Transmission Protocol Research Articles

Research And Design of Intelligent Home Potting System Technology By Wireless Sensor Networks

People often put potted plants at home in life, but they neglect to cultivate them due to busy work and study, or the lack of expertise related to potted plant cultivation leads to rotten and withered plants. An Exynos 4412 development board with a Linux system and multiple information acquisition sensors is designed using time series for this life background. The system is an intelligent home potted plant system with a Linux-based Exynos 4412 development board and multiple information collection sensors, using a time-series prediction model, deep convolutional neural network model, message queue telemetry transmission protocol, cloud storage and other technologies. The system realizes automatic scientific irrigation, soil fertility monitoring, and pest and disease warning for potted plants, thus ensuring healthy and robust growth of potted plants, and has a broad market space.

Role of Zigbee Protocol in Monitoring Patient Physiological Conditions through Secured Environment

Zigbee is formed by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) Standards Association's 802.15 specification. Zigbee is specifically built for control and position finder networks in the IEEE 802.15.4 WPAN (Wireless standard for Wireless Personal Area Networks). The Zigbee WPANs operating frequencies are 2.4 GHz, 900 MHz and 868 MHz Zigbee is a wireless technology standard based protocol with short range communication transmission protocols. Zigbee is used for less cost-effective data rate, low-power applications and is an open standard. In contrast to Wi-Fi networks, zigbee protocol is used to make communication among the endpoints to high-speed networks, Zigbee is familiar for lower data rates and uses a mesh networking topology to avoid centralized hub devices and create a self-healing architecture. In this paper we review how the patient’s physiological conditions like BP, Temperature and Heart rate are accessed on mobile device remotely through zigbee technology in secured manner using the coordinator device which will select the proper channel, assigns an Id to the network and allocates unique Id to each device through zigbee Gateway, which transfers a secured data (encrypted data) between a coordinator and end devices (decrypted). If patient situation is critical then a message will send to doctor’s mobile device with alarm sound, in this case immediately doctor sends a prescription to care taker or a family member through registered mobile number.

Benchmarking of quantum protocols

Quantum network protocols offer new functionalities such as enhanced security to communication and computational systems. Despite the rapid progress in quantum hardware, it has not yet reached a level of maturity that enables execution of many quantum protocols in practical settings. To develop quantum protocols in real world, it is necessary to examine their performance considering the imperfections in their practical implementation using simulation platforms. In this paper, we consider several quantum protocols that enable promising functionalities and services in near-future quantum networks. The protocols are chosen from both areas of quantum communication and quantum computation as follows: quantum money, W-state based anonymous transmission, verifiable blind quantum computation, and quantum digital signature. We use NetSquid simulation platform to evaluate the effect of various sources of noise on the performance of these protocols, considering different figures of merit. We find that to enable quantum money protocol, the decoherence time constant of the quantum memory must be at least three times the storage time of qubits. Furthermore, our simulation results for the w-state based anonymous transmission protocol show that to achieve an average fidelity above 0.8 in this protocol, the storage time of sender’s and receiver’s particles in the quantum memory must be less than half of the decoherence time constant of the quantum memory. We have also investigated the effect of gate imperfections on the performance of verifiable blind quantum computation. We find that with our chosen parameters, if the depolarizing probability of quantum gates is equal to or greater than 0.05, the security of the protocol cannot be guaranteed. Lastly, our simulation results for quantum digital signature protocol show that channel loss has a significant effect on the probability of repudiation.

Distributed Quantization for Partially Cooperating Sensors Using the Information Bottleneck Method.

This paper addresses the optimization of distributed compression in a sensor network with partial cooperation among sensors. The widely known Chief Executive Officer (CEO) problem, where each sensor has to compress its measurements locally in order to forward them over capacity limited links to a common receiver is extended by allowing sensors to mutually communicate. This extension comes along with modified statistical dependencies among involved random variables compared to the original CEO problem, such that well-known outer and inner bounds do not hold anymore. Three different inter-sensor communication protocols are investigated. The successive broadcast approach allows each sensor to exploit instantaneous side-information of all previously transmitting sensors. As this leads to dimensionality problems for larger networks, a sequential point-to-point communication scheme is considered forwarding instantaneous side-information to only one successor. Thirdly, a two-phase transmission protocol separates the information exchange between sensors and the communication with the common receiver. Inspired by algorithmic solutions for the original CEO problem, the sensors are optimized in a greedy manner. It turns out that partial communication among sensors improves the performance significantly. In particular, the two-phase transmission can reach the performance of a fully cooperative CEO scenario, where each sensor has access to all measurements and the knowledge about all channel conditions. Moreover, exchanging instantaneous side-information increases the robustness against bad Wyner–Ziv coding strategies, which can lead to significant performance losses in the original CEO problem.

Downlink NOMA Based Transmission Protocol for Performance Improvement in Time-Varying Wireless Network

In this research work, the authors propose an error constrained data transmission approach using non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) protocol with hybrid automatic repeat request (HARQ) and different packet combining schemes. In this proposed work, the transmitter simultaneously transmits two data packets to the users (UEs) by considering the superposition coding technique in the power domain. The decoding scheme of the receiver changes according to the message decoding status in the previous rounds. This combined protocol has the capability of realizing ultra-reliability, error correction power in high error prone wireless links. The receiver adopts successive interference cancelation (SIC) to decode its own packet. Retransmission process is performed when the data is erroneously received by the destination and the receiver corrects the error by applying HARQ with Packet Combining (HARQ-PC) and HARQ with Aggressive Packet Combining (HARQ-APC) schemes. This paper analyzes the data rates, outage probabilities and bit error rates of UEs for downlink NOMA systems with respect to the transmit power using some basic parameters. The proposed schemes can greatly outperform the conventional NOMA with HARQ (NOMA-HARQ) in terms of data rates, outage probability and bit error rate in dynamic wireless channels.

MR-Pareto: A Multiattribute Opportunistic Routing Method Based on Pareto Optimal Solution for Mobile Crowdsensing

Mobile crowdsensing (MCS) is a new perception mode for solving large-scale mobile sensing tasks. Traditional data transmission methods are inapplicable, as the MCS is affected by coverage, user preference, and network access cost. Opportunistic network data transmission schemes in MCS have recently witnessed a surge of research efforts due to their ability of high delivery and low consumption. However, existing works only focus on the impact of the geographical location of nodes on user needs or the interaction between social information and data, which do not take into account the temporal and spatial characteristics of nodes. To address these issues, this paper proposes a multiattribute routing method based on Pareto optimal (MR-Pareto) solution to construct a balance between the energy consumption and resource constraints of nodes in transmission protocols. First, the attribute relationship between nodes is analyzed, which was aimed at selecting the nodes within a contact time threshold. Then, based on a nondominated sorting approach, we achieve a Pareto optimal set of candidate nodes. Finally, the relay nodes for forwarding messages are determined by comparing the cache size and the remaining energy. The experimental results demonstrate that our proposed method has low network overhead, low packet loss, and high message delivery rate, compared to epidemic and prophet routing strategies.

Oppositional chaos game optimization based clustering with trust based data transmission protocol for intelligent IoT edge systems

In the past decade, the Internet of Things (IoT) becomes essential in consumer and industrial applications. The accessibility of high bandwidth Internet connection particularly with the arrival of robust 5G networks rises to innovative IoT solutions such as smart city, automobiles, industry 4.0, etc. IoT analytics represents edge computing as a term commonly employed for defining intelligent computational resources placed closer to the source of data generation. Despite the benefits of the IoT edge systems, security and energy efficiency remains major challenging issues. With this motivation, this paper presents an energy-efficient clustering based secure data transmission protocol (EEC-SDTP) for Intelligent IoT Edge systems. The goal of the EEC-SDTP technique is to select an appropriate set of cluster heads (CHs) and optimally secure routes for data transmission in the network. The proposed model involves oppositional chaos game optimization-based clustering (OCGOC) technique for proper CH selection and cluster construction. Besides, a trust-based model is designed to determine the trustworthiness of the node in the IoT edge systems. The proposed OCGOC technique derives a fitness function utilizing 3 input parameters like trust level, distance to neighbors, and energy. Finally, a trust-based secure routing protocol using the quantum sand piper optimization (SRP-QSPO) technique is employed to derive routes for secure data transmission. For examining the better efficiency of the proposed EEC-SDTP algorithm, an extensive group of experimentations were performed and the outcomes are investigated under several performance measures. The experimental outcomes highlighted the improved efficiency of the proposed method over the other related techniques.

An Aggregated Data Integration Approach to the Web and Cloud Platforms through a Modular REST-Based OPC UA Middleware.

The Internet of Things (IoT) empowers the development of heterogeneous systems for various application domains using embedded devices and diverse data transmission protocols. Collaborative integration of these systems in the industrial domain leads to incompatibility and interoperability at different automation levels, requiring unified coordination to exchange information efficiently. The hardware specifications of these devices are resource-constrained, limiting their performance in resource allocation, data management, and remote process supervision. Hence, unlocking network capabilities with other domains such as cloud and web services is required. This study proposed a platform-independent middleware module incorporating the Open Platform Communication Unified Architecture (OPC UA) and Representational State Transfer (REST) paradigms. The object-oriented structure of this middleware allows information contextualization to address interoperability issues and offers aggregated data integration with other domains. RESTful web and cloud platforms were implemented to collect this middleware data, provide remote application support, and enable aggregated resource allocation in a database server. Several performance assessments were conducted on the developed system deployed in Raspberry Pi and Intel NUC PC, which showed acceptable platform resource utilization regarding CPU, bandwidth, and power consumption, with low service, update, and response time requirements. This integrated approach demonstrates an excellent cost-effective prospect for interoperable Machine-to-Machine (M2M) communication, enables remote process supervision, and offers aggregated bulk data management with wider domains.

Vulnerability assessment of data transmission protocols in information systems

During the period of rapid digitalization of society, modern technologies have become firmly established in many areas of the economy. Modern enterprises do not conduct business activity without modern means of digital communications, which allow the exchange of information both between the objects of the enterprise and the transmission of data to users outside the external perimeter of the enterprise network. The enterprise infrastructure may have information vulnerabilities that attackers use to intercept data, attack enterprise systems, or to attack the devices of system users. Such attacks can lead to hardware failures, service failures, software errors, data loss, etc. According to statistics from Positive Technologies in 2021, 33 % of Russian companies were exposed to cyberattacks using the vulnerability of the company's data transmission protocols, and 55 % of major global companies have serious vulnerabilities in the perimeter of the system. This article discusses the most common data transmission protocols that are used in automated process control systems. Types of vulnerabilities of protocols of various levels of the OSI model are given. The mechanisms of vulnerability implementation and methods of analyzing enterprise network traffic are considered. The statistics of impacts on data transmission protocols in various industries of their use, as well as statistics on violations of information security regulations in companies are provided. The article is based on the task of determining the signs of impacts and assessing the security of protocols in order to further develop solutions for measures to counteract the impact on the system of companies.

Doppler Mitigation Method Aided by Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces for High-Speed Channels

Reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) is an attractive solution to smart radio environment, which has a promising potential to mitigate Doppler effect for mobile channels. In this letter, we present a Doppler mitigation method assisted by RIS for high-speed scenarios, including the design of transmission protocol and the phase control of RIS pattern. The transmission protocol is an enhanced version of a two-stage protocol. A two-phase training sequence is introduced in the first stage, to decouple the estimates of direct and cascaded channels and simplify the training matrix for LS estimation. Training overheads are reduced in the second stage to improve the data rate. In addition, the real-time control matrix of the RIS pattern is provided for Doppler mitigation. Numerical simulations show that the presented method can effectively mitigate Doppler shift, and improve the achievable rate to be 1.82-fold.

A Low-Power Distributed Visual Sensor Network for Real-Time Barcode Localization and Identification.

A novel low-power distributed Visual Sensor Network (VSN) system is proposed, which performs real-time collaborative barcode localization, tracking, and robust identification. Due to a dynamic triggering mechanism and efficient transmission protocols, communication is organized amongst the nodes themselves rather than being orchestrated by a single sink node, achieving lower congestion and significantly reducing the vulnerability of the overall system. Specifically, early detection of the moving barcode is achieved through a dynamic triggering mechanism. A hierarchical transmission protocol is designed, within which different communication protocols are used, depending on the type of data exchanged among nodes. Real-Time Transport Protocol (RTP) is employed for video communication, while the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and Long Range (LoRa) protocol are used for passing messages amongst the nodes in the VSN. Through an extensive experimental evaluation, we demonstrate that the proposed distributed VSN brings substantial advantages in terms of accuracy, power savings, and time complexity compared to an equivalent system performing centralized processing.

Tele-Operation Systems for Robotic Arm Manipulator using IoT

The is paper has style and development of a robotic arm manipulator victimisation net of things with low value. Tele-robotics refers to regulate a mechanism from an overseas finish. The robotic arm has controlled by wirelessly is incredibly useful for broad vary of applications that starting from medical fields, automations in industries. With the recognition and widespread use of net, it becomes a straight forward task for anyone to regulate and monitor the robots from an overseas finish. During this project, a robotic arm is meant to be controlled by a licensed person at any time and from anywhere victimisation the online technology. With an internet server, it becomes simple to regulate devices from an overseas web site. The net based mostly robotic Tele-operations realize nice utility in applications that are dangerous, hostile, and inaccessible to humans and areas of labor no matter geographical locations. Thanks to the growing awareness, technological support, knowledge transmission protocols, easy use and low value the net has well-tried to be the foremost appropriate infrastructure for worldwide access and knowledge exchange.

Symbiotic Communications: Where Marconi Meets Darwin

With the proliferation of wireless applications, the electromagnetic (EM) space is becoming more and more crowded and complex. This makes it a challenging task to accommodate the growing number of radio systems with limited radio resources. In this article, by considering the EM space as a radio ecosystem, and leveraging the analogy to the natural ecosystem in biology, a novel symbiotic communication (SC) paradigm is proposed through which the relevant radio systems, called symbiotic radios (SRs), in a radio ecosystem form a symbiotic relationship (e.g., mutualistic symbiosis) through intelligent resource/service exchange. Radio resources include, for example, spectrum, energy, and infrastructure, while typical radio services are communicating, relaying, and computing. The symbiotic relationship can be realized via either symbiotic coevolution or symbiotic synthesis. In symbiotic coevolution, each SR is empowered with an evolutionary cycle alongside the multi-agent learning, while in symbiotic synthesis, the SRs ingeniously optimize their operating parameters and transmission protocols by solving a multi-objective optimization problem. Promisingly, the proposed SC paradigm breaks the boundary of radio systems, thus providing us with a fresh perspective on radio resource management and new guidelines to design future wireless communication systems.

Research on Adaptive Transmission Protocol of TT&C of Launch Vehicle Based on TDRSS

The application of TDRSS in TT&C of launch vehicle can improve the coverage and transmission rate of TT&C link. But the transmission protocol based on fixed transmission rate can not ensure the stable TT&C link based on TDRSS. The adaptive transmission protocol proposed in this paper can adjust the transmission rate according to the real-time transmission status during the whole flight. According to the different types of rocket-borne subscriber terminals, the open loop adaptive transmission protocol and closed loop adaptive transmission protocol are designed, which can both keep the stable transmission and improve the transmission efficiency.

A java servlet based transaction broker for internet of things edge device communications

Internet of things (IoT) technology is growing exponentially in almost every sphere of life. IoT offers several innovation capabilities and features, but they are also prone to security vulnerabilities and risks. These vulnerabilities must be studied to protect these technologies from being exploited by others. Cryptography techniques and approaches are commonly used to address and deal with security vulnerabilities. In general, the message queuing telemetry transport (MQTT) is an application layer protocol vulnerable to various known and unknown security issues. One possible solution is to introduce an encryption algorithm into the MQTT communication protocol for secure transmission. This study aims to solve the security problem of IoT traffic by using a secure and lightweight communication proxy. The strategy behind this communication broker acts as a network gateway providing secure transaction keys to all IoT nodes in the network. This task uses a java servlet and elliptic curve cryptography (ECC) algorithm to generate identity encryption keys in a component-based web transaction infrastructure. This approach encrypts the data before it is sent via the MQTT protocol to secure the communication channel and raise the security device and network transactions.

Robust Transmission for Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface Aided Millimeter Wave Vehicular Communications With Statistical CSI

The integration of reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) into millimeter wave (mmWave) vehicular communications offers the possibility to unleash the potential of future proliferating vehicular applications. However, the high-mobility-induced rapidly varying channel state information (CSI) has been making it challenging to obtain the accurate instantaneous CSI (I-CSI) and to cope with the incurable high signaling overhead. The situation may become worse when the RIS with a large number of passive reflecting elements is deployed. To overcome this challenge, we investigate in this paper a robust transmission scheme for the time-varying RIS-aided mmWave vehicular communications, in which, specifically, a multi-antenna base station (BS) serves vehicle user equipments (VUEs) with the help of RIS at the mmWave frequency. The uplink average achievable rate is maximized relying only upon the imperfect knowledge of statistical CSI. Considering the time-varying characteristics, we first propose an effective transmission protocol by reasonably configuring the time-scale of CSI acquisition in order to significantly relax the frequency of channel information updates, which constitutes one of the most critical issues in RIS-aided vehicular communications. Then, the formulated resource allocation problem is discussed in the single- and multi-VUE case, respectively. To be specific, for the single-VUE case, a closed-form expression of the average rate is derived by extracting the statistical characteristics of mmWave channels, and an alternating optimization (AO)-based algorithm is proposed. For the multi-VUE case, we develop an efficient algorithm, called JAPMC, to circumvent the unavailability of the closed-form of the objective function and probabilistic constraint by constructing quadratic surrogates of that. Simulation results confirm the effectiveness and robustness of our proposed algorithms as compared to benchmark schemes.

Stochastic event-based LQG control: An analysis on strict consistency

This paper studies the discrete-time linear–quadratic-Gaussian problem under partial-information-based sensors and event-based transmissions. By constructing a special form of stochastic event-based protocols, the optimal control policy is obtained, which minimizes an average quadratic cost function under a fixed transmission protocol. Then, analytical expressions of the corresponding transmission and control performance are derived. To evaluate the efficiency of event-based protocols, the concept of strict consistency is introduced, which requires that the control performance of event-based protocols be strictly better than that of the periodic protocol under the same transmission rate. Based on the obtained analytical expressions, the strict consistency is proved by showing that the periodic protocol corresponds to a local maximum point in the design space of parameters. To further improve the control performance of stochastic event-based protocols, an iterative parameter design algorithm (with finite iterations) is proposed for ensuring a strict reduction in cost functions after each iteration. Finally, numerical simulations are provided to illustrate the theoretical results.

Wearable Device for Observation of Physical Activity with the Purpose of Patient Monitoring Due to COVID-19

In late 2019, a new genre of coronavirus (COVID-19) was first identified in humans in Wuhan, China. In addition to this, COVID-19 spreads through droplets, so quarantine is necessary to halt the spread and to recover physically. This modern urgency creates a critical challenge for the latest technologies to detect and monitor potential patients of this new disease. In this vein, the Internet of Things (IoT) contributes to solving such problems. This paper proposed a wearable device that utilizes real-time monitoring to detect body temperature and ambient conditions. Moreover, the system automatically alerts the concerned person using this device. The alert is transmitted when the body exceeds the allowed temperature threshold. To achieve this, we developed an algorithm that detects physical exercise named “Continuous Displacement Algorithm” based on an accelerometer to see whether a potential temperature rise can be attributed to physical activity. The people responsible for the person in quarantine can then connect via nRF Connect or a similar central application to acquire an accurate picture of the person’s condition. This experiment included an Arduino Nano BLE 33 Sense which contains several other sensors like a 9-axis IMU, several types of temperature, and ambient and other sensors equipped. This device successfully managed to measure wrist temperature at all states, ranging from 32 °C initially to 39 °C, providing better battery autonomy than other similar devices, lasting over 12 h, with fast charging capabilities (500 mA), and utilizing the BLE 5.0 protocol for data wireless data transmission and low power consumption. Furthermore, a 1D Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) was employed to classify whether the user is feverish while considering the physical activity status. The results obtained from the 1D CNN illustrated the manner in which it can be leveraged to acquire insight regarding the health of the users in the setting of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Approbation of the stochastic group virus protection model

The article discusses the implementation in Java of the stochastic collaborative virus defense model developed within the framework of the Distributed Object-Based Stochastic Hybrid Systems (DOBSHS) model and its analysis. The goal of the work is to test the model in conditions close to the real world on the way to introducing its use in the practical environment. We propose a method of translating a system specification in the SHYMaude language, intended for the specification and analysis of DOBSHS models in the rewriting logic framework, into the corresponding Java implementation. The resulting Java system is deployed on virtual machines, the virus and the group virus alert system are modeled stochastically. To analyze the system we use several metrics, such as the saturation time of the virus propagation, the proportion of infected nodes upon reaching saturation and the maximal virus propagation speed. We use Monte Carlo method with the computation of confidence intervals to obtain estimates of the selected metrics. We perform analysis on the basis of the sigmoid virus propagation graph over time in the presence of the defense system. We implemented two versions of the system using two protocols for transmitting messages between nodes, TCP/IP and UDP. We measured the influence of the protocol type and the associated costs on the defense system effectiveness. To assess the potential of cost reduction associated with the use of different message transmission protocols, we performed analysis of the original DOBSHS model modified to model message transmission delays. We measured the influence of other model parameters important for the next steps towards the practical use of the model. To address the system scalability, we propose a hierarchical approach to the system design to make possible its use with a large number of nodes.

Energy sensing streaming media data transmission protocol based on implicit Markov algorithm in WSNs

Streaming media transmission protocols can be divided into traditional streaming media push protocol and streaming media pull protocol. Traditional streaming media push protocols such as RTP, whose server determines the channel state according to the RTP feedback from the client, and then decides to send data packets suitable for the current channel state. The pull protocol of streaming media sends data packets according to the content of the client when the transmission rate meets the requirement on the contrary. Streaming media pull protocol greatly reduces the complexity of servers in streaming media transmission technology; it can also support the application of different adaptive algorithms in the transmission process compared with the traditional universal server transmission algorithm mechanism. Therefore, this kind of pull protocol cannot only improve the quality of service of streaming media transmission, but also meet the requirements of different channel states and different clients.