Development Of Kyrgyzstan Research Articles

The process of youth formation in the Kyrgyz Republic

This article examines key aspects of the process of youth formation and development in Kyrgyzstan. The author analyzes the current situation in the areas of employment, education and digital skills of young people, and identifies the main challenges faced by the young generation of the country. Key points that young people in Kyrgyzstan are predominantly employed in the service sector and agriculture, while the share of unemployed and non-studying youth remains high (19–21 %). There is a significant gender gap the share of young women not involved in labor or educational activities is more than 2 times higher than that of men. The share of education expenditure in Kyrgyzstan’s GDP is declining, despite the high priority of this area in budget policy. The digital skills of young people, especially women, are underdeveloped, limiting their opportunities in the labor market. The author proposes to intensify programs for employment, advanced training and development of entrepreneurial competencies of young people as a response to these challenges, which will allow them to fully realize their potential.

Impact of leasing transactions on business development in Kyrgyzstan

The purpose of this study was to determine how leasing transactions contribute to business modernisation in Kyrgyzstan. The study used survey methods and semi-structured interviews with company representatives, followed by statistical analysis of the collected data to determine changes in productivity, operating costs, and investment payback period. In particular, the results showed that 90% of the surveyed agricultural enterprises reported a 25-30% increase in productivity after using leasing to purchase machinery, which was confirmed by analysing data on the reduction of repair and maintenance costs for old equipment. In transport logistics, 85% of the companies indicated a reduction in operating costs and improvement of logistics processes due to fleet renewal through leasing programmes, which also contributed to an increase in the customer base by 15-20%. In the construction sector, the use of leasing allowed 82% of companies to reduce project completion time by 20-25%, which was due to the acquisition of new construction equipment through leasing, which can accelerate the performance of work and improve the quality of projects. In the manufacturing sector, 70% of companies reported a positive impact of leasing on their production capacity, but a longer payback period was identified, which requires the development of specialised leasing programmes with more flexible terms for industrial enterprises. The results of the study confirmed the important role of leasing as a financial instrument for the modernisation of enterprises in Kyrgyzstan, but also reveal the need to improve the access of small enterprises to leasing programmes and adapt the conditions for sectors with a long investment cycle, such as manufacturing

Impact of tax policy on the development of agrarian enterprises and organisations

The purpose of this study was to analyse the role of tax policy in the agricultural sector to determine its impact on innovative development, investment decisions, and competitiveness of enterprises in this area. The study performed a comparative analysis of various aspects of tax regulation, review of taxation instruments, consideration of special tax regimes in such countries as the USA, Germany, France, Spain, Poland, and Kyrgyzstan. The study investigated various aspects of tax regulation that have direct and indirect impact on the functioning of the agricultural sector. The role of tax policy in stimulating investment and development in agriculture by providing tax incentives and subsidies for investment in innovative technologies, process mechanisation, and research was examined. Special tax regimes aimed at supporting agricultural enterprises were analysed, and examples of tax policies in different countries, including the USA, the European Union, China, India, and Kyrgyzstan, were provided. The state of agricultural development in Kyrgyzstan was reviewed, and the main challenges, government support measures, and the main land tax rates across the country were identified. The key point was to develop recommendations for improving the tax system to stimulate agricultural development derived from the synthesis method. This involves the introduction of tax exemptions and investment incentives, differentiation of tax rates depending on segments and regions of agriculture, stakeholder consultations, simplification of tax administration, and attraction of foreign investment through special tax regimes. Concrete examples were also given of large agricultural enterprises in different countries where improved tax policies can contribute to the development and efficiency of their operations

Новейший УПК Киргизии: акт контрреформы или очередной симптом законодательной инфляции?

The article is devoted to the newest Code of Criminal Procedure of Kyrgyzstan, adopted and entered into force in 2021. This act is particularly interesting because the code that preceded it remained in force for less than three years, which can be considered a kind of an anti-record. In this regard the new Code of Criminal Procedure represents the apotheosis of legislative inflation, which to a greater or lesser extent has gripped the entire post-Soviet space, including Russia. Given the permanent nature of domestic criminal procedural reforms, the experience of Kyrgyzstan may become a sobering example for us. In order to shed light on the general context, prerequisites and probable goals of the designated codification, the author of the article examines the chronology of the Kyrgyz Criminal Procedure Code adoption, analyses its most important novelties and identifies significant patterns of criminal procedure development in Kyrgyzstan, which in many respects are also typical for other post-Soviet countries.

Development of water resources infrastructure in the Kyrgyz Republic: conflict potential

The article examines the potential of the infrastructure of water resources of the Kyrgyz Republic through the prism of the economic sustainability of the country, as well as issues of management and use. Water resources management is crucial for the further development of Kyrgyzstan. This includes improving the efficiency of water use in agriculture, responsible and sustainable development of hydropower resources, ensuring access to clean water for all segments of the population. The problems facing the water resources of Kyrgyzstan are noted, which, with the right policies, can use its water resources to promote economic growth and improve the well-being of its citizens. The potential of the water resources of the Kyrgyz Republic, which play an important role in the economic and political security of not only our country, but also the entire region of Central Asia, is considered. The water resources of the Kyrgyz Republic are completely formed on its own territory, and this is the political, economic and strategic advantage of the country. Kyrgyzstan is the only country in Central Asia with impressive water and hydropower resources. This should be Kyrgyzstan’s biggest chance as a “water power”.

EAEU: ASSESSMENT AND POPULARIZATION OF ACHIEVEMENTS

The subject of the study is the problem of assessing and perceiving the contribution of the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) to the economy of the member states. In the first part, a variant of calculating the role of the Union is proposed on the basis of an additive model summarizing the results of trade and investment cooperation within the Union over the period of its activity; the values obtained are correlated with the GDP of the member states. The conclusion is made about the leading role of trade and economic ties in the EAEU space in the development of Kyrgyzstan, Belarus, Kazakhstan and Armenia. It is recommended to take into account the statistics of mutual trade turnover, rather than the balance, in the description of the role of the EAEU; significant differences in estimates are shown depending on the chosen approach. In the second part, the tools of information support and coverage of the organization’s activities are tracked, contributing to the popularization of the benefits of integration. The ways of development of the information and communication policy of the EAEU are proposed, including taking into account the experience of the relevant policy of the European Union. In the passive forms of communication, according to the author, it is advisable to create official Internet portals explaining the legislation of the EAEU; it is valuable to focus attention in information publications on quantitative achievements and integration benchmarks; among the active forms, the organization of network conferences on the present and future is proposed, contributing both to awareness of the benefits of integration and further disclosure of the potential of the EAEU

Establishment of the Kyrgyz Parliament During the Period of Declared Sovereignty

The Democracy and Parliamentarism concepts, which have become the basis of social development in Kyrgyzstan, did not emerge by chance and did not settle in an empty place. Since ancient times, the social structure of the Kyrgyz has been characterized by signs of popular democracy and parliamentarianism. At all times, representative bodies of power played an important role in political life of people. The highest institutions of power, making key decisions, were national kurultais. At crucial moments in history, it was they who made decisions that determined the future of Kyrgyz statehood. Today’s parliamentary democracy has its origins in the people’s kurultais. Through a long and rich history, our ancestors succeeded in preserving and passing down to the next generations the sacred values of freedom.

Исследование существующей методики управления экономической деятельностью малых предприятий в контексте анализа и оценки показателей финансовых результатов их деятельности

Although much attention is paid to the problems of small business development in Kyrgyzstan in the context of the development of market relations, its socio-economic condition remains suboptimal. The problem lies primarily in the quantitative parameters of their functioning, as well as the creation of certain conditions for the development of small businesses, their management structure, and their effective cooperation with large enterprises. As for the methodology of science, the main task is to provide a heuristic form of cognition of strictly verified and tested principles, methods, rules and norms. In particular, in order to achieve success in research activities (for example, in the field of small business development, a scientist must master the “secret” of the method and possess a heuristic technology of scientific thinking. It is necessary to master the existing methodology, because not every researcher can create his own, original methodology of scientific research, which would have enough followers so that he could declare with full justification the creation of his own scientific school. Therefore, the majority of researchers should adhere to existing directions (methods), using proven methodological techniques to achieve scientific results in the field of functioning and development of small businesses.

Mapping Potential for Improving Rural Energy Services in Kyrgyzstan: Factors for Achieving Sustainable Development Goals in the Community Context

Energy is a pivotal element for overall development. Therefore, affordable and clean energy for all (Sustainable Development Goal 7) is one of the important elements. Despite a suitable approach, Kyrgyzstan lags behind to achieve its Sustainable Development Goals by 2030. Improving access to energy can significantly impact the progress of many other sustainable development targets. However, access to reliable, sustainable, and adequate energy is a crucial task in rural Kyrgyzstan. Taking into consideration the energy situation and the importance of the availability of energy services, the overarching aim of the presented article is to map the potential of improving rural energy services to foster overall sustainable development goals. The article presents the most relevant information about rural energy usage behaviour based on three primary pillars: energy demand, energy carrier, and energy sources. In addition, the presented research article synthesises the key driving factors which have a direct or indirect impact on the energy services in rural areas. The summarised data displays a deep insight into a variety of complex and dynamic household energy consumption patterns. The article provides a potential solution nexus to foster improved energy services in rural Kyrgyzstan and therefore to foster the overall sustainable development in Kyrgyzstan. The findings of the article help to formulate a strategy to design rural energy services for policy makers and stockholders.

Impacts of Various Connectivity Processes in Central Asia on Sustainable Development of Kyrgyzstan

Kyrgyzstan is facing a strategically important period in its history. The government’s ambition of reindustrializing is affecting its engagement with various international organizations and donors. As these plans will lead to societal transition and affect such areas as social development, national economy, and environment, a careful consideration of their impacts is required, especially given the country’s need to achieve sustainable development. At the same time, the geographical position of Kyrgyzstan puts it at the cross-roads of three distinct regional economic connectivity processes: the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU), the China-led Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), and various connectivity initiatives and projects taking place under the umbrella of the European Union (EU). A major issue is the extent to which Kyrgyzstan can leverage these processes to boost its economic revitalization plans and decarbonize its economy in line with international climate change mitigation and energy security policies, while ensuring a reliable energy supply. As a result, novel governance mechanisms need to be established that address the possible impacts of these economic connectivity processes; this is especially important given the frequently diverging perceptions and opinions of the various Kyrgyz and foreign stakeholders involved in industrial policymaking. Perceptual heterogeneity influences the development of solutions based on compromise and participatory governance that are crucial to implementing different industrial policy options; it also impacts the nature of the economic relationship between Kyrgyzstan and other countries in the Central Asian region. The aim of this paper is to understand the implications of perceptual heterogeneity for the various connectivity processes in Kyrgyzstan, their benefits, and their impacts. The methodology of this paper includes a variety of methods such as surveys and interviews with key stakeholders, scenario development, and participatory workshops in various regions of the country.

PREREQUISITES AND RELEVANCE OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE SETTLEMENT SYSTEM OF THE KYRGYZ REPUBLIC AND SETTLEMENTS

The relevance of the study is due to the need to develop a settlement system for sustainable development of Kyrgyzstan, which is interconnected with the organization of settlements on the territory of the Kyrgyz Republic. To solve the problem of territorial asymmetry, possible ways of development of the settlement system have been investigated and proposed. The authors identified the main factors hindering the process of suburbanization in Kyrgyzstan: lack of comfortable and affordable housing, underdeveloped infrastructure and low living standards of the country's population. The prerequisites for the formation of rural and urban areas in the Kyrgyz Republic have been determined. Strengthening the interaction between urban and rural areas is highlighted among the basic principles of sustainable development of the settlement system; sustainable development of settlement systems, consisting in the balanced development of urbanized and natural-ecological frameworks; determination of the historically established directions of development of settlement systems and optimization of transport accessibility. According to the authors, the main approach to the development of the settlement system can be the formation of model development centers. In this connection, the priority task of urban planning policy at the state level is the formation of an innovative model for the development of rural and urban areas.

STUDY BY MODERN KYRGYZ PHILOSOPHERS OF THE PROBLEM OF HUMAN AND NATURE COEVOLUTION IN THE PROJECTION OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIETY

This article examines the views of the modern Kyrgyz philosophers of the problem of the relationship of man to nature by the ancient Kyrgyz. Conducting a philosophical reflection on the idea of sustainable development in the views of Kyrgyz philosophers can become a fundamental basis for the development of a national strategy for sustainable development of Kyrgyzstan in the context of globalization. Extracting the philosophical ideas of Kyrgyz thinkers can serve as a methodological basis for solving the problem of the coexistence of the existence of nature and society in Kyrgyzstan in modern conditions.

Development of agricultural cooperatives in Kyrgyzstan: who are the lead actors?

Agricultural cooperatives play an important role in promoting local communities and sustainable farming practices in many parts of the world. In Kyrgyzstan their development remains a challenge despite the existence of laws and policies, support from donor-funded projects and the existence of an apex organisation. What is missing for their development and who should lead their development? Adopting an entrepreneurial ecosystem (EE) approach to the analysis of the agricultural cooperatives, we aim to identify the lead actors of the agricultural cooperatives’ development in Kyrgyzstan and understand what roles such a lead actor plays in the emergence and strengthening of an EE for agricultural cooperatives. Adopting a case study approach, we retrieved archival data published between 1991 and 2020 on agricultural cooperatives in Kyrgyzstan, that included documents from government, cooperatives and their apex organisations, and studies commissioned by international organisations. We reviewed data using a grounded theory approach and organised our codes and text excerpts around the EE elements and actors. Thereby, we identify what roles the three principal actors of cooperative development, namely government, cooperatives and their apex organisation, and international organisations, play in different EE dimensions – i.e., policy, skills and education, market environment, culture, networks and partnerships. Among others, we uncover that the lead actor varies across EE dimensions and the paradox, where expectations of the government and cooperatives’ are inadequate to their funding abilities; while international organisations, that could fund cooperatives’ development, do not consider them as a priority in their projects. Although the study has limitations due to its exploratory nature, we offer both theoretical contribution extending entrepreneurial ecosystem approach to the study of agricultural cooperatives in transition economies and practical implications for better understanding and integrating agricultural cooperatives in the international development programming.

CITY PLANNING AND ARCHITECTURAL PRINCIPLES AND REGULATIONS OF HOUSING CONSTUCTION OF THE KYRGYZ REPUBLIC

The paper deals with the scientific, technical and basic problems of housing construction in the Kyrgyz Republic. Also, the basic urban planning and architectural principles and regulations were considered in conjunction with other scientific and practical issues of housing construction. On the problem under consideration, an analysis was carried out on the basis of international experience in the field of housing construction with certain conclusions as proposals for the prospective development of housing construction in the cities of Kyrgyzstan. The analysis of the basic principles of urban planning and architectural design of housing, at a certain historical stage in the development of Kyrgyzstan, and the regulatory and technical basis for design. The basic principles and preconditions for the proper provision of housing to the population, as well as urban planning and architectural principles and regulations for the sustainable development of housing construction in Kyrgyzstan.

ЭКОЛОГИЧЕСКОЕ ОБРАЗОВАНИЕ В СУВЕРЕННОМ КЫРГЫЗСТАНЕ: СОСТОЯНИЕ И ПРОБЛЕМЫ СТАНОВЛЕНИЯ (1991-2010 гг.)

The possibilities for resolving environmental problems in Kyrgyzstan depend not only on political and economic implementations of environmental protection, but also on the general ecological culture of the population. One of the most important factors of forming the ecological culture of the modern Kyrgyzstan society is the new system of continuous environmental education and upbringing, based on the principles of sustainable development. The purpose of this article is to study the status, achievements and problems of the development of environmental education in the context of the environment protection policy of the Kyrgyz Republic in 1992-2010. The following tasks are being solved to achieve this goal: the process of forming the legislative base of environmental education in sovereign Kyrgyzstan is shown; priority areas for the development of environmental education is identified; The role of international and domestic non-governmental organizations in the process of formation and development of environmental education for the sustainable development of Kyrgyzstan is determined.

Strategic Impact of Green Economy on Business Development (Through the Example of Kyrgyzstan)

The presented study examines over 20 years of experience of Kyrgyzstan in building an environmentally responsible market economy in the Kyrgyz Republic. Aim . The study aims to determine the major prerequisites for the development of regional business processes that are forming in the context of the genesis of green economy in Kyrgyzstan under modern conditions. Tasks . The authors identify the factors of the greening of the country’s economic development at the current stage, examine regional conditions for the greening of production, and determine the specific aspects of business processes implemented in the environmentally responsible sectors of Kyrgyzstan’s national economy in accordance with the principles of green economy. Methods . This study uses general scientific methods of cognition to examine Kyrgyzstan’s policy in various aspects in the context of transition towards the principles of an environmentally responsible green economy, to specify strategic factors and conditions that facilitate its building, and to determine perspective directions for its development. Results . In Kyrgyzstan, the transition towards the principles of green economy is accompanied by market reforms aimed at building a socially-oriented market economy. The study shows that a strategy for stimulating and supporting business processes in traditional and perspective industries can help to achieve green economic growth and meets national interests in terms of sustainable long-term balanced environmental and economic growth. By comprehensively improving socio-economic conditions, digitalization of the economy has a positive effect on the green modernization of Kyrgyzstan and improves regional policy in terms of optimal regulation of business processes and the strategy for the greening of the country’s socio-economic development. Conclusion . A comprehensive examination of the foundations of socio-economic development in Kyrgyzstan involving identification of stimulating and constraining factors of economic greening makes it possible not only to determine the national specificities of transition towards the principles of green economy, but also to provide insight into the strategic prerequisites and the country’s reserves to sustain the greening of long-term economic growth across the country’s industries and regions.

Development of a Play Toolkit for Supporting Infant and Toddler Development in Kyrgyzstan with a Focus on the Symbolic Functioning and Fine Motor Development of Infants 6 to 36 Months Old

The study aimed to develop a play toolkit to facilitate infants' and toddlers' symbolic thought and fine motor development. This study used a methodological study design including two phases of development and evaluation. After reviewing the play culture and developmental health issues in Kyrgyzstan through a literature review and interviews with local experts and parents, the toolkit was developed and evaluated using content validity and utilization tests. The toolkit was based on Westby's symbolic play and the fine motor milestones in the Bright Futures Guidelines. The Toolkits were composed of an overall suggested play schedule according to the child's age, four kinds of play props, and a utilization guidebook for parents. The play props were a felt book, sorting and assembling blocks, cup blocks, and a tangram. The guidebook contained age-appropriate operating methods and alternative ways to use the materials. A play toolkit was developed to enhance nurturing practices among parents of infants and toddlers. The findings may help facilitate effective interactions between parents and their children. Considering that nurturing care is critical for achieving better child health outcomes, enhancing parenting resources and parent-child relations could function as an effective strategy for promoting child health.

The Development of Civil Society in Post-Soviet Kyrgyzstan An Analysis of the National and International Context

In the past two decades, scholars from a variety of disciplines have argued that post – communist civil society is weak and structurally deficient and is characterised by low levels of social trust, voluntary organisational membership, and public participation. This article intends to challenge this academic consensus by providing an in-depth analysis of civil society development in Kyrgyzstan, a country, whose non-profit sector has been described as the most vibrant and plentiful of the Central Asian region. To this scope, the article analyses the ways and extent to which the national and international environments have influenced the development trajectory of Kyrgyz civil society. Special emphasis is placed on the specific forms and manifestations of civic engagement characterising the non-profit sector of the selected country and on the strategies it has implemented to overcome its weaknesses and vulnerabilities. The paper sheds new light on factors and features that have contributed to the strengths of Kyrgyz civil society and which can be used to increase our understanding of civil society developments in other transition countries.

KIRGIZİSTAN'DA DÖNEMLERE GÖRE BASIN TARİHİ VE GAZETECİLİK FAALİYETLERİ

Today, the press is very important, hence it is also called the informal fourth power. During the Soviet era, a very important ideological propaganda was used. From the first years of the Soviet period to the day-to-day press and journalism activities were studied according to periods. Important information about Kyrgyzstan's political history, economy and culture. The study referred to the political, economic and social-cultural function of the journalist's society. The focus of the study was on the development of Kyrgyzstan's first indigenous journalist and daily journalistic press activities

Social Cohesion through Community-based Development in Kyrgyzstan

Community-driven development (CDD) – a widely practiced tool by development donors and practitioners worldwide - strives to empower and develop communities by giving them joint control over aid allocations. This is expected to improve local development, local governance, and strengthen social cohesion. However, the empirical evidence for the third outcome is quite weak. This paper presents the findings of an impact evaluation research examining the extent the community driven development intervention implemented during 2014-2017 strengthened social cohesion in two regions in Kyrgyzstan. Our findings are that, on the one hand, the CDD project led to a sense of unity and cooperation and to a perception of improvements in local governance and educational services. On the other hand, the program had at best a weak effect on deep-trenched perceptions, attitudes and trust for closely related social groups and local institutions. We posit that these results obtained in part because the duration of the CDD interventions was rather short and the micro-projects were only realized in less than a half of villages in treatment sub-districts. It stands to reason that larger and longer CDD projects would have had larger impacts on social cohesion as well.