± 3.96), (18.24 ± 4.97) with a p value of 0.000. The influence of BMI counfounding variables on blood glucose levels was obtained (p values 0.008 and 0.037). Conclusion, giving insulin injection 0-10 minutes is more effective compared to giving insulin injection 11-20 minutes before meals in patients with type 2 DM.&#x0D; &#x0D; Keywords: Type 2 diabetes, blood glucose 2 hours after meals, insulin injection time

Metformin Improves Learning and Memory in the SAMP8 Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease.

Metformin is used for the treatment of insulin resistant diabetes. Diabetics are at an increased risk of developing dementia. Recent epidemiological studies suggest that metformin treatment prevents cognitive decline in diabetics. A pilot clinical study found cognitive improvement with metformin in patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Preclinical studies suggest metformin reduces Alzheimer-like pathology in mouse models of Alzheimer's disease (AD). In the current study, we used 11-month-old SAMP8 mice. Mice were given daily injections of metformin at 20 mg/kg/sc or 200 mg/kg/sc for eight weeks. After four weeks, mice were tested in T-maze footshock avoidance, object recognition, and Barnes maze. At the end of the study, brain tissue was collected for analysis of PKC (PKCζ, PKCι, PKCα, PKCγ, PKCɛ), GSK-3β, pGSK-3βser9, pGSK-3βtyr216, pTau404, and APP. Metformin improved both acquisition and retention in SAMP8 mice in T-maze footshock avoidance, retention in novel object recognition, and acquisition in the Barnes maze. Biochemical analysis indicated that metformin increased both atypical and conventional forms of PKC; PKCζ, and PKCα at 20 mg/kg. Metformin significantly increased pGSK-3βser9 at 200 mg/kg, and decreased Aβ at 20 mg/kg and pTau404 and APPc99 at both 20 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg. There were no differences in blood glucose levels between the aged vehicle and metformin treated mice. Metformin improved learning and memory in the SAMP8 mouse model of spontaneous onset AD. Biochemical analysis indicates that metformin improved memory by decreasing APPc99 and pTau. The current study lends support to the therapeutic potential of metformin for AD.

Pengaruh Akupresur terhadap Kadar Glukosa Darah Pasien Diabetes Melitus Tipe 2 di Persadia RS Islam Jakarta Cempaka Putih

However limited study had examined the effect of acupressure to reduce blood glucose levels in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. This quasi experimental trial was conducted to identify the effect of acupressure on blood glucose level in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Purposive samples of 32 patients were enrolled. They were divided into intervention (n = 16) and control group (n = 16). Paired t-test have been used to examine the effectiveness of acupressure before and after intervention. The results showed a significant difference in blood glucose levels between the intervention group and the control group (t = 4.22; p = 0.001). Acupressure is an effective intervention to reduce blood glucose levels in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Acupressure can be recommended as one of the independent complementary therapies in nursing care among patient with type 2 diabetes mellitus.&#x0D; &#x0D; Keywords: Acupressure, Blood Glucose Level, Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.

F116USE OF THE INFINIUM SNP PSYCHARRAY SYSTEM IN A CRIMINAL TRIAL: THE FIRST CASE STUDY IN SUPPORT OF A CLINICAL DIAGNOSIS OF SCHIZOPHRENIA AND IMPLICATIONS FOR ITS FUTURE USE IN LEGAL PROCEEDINGS IN THE UNITED STATES

Elevated level of interleukin (IL)-17, predominantly produced by T helper (Th) 17 cells, has been implicated in diabetic retinopathy (DR), but it remains unclear whether IL-17 is involved in the pathogenesis of DR. Ins2Akita (Akita) mice spontaneously develop diabetes, and show early pathophysiological changes in diabetic complications. On the other hand, interferon-γ knock out (GKO) mice exhibit high differentiation and activation of Th2 and Th17 cells as a result of Th1 cell inhibition. In this study, Ins2Akita IFN-γ–deficient (Akita-GKO) mice were established by crossbreeding Akita mice with GKO mice, and Th17-mediated immune responses on DR were investigated. Blood glucose levels (BGL) of Akita mice and Akita-GKO mice were significantly higher than those of age-matched wild type (WT) or GKO mice, and there was no significant difference in BGL between Akita and Akita-GKO mice. Relative mRNA expression of ROR-γt that is a transcriptional factor of Th17 cells but not GATA-3 that is for Th2 cells was significantly upregulated only in Akita-GKO mice compared with WT mice, and the proportions of IL-17 and IL-22–producing splenic CD4+ cells were significantly higher in Akita-GKO mice than in wild type (WT), Akita, or GKO mice. In the retina, mRNA expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) were increased in Akita-GKO mice more than in Akita or GKO mice, and statistically significant differences were observed between Akita-GKO mice and WT mice. Leukostasis in retinal vessels and ocular level of VEGF protein increased significantly in Akita-GKO mice compared with the other groups. Edematous change in the retinal surface layer, retinal exudative lesions depicted as areas of hyperfluorescence in fluorescein angiography (FA), and vascular basement membrane thickening in all layers of the retina were also observed in Akita-GKO mice at 9-week-old but not in age-matched Akita or GKO mice. These results suggested that Th17 cell-mediated immune responses might be involved in promotion of functional and morphological changes in the retina of mice spontaneously developing diabetes.

Study of stress response to novel laboratory challenges in relation to body fat distribution in normal young adults and habituation to repeated stress challenges

Background: Perceived stress negatively affects cardiovascular functions and body fat distribution. Aims: The aim is to study whether participants with greater central fat have altered autonomic activity in response to novel laboratory stress challenges and whether they adapt less effectively to repeated stress challenges over time. Materials and Methods: Two hundred and forty-four healthy adults within the age group 20–45 years were divided into eight groups consisting of 30–31 participants in each group on the basis of sex, body mass index, and waist–hip ratio (WHR). Resting pulse rate and blood pressure were measured. All participants had to go through two stress sessions. Stress sessions were arranged according to trier social stress test. Pulse, systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure (DBP), heart rate variability (root mean square of successive differences), and capillary blood glucose were measured on three consecutive occasions, -at rest, immediately after stress session 1 (day 1), and immediately after stress session 2 (day 2). Results: Among lean males and lean females, there was significant difference in blood glucose level between high WHR group and low WHR group after stress session 1 and after stress session 2. Among overweight participants, no significant difference in heart rate variability was observed between high WHR group and low WHR group after stress session 1 and after stress session 2. However, in lean participants, significant difference was observed between high WHR group and low WHR group after stress session 1 and after stress session 2. Significant difference in pulse rate and DBP was observed in lean participants between high- and low-WHR groups after stress session 1 and after stress session 2. Conclusions: Central fat among lean participants may be an indicator of the allostatic load which contributes to physical damage resulting from lack of adaptation to stress. Thus, lean participants with high WHR may be at higher risk of disease.

Influence of Nutrition Education with Calendar Method in Diabetic Patients' Blood Glucose

Diabetes mellitus is a disease that required good self-management. Noncompliance in diet and meal plans cause the instability of blood glucose levels. Nutrition education calendar method can improve knowledge and ability to consume food that matches the number, hours and types with dietary adjustments listed in the calendar diet. This study aimed to determine the effect of nutrition education calendar method on blood glucose levels of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in Community Health Center Pakis Malang. Pre-experimental design one group pretest-posttest with purposive sampling was conducted in this study and sample obtained as many as 21 people. Blood glucose levels were measured before and after the nutrition education calendar methods. Compliance in using calendar method with the observation sheet. Statistical analysis values obtained by Wilcoxon, the p-value of 0.007 (p &lt;0.05). The results of the analysis, 16 respondents showed a decrease in blood glucose levels and 5 respondents experienced an increase in blood glucose levels after the given intervention. It can be concluded that there are differences between blood glucose levels before and after nutrition education calendar method. Differences in blood glucose levels can be influenced by controlling diet respondent in accordance with the calendar method in education, but also antidiabetic drugs, and sports. Should be added to the control group to determine objectively the effect of nutrition education on the calendar method.

Konseling Gizi, Kualitas Diit Berbasis Pangan Lokal Dengan Kadar Glukosa Darah Penderita Diabetes Mellitus Tipe Ii Di Wilayah Kerja Puskesmas Bahu

Diabetes Mellitus is a group of chronic disease which is characterized by increased levels of glucose in the blood due to disorders of the body's metabolism system, in which the pancreas organ incapable of producing the hormone insulin according to needs of the body. Nutritional counselling with quality local food based diit can help control blood glucose levels. This research aims to identify the difference in blood glucose levels and the value of quality diit type II diabetes mellitus patients before and after given nutritional counseling with quality local food based diit. This type of research is Pre Experimental research using one group pretest-posttest design. The number of samples is determined by purposive sampling counted 31 people. Data analysis using Wilcoxon and T-test analysis. The Wilcoxon analysis with significance level of 95% can be seen to produce significant difference in pre-post glycemic index component with p=0,000 (p&lt;0,05) and diversity of pre-post food with p=0,002 (p&lt;0,05). In the result of T-test for pre-post blood glucose variable, there was no significant difference p=0,105 (p&gt;0,05). However, there was a range of decreased glucose levels before and after in 22 respondents with an average decrease of 11.42 mg/dL. Conclusion there was no difference of blood glucose level before and after nutrition counseling with quality of diet based on local food.

SODIUM VALPROATE EFFECTS ON LIPID PROFILE AND GLUCOSE LEVEL IN NORMAL AND DIABETIC RABBITS

Background: Sodium valproate has turn out to be the most commonly prescribed antiepileptic drug (AED) worldwide. It is also prescribed to diabetic mellitus (DM) patient for treatment of neuropathic pain. Changes in lipid levels and lipid metabolism usually accompanied with diabetic disease leading to increases in circulating levels of free fatty acids (FFA), triglycerides and dense low-density lipoprotein together with reduced levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. Objective: To investigate the effect of sodium valproate on lipid profile and glucose level and highlight these effects with and without diabetic disease. Methods: Thirty-two healthy, local domestic rabbits of both sexes were used in the present study. Animals were allocated into two main groups, group A and B. According to induction of diabetes both groups received the same food and put in the same environmental condition. blood glucose level and lipid profile has been done for all groups. Results: There was significant difference in the blood glucose level in the normoglycemic rabbits treated with sodium valproate (200 mg/kg) compared to the untreated (negative control group). The effect of valproate was also observed by the significant difference of blood glucose level in alloxan-induced diabetic rabbits treated with sodium valproate (200 mg) compared with the positive control group. Also, we have statistically observed the significant increase in total cholesterol (TC), low density lipoprotein – cholesterol (LDL-C), and triglyceride (TG) levels in normoglycemic rabbits treated with sodium valproate (200 mg/kg) compare to the negative control group, however, there is no significant difference regarding the high-density lipoprotein – cholesterol (HDL-C) level. As for the alloxan-induced diabetic rabbits, there was a statistically significant difference observed indicated an increase in level of TC, LDL-C, and TG and a decrease in HDL-C. Conclusion: The effect of sodium valproate on glucose level and lipid profile in diabetic rabbits could reflect a possible hypoglycemic and dyslipidemic effects which could be dangerous if the patient is on anti- diabetic drugs with or without cardiovascular accident, although it may be dose-dependent and still falls in the hypothesis field but further experimental studies on human are needed to explore this theory. Keywords: Sodium valproate, anticonvulsants, glucose, lipid Citation: Abdul Bari MA. Sodium valproate effects on lipid profile and glucose level in normal and diabetic rabbits. Iraqi JMS. 2018; 16(3): 247-257. doi: 10.22578/IJMS.16.3.4

Pemberian ekstrak etanol Cordyceps militaris dapat menurunkan kadar glukosa darah dan menghambat penurunan massa sel beta pankreas pada tikus diabetes mellitus yang diinduksi dengan Streptozotocin dan Nikotinamid

Background: The antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of Cordyceps militaris extracts can neutralize the increased production of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) due to hyperglycemia conditions, as well as neutralize NO produced through inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase (iNOS). Thus, the antioxidant effects of C. militaris extract are expected to decrease DNA damage and ER stress leading to intrinsic apoptosis of pancreatic beta cells. Another positive effect of C. militaris which is expected to suppress glucotoxicity is its hypoglycemic effect.Methods: The design of this study was Randomized Post-test Only Control Group Design. The study was conducted on mice divided into three groups: negative control group (DM + placebo), treatment 1 group and treatment 2 group.Results: Based on study on 15 rats, each 5 rats per group, it was found that the mean blood glucose level in control group was 399,20 ± 28,07 mg/dl, mean of blood glucose level of treatment 1group (extraction 50% ethanol Cordyceps militaris) was 198.60 ± 30.42 mg/dl, and, the mean blood glucose levels of the treatment 1 group (extract ethanol Cordyceps militaris 100%) was 141.00 ± 17.03 mg/dl. With One Way ANOVA test found that p-value = 0,001. Immunohistochemical examination result shows that beta cell mass is more prominent in either treatment group 1 and treatment group 2 compare to the control group.Conclusions: There were significant differences in blood glucose levels after extracted ethanol Cordyceps militaris. It is further known that ethanol extract of Cordyceps militaris can decrease blood glucose level by 50,25% at 50% concentration and 64,68% at 100% concentration. Immunohistochemical examination result shows that ethanol extract of C. militaris seem could inhibit the decrease of beta cell mass especially at 100% concentration.

Metformin reduces the relapse rate of tuberculosis patients with diabetes mellitus: experiences from 3-year follow-up.

The role of metformin (MET) on treatment effect of diabetic tuberculosis (TB) patients has not been studied in China. Thus, we conducted a retrospective study to investigate whether MET exhibited more efficacy in combination with anti-TB regimens for diabetic TB patients. All patients recruited came from five tuberculosis control and prevention institutes from July 2009 to July 2016 and completed 3years of follow-up. We used chi-square test or Fisher's exact test to evaluate the demographic characteristics and the frequency of clinical outcome between MET and non-MET group. A total of 58 TB patients with diabetes mellitus (DM), of these 27.6% (16/58) patients in the MET group and 72.4% (42/58) patients in the non-MET group, there was no significant difference in blood glucose level between MET and non-MET group (P = 0.494), in addition, there was a higher proportion of treatment success (93.8 vs. 71.4%) and culture conversions by the end of 2months (87.5 vs. 71.4%) among MET group; the relapse rates of patients in MET and non-MET group were 6.3% (1/16) and 35.7% (15/42) through a 3-year follow-up (P = 0.045). Our data revealed that the use of MET as a combination drug with existing regimen improved the success rate of anti-TB treatment and reduced the relapse rate in TB patients with DM.

The pre-operation of the cesarean of the patients with the load of carbohydrate effect on the insulin resistance and the blood glucose level of the newborn

Objective To evaluate the comfort satisfaction and the insulin resistance of patients with cesarean section and the effects of the postoperative blood sugar on the newborns during the operation. Methods Forty patients who were got elective C-section were selected and divided randomly into two groups(n=20): oral carbohydrate group(CHO group), oral placebo group(P group). Both groups used epidural anesthesia, and a routine preoperative fasting 300 ml carbohydrate drinks(it contains 14.1 g of carbohydrates per 100 ml of drink) was administrated orally 2 h before anesthesia in oral CHO group. Patients in oral placebo group were given an equal amount distilled water instead of carbohydrate. The levels of blood glucose, plasma insulin and glucagons were tested after 2 h and after fetus delivery. According to levels of blood glucose and insulin, homeostasis model assessment(HOME) was applied to calculate the index of insulin resistance(HOMA-IR) and insulin sensitivity index(HOMA-ISI). After fetus delivery, neonates blood glucose was tested immediately. Meanwhile, the subjective comfort satisfaction of the two groups patients were also tested. Results After fetus delivery, blood glucose levels of two groups were significantly elevated than the levels of 2 h after loading(P<0.05). But there is no difference of blood glucose levels between two groups. Compare with levels of 2 h after loading, patients in P group had higher insulin levels, elevated HOMA-IR levels and lower HOME-ISI levels than levels of patients in CHO group (P<0.05). Patients in P group had higher glucagon levels that patients in CHO group. Patients in CHO group have less sense of hunger. Patients of two groups have no difference on sense of vomiting. The neonates blood glucose levels in the CHO group was higher than those in P group(P<0.05). Apgar scores of newborns in two groups are not different. Conclusions C-section preoperative oral intake of carbohydrate can safely reduce the insulin resistance and relieve the feelings of thirst, and help to raise blood glucose levels in newborns. Key words: Csection; Carbohydrate; Insulin resistance; Newborn; Blood glucose

A Comparison Between the Effect of Three Types of Low-Calorie Diets on Controlling Blood Glucose and Lipids in People with Type 2 Diabetes

The blood glucose level of people with diabetes can be normalized through an appropriate diet, physical activity, the use of chemical drugs and medicinal plants. This study aims to investigate the effects of low-calorie diets (1200, 1500, and 1800 kcal) on glucose and serum lipids in poorly controlled type 2 diabetic patients. This clinical trial was conducted among 60 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. The criteria for entering the study were fasting blood glucose higher than 130 mg/dl, hemoglobin A1C higher than 7% and BMI higher than 25. Blood glucose, fasting blood glucose and lipid levels were measured before and after intervention two hours after each meal. Patients were trained by an expert. Then, the questionnaires were completed and analyzed. In this study, the mean fasting blood glucose level in patients who used 1500 and 1200 kcal diet decreased significantly after intervention (p&amp;lt;0.05). Glucose decreased significantly after two hours using a 1500 kcal diet (p&amp;lt;0.009). In addition, triglyceride and cholesterol levels were significantly reduced in patients who used the 1500 kcal diet (p&amp;lt;0.05). Although, there was no significant difference in blood glucose levels between 1200, 1500 and 1800 kcal diets based on gender, residencency and BMI. Regarding the fact that there was no significant difference in reducing blood glucose and serum lipids between 1200 and 1500 kcal diets. It is recommended to use a 1500 kcal diet instead of 1200 kcal diet, which imposes fewer limitations and is easier to tolerate.

THE EFFECT OF TAPPING THERAPY ON BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVELS IN TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS PATIENTS AT PURWOKERTO

Introduction: Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic disease that can lead to microvascular and macrovascular complications. This condition makes DM patients at higher risk of experiencing stress. Tapping Therapy is one of nursing intervention that can reduce stress. The purpose of this study was to identify the effect of tapping therapy on blood glucose levels in Primary Health Center South Purwokerto. Methods: This research was a quantitative with a quasi experimental with control group, recruited 30 respondents, consisted of 15 respondents who were trained on tapping therapy, one time daily for 30 minutes for four weeks and the other respondents were as the control group. The purposive sampling was used as the sample collection method. Wilcoxon test was employed to examine the differences of the mean of blood glucose levels between intervention and control groups. Results. The result revealed that there was a significant difference of blood glucose levels before and after treatment in intervention group (p = 0.003, α =0.05). Discussion: The conclusion was that the tapping therapy can decrease blood glucose level on type 2 diabetes mellitus patients at Purwokerto. This research recommendation was to apply tapping therapy to patient with diabetes mellitus at least one time daily for 30 minute. Keyword: blood glucose, diabetes, tapping therapy

Evaluation of the glycemic indices of three commonly eaten mixed meals in Okada, Edo State.

People do not generally eat single or individual meals; rather they eat mixed meals, consisting of two or more individual meals. These mixed meals usually have glycemic indices which differ from that of the individual food type. This study was aimed at evaluating the glycemic indices of three commonly consumed mixed meals eaten in Okada; rice and beans (test food 1), rice and plantain (test food 2), beans and plantain (test food 3). Two hundred and forty healthy subjects aged between 18 and 30 participated in this study. They were randomized into three groups of eighty persons each, and fed with the standard food (50 g glucose) on day one and one of the test foods on day two, after an overnight fast. Blood samples were taken at 0, 30, 60, 90, and 120 min after the food had been eaten. The results showed that the Glycemic Index (GI) values for the test foods were high: 86.60 (test food 1), 89.74 (test food 2), 86.93(test food 3). The incremental increase in blood glucose was monitored and calculated for each food and when compared with that of the standard food (glucose), there was significant differences (p < .036) for test food 1 and (p < .068) for test food 3; both at 30 min. At 120 min, no significant differences in blood glucose levels were observed (p > .05). The results from this study indicated that the GI of the mixed meals was affected by the constituent nutrient and the response is also affected by the proportion of each nutrient. Our findings show that the selected test foods (mixed meals) consumed in Okada have high GI values.

PENGARUH PEMBERIAN JUS TOMAT DAN JERUK NIPIS TERHADAP KADAR GLUKOSA DARAH PADA WANITA DEWASA USIA 40 – 60 TAHUN

Background : DM is a chronic disease, not infrequently patients with DM depends on drugs throughout life. Drug consumption brings economic impact besides side effects of course. Therefore it is necessary alternative treatment in preventing the occurrence of DM disease by using vegetables and fruits. Based on the results of Riskesdas 2013, DM prevalence increased from 1.1 percent (2007) to 2.1 percent, while in Semarang there was an increase from 13,112 cases (2013) to 15,464 cases (2014). The highest prevalence in Semarang that is in Kecamatan Pedurungan with working area of Tlogosari Wetan by 8.6%.Objective : To determine the effect of tomato and lime juice on blood glucose levels in adult women aged 40-60 years.Methods : This research was clinical nutrition research. The type of research was true experiment that used randomized pretest posttest control group design. The sample size is 20 treatments and 18 controls. The test used to determine the difference of blood glucose level between the treatment group and the control group is Independent T-test and to determine the effect of tomato juice and lime juice on blood glucose control with nutrient intake is ANOVA Repeated Measure Test.Results : Based on statistical tests showed that in subjects with initial blood glucose high category (≥90 mg / dl) there was more decrease in blood glucose in the treatment group even though statistically not significant (p = 0,354). Subjects with initial blood glucose normal category (90 mg / dl) there was decrease in blood glucose even though statistically not significant (p = 0,139).Conclusion : Tomato and lime juice can decrease blood glucose levels in the research subjects, although statistically not significant.

Impulsiveness, postprandial blood glucose, and glucoregulation affect measures of behavioral flexibility

Behavioral flexibility (BF) performance is influenced by both psychological and physiological factors. Recent evidence suggests that impulsivity and blood glucose can affect executive function, of which BF is a subdomain. Here, we hypothesized that impulsivity, fasting blood glucose (FBG), glucose changes (ie, glucoregulation) from postprandial blood glucose (PBG) following the intake of a 15-g glucose beverage could account for variability in BF performance. The Stroop Color-Word Test and the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) were used as measures of BF, and the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS-11) to quantify participants' impulsivity. In Study 1, neither impulsivity nor FBG could predict performance on the Stroop or the WCST. In Study 2, we tested whether blood glucose levels following the intake of a sugary drink, and absolute changes in glucose levels following the intake of the glucose beverage could better predict BF. Results showed that impulsivity and the difference in blood glucose between time 1 (postprandial) and time 2, but not blood glucose levels at time 2 per se could account for variation in performance on the WCST but not on the Stroop task. More specifically, lower impulsivity scores on the BIS-11, and smaller differences in blood glucose levels from time 1 to time 2 predicted a decrease in the number of total and perseverative errors on the WCST. Our results show that measures of impulsivity and glucoregulation can be used to predict BF. Importantly our data extend the work on glucose and cognition to a clinically relevant domain of cognition.

Effect of Pleurotus Ostreatus on Pancreatic Beta Cells of Diabetes Mellitus Mice Model

Over the last 30 years, the number of people suffering from diabetes mellitus has doubled globally. Adipose tissue dysfunction plays an important role in insulin resistance. Mushroom has been traditionally used to prevent diabetes. This research aims to study the anti-oxidative effect of Pleurotus ostreatus on pancreatic beta cells. This study is an experimental posttest only control group design. The subjects were 24 male wistar mice, divided into six groups. Group P0 was given distilled water and citrate buffer. Group P1 was given high fat diet (HFD) and low dose streptozotocin (STZ). Group P2 and 3 were given HFD and low dose STZ along with Pleurotus ostreatus ethanol extract. Group P4 and P5 were given HFD and low dose STZ, and then given Pleurotus ostreatus ethanol extract. Blood glucose levels and pancreatic beta cells area count were done after treatment. Data obtained was analyzed using one-way ANOVA test. One-way ANOVA test showed signifi cant difference in all the groups (p&lt;0.05). Post Hoc test results showed difference in blood glucose levels and pancreatic beta cells area count. Pleurotus ostreatus ethanol extract can prevent cellular damage to murine pancreatic beta cells but unable to reverse the damage to the beta cells.