Transmission Protocol Research Articles

6G-oriented ultra-wideband fiber-THz-fiber seamless converged communication system: architecture, key techniques and verification

Terahertz (THz) communication is widely regarded as a key component of the future 6G mobile communication system. This paper proposes a novel ultra-wideband fiber-THz-fiber seamless converged real-time architecture that fully exploits the commercially mature digital coherent optical module (DCO) to realize ultra-high capacity THz real-time wireless communication by conducting a comparative analysis for some of the main existing technical routes of THz up- and down-conversion in THz wireless communication systems. (1) The proposed architecture employs the techniques of dual-polarization photonic up-conversion for THz generation and hybrid optoelectronic down-conversion for THz reception, respectively, to enable seamless integration of optical fiber and THz communications. (2) Due to the limited bandwidth of the optoelectronic devices, multi-dimensional modulation techniques are adopted for ultra-wideband terahertz signals to improve the spectral efficiency and transmission capacity. (3) An intelligent nonlinear joint compensation technique based on deep neural network (DNN) is proposed, which can effectively improve the signal-to-noise ratio of the time-varying hybrid fiber-THz-fiber channel. Based on the above-mentioned investigations, we for the first time realize the photonics-aided record-high 100/200 GbE real-time THz wireless transmission at 360 (∼) 430 GHz band, with a capacity of 10 to 20 times that of 5G. The proposed fiber-THz-fiber architecture can realize the smooth conversion between high-speed THz signal and lightwave signal. Furthermore, the architecture can significantly reduce research complexity and development costs and thus greatly accelerate the commercialization of 6G THz technology by highly reusing commercial DCO modules, which is compatible with the physical layer transmission protocols such as IEEE 802.3 and ITU-T G.798. Finally, this paper discusses some potential research and development directions for higher-capacity, longer-distance, and more-integrated fiber-THz-fiber seamless communication.

КОНЦЕПЦИЯ МЕДИЦИНСКОЙ ИНФОРМАЦИОННОЙ СИСТЕМЫ ДЛЯ РЕШЕНИЯ ЗАДАЧ ДИАГНОСТИКИ ЗАБОЛЕВАНИЙ НА ОСНОВЕ ВЕРИФИКАЦИИ ФРАГМЕНТОВ МЕДИЦИНСКИХ БИОЛОГИЧЕСКИХ ОБЪЕКТОВ

This article offers one of the variants of the concept of developing and implementing the synthesisof MIS from the perspective of a systematic approach, which is designed to solve the problems of diagnosingdiseases through the application and development of a methodology for verifying the state offragments of biological objects using computed tomographic images and using statistical parameters forthis (expectation, variance, histogram, coefficient of variation, autocorrelation matrix, correlation coefficient) for quantitative assessment of the conditions of the frontal or maxillary sinus inotolaryngological diseases, chest organs in bronchopulmonary diseases, bone tissues and their identificationin accordance with the class of pathologies in the diagnosis of the patient in automatic mode byradiographic (tomographic) images. A variant of the implementation of MIS for the diagnosis and evaluationof the results of medical research is proposed, built on a modular principle based on the technologiesof Intranet and Internet networks using standard data transmission protocols, audio-video information,graphic information of a medical nature and including a subsystem of technical support, a subsystemof mathematical support, a subsystem of software, a subsystem of information support, a subsystemof organizational support, information security subsystem, subsystem of methodological supportand support. It is pointed out the current state of development of medical diagnostic equipment, theequipment of which medical institutions of the country and its non-operational accessibility to the populationcontributed to and led to the emergence and active development of new directions in the field ofradiation diagnostics, which include: digital and film radiography, computed tomography, magneticresonance imaging. A brief analysis of the implementation of mathematical models of diagnostic methodsimplemented by software for the functioning of the decision support subsystem of the medicalautomated information system is given. Examples of practical implementation of software and informationsupport for verification methods of medical objects in the form of screen forms for workingwith fragments of the object under study and the results of the analysis of radiographic images areshown. This makes it possible to increase the efficiency, accuracy of verification of the state of medicalbiological objects, the reliability of the disease diagnosis process. The scientific novelty, the resultsof the approbation of the material presented in the article at international, All-Russian conferences,scientific journals are shown.

Performance improvement of licklider transmission protocol in complex deep space networks based on parameter optimization

A reasonable parameter configuration helps improve the data transmission performance of the Licklider Transmission Protocol (LTP). Previous research has focused mainly on parameter optimization for LTP in simplified scenarios with one to two hops or multihop scenarios with a custody mechanism of the Bundle Protocol (BP). However, the research results are not applicable to communications in Complex Deep Space Networks (CDSNs) without the custody mechanism of BP that are more suitable for deep space communications with LTP. In this paper, we propose a model of file delivery time for LTP in CDSNs. Based on the model, we propose a Parameter Optimization Design Algorithm for LTP (LTP-PODA) of configuring reasonable parameters for LTP. The results show that the accuracy of the proposed model is at least 6.47% higher than that of the previously established models based on simple scenarios, and the proposed model is more suitable for CDSNs. Moreover, the LTP parameters are optimized by the LTP-PODA algorithm to obtain an optimization plan. Configuring the optimization plan for LTP improves the protocol transmission performance by at least 18.77% compared with configuring the other parameter configuration plans.

Research on distributed service framework of international trade platform based on fuzzy clustering algorithm

How to maintain the smooth operation of the international trade platform when the business is busy is a problem that needs to be solved at present. In this regard, after retaining the main functions of Dubbo, the article obtains the DubboFly distributed service framework through re-layered design and improvement of relevant core technologies. Among them, various improvement methods such as RMIx transmission protocol and BDFCM algorithm are involved. And apply DubboFly framework to international trade platform. Relevant application effects show that, compared with the other six combination schemes, the combination scheme including the RMIx transmission protocol 7. Under the single consumer end, the overall time consumption fluctuates slowly, is not easily affected by data files, and is at a low level. The average time for a 1 M file is 2.81 ms/KB; for multiple consumers, the average time is 0.26 ms/KB. And the data clustering error value of Scheme ⑦ decreases to 0.74 with the increase of the number of neighbors, and the difference between the consumption time and the maximum value of Scheme ① and Scheme ② is 24.7 and 18.6%. Compared with the other three algorithms, the BDFCM algorithm has a higher connection rate and a lower failed request rate when the number of concurrent connections is high. When the number of concurrent connections is 4000, the failed request rate is 4%, which is 39% smaller than that of the polling algorithm. The creation time and running time of Javasisst are 164 and 205 ms respectively, while the JDK creation time is at least 12 ms, which is 209 ms less than CGLib; the running time of Javasisst is 205 ms, which is significantly less than the other two dynamic proxy technologies. The DubboFly distributed service framework improves the operation performance of the international trade platform and is conducive to the smooth development of business.

Comparative Analysis of TCP, TCP-Vegas, and SCTP in Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks

Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANET) is a collection of mobiles and smart devices that communicates using wireless links. These types of networks are growing at the lightning speed and are being used at a large scale than ever before because of their high availability and mobility. As the usage of MANET devices increase, the challenges also increase for example the proper delivery of data or information to every mobile node. Traditionally, transmission control protocol (TCP) is used for delivery but it does not fit in all scenarios due to some of its limitations such as network congestion and quick recovery in case of link failure. In this, a comparative analysis of TCP is performed with the stream control transmission protocol (SCTP) and a TCP variant called TCP VEGAS. Several ad hoc scenarios are proposed with varying numbers of mobile nodes, i.e. 11, 21 and 31. The results obtained indicate that SCTP outperforms TCP and VEGAS in throughput. While using SCTP the packet lifetime is also small i.e. 0.19 seconds. The link utilization of SCTP is better than TCP and VEGAS. However, TCP increases its link utilization more than VEGAS for the nodes in MANET of large delay.

Superimposed Pilot Transmission in Cell-Free Massive MIMO With Non-Ideal RF Responses

In this paper, the performance of cell-free massive multiple-input multiple-output (CF-mMIMO) systems under the transceiver non-ideal radio-frequency responses (NI-RF-RPs) that rely on the superimposed pilot (SP) and regular pilot (RP) transmission protocols is investigated. Specifically, the transceiver NI-RF-RPs encapsulate the non-ideal amplitude responses (NI-A-RPs) and non-ideal phase responses (NI-P-RPs) at both access points (APs) and users (UEs). By virtue of a generic RF-RP model, rigorous closed-form expressions of uplink (UL) and downlink (DL) achievable spectral efficiencies (SEs) with different NI-RF-RPs and pilot transmission protocols are respectively derived, which enable us to quantify the impact of the key system parameters, such as the transceiver amplitude (and phase) response variances and the transceiver reciprocity. Numerical results demonstrate that the SP protocol is superior to the RP protocol in terms of the UL and DL SEs, regardless of the presence of the NI-RF-RPs. Besides, the NI-A-RPs have negative effect on both UL and DL SEs, and the DL SE is immune to the transceiver amplitude non-reciprocity. Moreover, from the perspective of the NI-P-RPs, it is shown that the DL SE is only sensitive to the AP NI-P-RPs and whether the AP phase is reciprocal or not will significantly disturb the effect of the NI-P-RPs on the DL SE.

Evaluation of passive network testing techniques in enterprise information systems

At the moment, the use of server devices, web applications, routers, switches, etc. has become widespread in modern information systems. These technologies have quite important advantages in the form of ease of use, a simple and convenient interface, even if their work is carried out through the use of the command line, the possibility of remote work via the Internet, as well as technologies for fast deployment. Quite often, modern technologies also have a large number of problems related to information security, because the development, testing and establishment of data transmission protocols between devices, the formation of the enterprise network architecture is very often carried out in a short time, and the company's resources become available via the Internet for users of both the company and customers, and for intruders. Vulnerabilities of varying degrees allow third parties to steal corporate information, carry out unauthorized data changes, disrupt the availability of enterprise applications, and cause Denial-of-Service problems. Currently, the problem of ensuring the security of infocommunication technologies is very relevant, so, according to, more than 60 % of all detected vulnerabilities relate to applications that use access to an external network. And more than 70 % of companies have critical risks of exploiting vulnerabilities in case of intrusion from the external perimeter of the network. One of the widespread methods of ensuring the security of network devices is the detection of vulnerabilities in order to eliminate them later. In this paper, modern methods and techniques of passive vulnerability detection in network systems are considered and their capabilities are analyzed.

Design of Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface-Aided Cross-Media Communications

A novel reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS)-aided hybrid reflection/transmitter design is proposed for achieving information exchange in cross-media communications. In pursuit of the balance between energy efficiency and low-cost implementations, the cloud-management transmission protocol is adopted in the integrated multi-media system. Specifically, the messages of devices using heterogeneous propagation media, are firstly transmitted to the medium-matched AP, with the aid of the RIS-based dual-hop transmission. After the operation of intermediate frequency conversion, the access point (AP) uploads the received signals to the cloud for further demodulating and decoding process. Based on time division multiple access (TDMA), the cloud is able to distinguish the downlink data transmitted to different devices and transforms them into the input of the RIS controller via the dedicated control channel. Thereby, the RIS can passively reflect the incident carrier back into the original receiver with the exchanged information during the preallocated slots, following the idea of an index modulation-based transmitter. Moreover, the iterative optimization algorithm is utilized for optimizing the RIS phase, transmit rate and time allocation jointly in the delay-constrained cross-media communication model. Our simulation results demonstrate that the proposed RIS-based scheme can improve the end-to-end throughput than that of the AP-based transmission, the equal time allocation, the random and the discrete phase adjustment benchmarks.

Application Research of Virtual Simulation System Based on Visual Tightening

In view of the technical risks involved in the design, for development and manufacturing of visual equipment and smart equipment, factors such as long equipment development cycles were analyzed, and a truly reliable method for constructing a virtual simulation system of a virtual robot was proposed. Through the link based on OPC transmission protocol, the mechatronics MCD platform, the TIA platform, XSplit and Halcon were reorganized, and a virtual simulation system for visually guided robots was constructed for the first time in industrial production. In the real physical prototype experiment, it is recommended to eliminate the real and virtual CCD cameras through an online correction to maximize the effect of distortion. Experimental results prove that the virtual simulation system has high reliability and certain industrial promotion value.

Securing data using deep hiding selected least significant bit and adaptive swarm algorithm

The emphasis on data protection is improved in particular with respect to the transmission protocols utilized. Different research on numerous data protection areas such as authentication, encryption, hiding of data and validation were performed. In addition, a cybersecurity standard, such as IP-SEC, and secure sockets layer (SSL), were introduced to solve privacy infringement problems by applying encryption, authorization and protection to data exchanged and data stored in the cloud. This study suggests a new steganography algorithm, a data protection tool used to conceal massive amounts of data from graphic and statistic attacks in color images. The proposed algorithm is a multi-level steganography modified deep hiding/extracting technique (MDHET), which implements a selected least signified bit (SLSB) for color picture dispersal of the information. In addition, an accurate pixel location randomization feature has been applied. After MDHET, the predicted results will effectively conceal data up to 6 bpp (bit per pixel) with high safety levels by improving the quality of images. In addition, MDHET can be useful for encoding a deep series of images into one in which the testing procedure is carried out using regular reference images used in color image processing and compression analysis from different institutions.

WITHDRAWN: 3D digital system for Clothing Fabric design based on next generation communication network

Firstly, the LTE distributed access process and related resource allocation are carried out. Random access is divided into competitive random access and non competitive random access. The next generation communication network is mainly based on LTE distributed access, LTE access is still mainly used for H2H communication, but when a large number of users suddenly appear, conflicts will occur, resulting in excessive access delay. In this paper, a two-stage transmission protocol is proposed based on the use scenario of 5g digital system. The design and introduction of the data transmission process in the two-stage access and the corresponding next generation communication network system configuration are proposed. This paper discusses and implements this 3D technology system for the first time. This simulation method has the characteristics of high success rate of programming and fast operation, which can provide high reference value in many fields such as product design. However, there are only a few types of clothing fabrics used for 3D printing, the most common are polyester fiber, nylon and so on, because these materials have good textile fiber properties in terms of composition and comfort when printing clothing. At the same time, in addition to the more expensive elastic materials, most of the clothing made of materials have the weakness of poor comfort. Therefore, this paper uses the digital system to solve the problems related to 3D fabric printing. In this study, we mainly focus on the next generation of communication network, combined with the 3D digital system, carry out a lot of data analysis and experiments, and complete the design of 3D digital clothing fabric system.

Smart Grid and wind generators: an overview of cyber threats and vulnerabilities of power supply networks

The subject of this study is the cyber vulnerability of wind generators, as part of the cyberphysical system of intelligent power supply networks, Smart Grid. Wind generators produce electricity for further distribution in the network between «smart» electricity consumers, which often include autonomous power systems in medical institutions, autonomous power supply of homes, charging stations for cars, etc. Wind generators operate in two aspects: in the physical and information space. Thus, a violation of the security of the information flow of a wind generator can affect the physical performance of electricity generation, and disable equipment. The study aims to identify types of cyber threats in the wind generator network based on the analysis of known attack incidents, analysis of the Smart Grid network structure, network devices, protocols, and control mechanisms of a wind generator. The tasks of the work are: review and analyze known cyberattack incidents; review the classification of cyber threats to wind farms; consider the most common methods of attacks on the cyberphysical system of wind farms; consider ways of intrusions into the information flow of the cyberphysical system wind generator; consider resilience mechanisms of wind generators in case of a cyberattack, consider the directions of further research. The methods are a systematic approach that provides a comprehensive study of the problem, quantitative and qualitative analysis of incidents of cyber attacks on wind generators, and methods of attacks. The following results were obtained: 11 large-scale known incidents of cyber attacks on the cyberphysical systems of the energy sector and smart power supply networks were analyzed, and information flow features and structure of the wind generators were considered. Main communication interfaces of the Smart Grid network were reviewed, control mechanisms for the physical parts of the wind generator system such as automatic voltage regulator, and automatic generation control were observed, vulnerable data transmission protocols, DNP3 in particular, were analyzed, possible consequences in the case of a cyber-intrusion into the network were considered. Conclusions: wind farms, as part of the Smart Grid system, are a convenient target for cyberattacks, as the number of potential ways to interfere with the information flow of the cyberphysical system is growing due to an increase in the number of sensors, communication channels in the network. This is especially important for the further development of wind farm security systems, which at the time, are not able to provide high accuracy of intrusion detection into the information flow.

Jarvis: Artificial Intelligence-based Voice Assistant

In this project, we'll create a voice assistant named Jarvis that can open files, conduct web searches, retrieve Wikipedia results, read PDF files, launch applications, and even make jokes and provide you advice. Artificial intelligence based Voice assistants are the working frameworks that can perceive human voice and answer through coordinated voices. The voice assistant will collect audio from the microphone, convert it to text, and send it over GTTS (Google text to speech). The English-language audio file created by the GTTS engine will be played using the play sound module of the Python programming language. We are importing libraries such as "os" for operating system tasks, "speech recognition" for voice command analysis, "pyttsx3" for voice command into text strings, "Time" for fetching the current time and date, "web browser" for web-based tasks on default web browsers, and "SMTP" (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) for email transmission between accounts over the internet.

A TCP Acceleration Algorithm for Aerospace-Ground Service Networks

The transmission of satellite payload data is critical for services provided by aerospace ground networks. To ensure the correctness of data transmission, the TCP data transmission protocol has been used typically. However, the standard TCP congestion control algorithm is incompatible with networks with a long time delay and a large bandwidth, resulting in low throughput and resource waste. This article compares recent studies on TCP-based acceleration algorithms and proposes an acceleration algorithm based on the learning of historical characteristics, such as end-to-end delay and its variation characteristics, the arrival interval of feedback packets (ACK) at the receiving end and its variation characteristics, the degree of data packet reversal and its variation characteristics, delay and jitter caused by the security equipment's deep data inspection, and random packet loss caused by various factors. The proposed algorithm is evaluated and compared with the TCP congestion control algorithms under both laboratory and ground network conditions. Experimental results indicate that the proposed acceleration algorithm is efficient and can significantly increase throughput. Therefore, it has a promising application prospect in high-speed data transmission in aerospace-ground service networks.

An Adaptive Multipath Routing Method Based on Improved GA and Information Entropy

With the development of artificial intelligence technology, some emerging applications (such as computation offloading and digital twin) require higher transmission quantity and quality for wireless sensor networks (WSNs). The increasing amount of data aggravates the imbalance of node energy consumption. In the single-path routing, nodes on the optimal path consume too much energy, which leads to the premature failure of the network. In addition, the transmission protocols based on the acknowledge character (ACK) mechanism ensure the quality of service, but bring additional energy overhead. In this article, an adaptive multipath routing method based on balanced energy consumption (AMRBEC) is proposed for WSNs that significantly reduce energy consumption and prolong network lifetime. We design a new multidimensional fitness function based on the path energy, distance, hops and the lowest energy node, which servers to an improved genetic algorithm (GA) to select the multiple optimal paths. The packet loss rate is predicted by random forest to realize the non-feedback transmission. According to the residual energy and the information entropy of each path, the amount of data transmitted is dynamically adjusted, and the optimal paths are updated to balance the energy consumption of the whole network. A simulation analysis shows that the proposed AMRBEC performs better than other algorithms from the literature by improving the lifetime by 20% and reducing energy consumption by more than 20%.

An Enhanced User Authentication and Key Agreement Scheme for Wireless Sensor Networks Tailored for IoT.

A security protocol for wireless transmission is essential to defend sensitive information from malicious enemies by providing a variety of facilities such as privacy of the user's information, secure session key, associated authentication, and user-repeal facility when a person's authorizations are suddenly disclosed. Singh et al. proposed an improved user authentication and key agreement system for wireless sensor networks (WSNs). Authors are sure that their protocol is secure from various attacks. Here, we find several security pitfalls in their scheme, such as an offline password-guessing attack, failure to protect the session key, and a man-in-the-middle attack. To remove the identified pitfalls found in Singh et al.'s scheme, we design an enhanced authentication scheme for WSNs tailored for IoT. We prove the reliability of our proposed protocol using the real or random (RoR) model. We also evaluate the proposed scheme with the associated schemes and show its superior efficacy as compared to its counterparts.

Research on a Vehicle Authentication and Key Transmission Protocol Based on CPN

With the rapid development of the Internet of Vehicles, the increase in vehicle functional requirements has led to the continuous increase in complex electronic systems, and the in-vehicle network is extremely vulnerable to network attacks. The controller area network (CAN) bus is the most representative in-vehicle bus technology in intra-vehicular networks (IVNs) for its flexibility. Although the current framework to protect the safety of CAN has been proposed, the safety communication mechanism between electronic control units (ECUs) in the vehicle network is still weak. A large number of communication protocols focus on the addition of safety mechanisms, and there is a lack of general protocol formal modeling and security assessment. In addition, many protocols are designed without considering key updates and transmission, ECUs maintenance, etc. In this work, we propose an efficient in-vehicle authentication and key transmission scheme. This scheme is a certificateless framework based on identity cryptography, which can not only ensure the security of the in-vehicle network but also meet the real-time requirements between ECUs. Moreover, this scheme can reduce the complexity of key management for centralized key generators. To evaluate the security of this scheme, we adopt a protocol model detection method based on the combination of the colored Petri net (CPN) and the Dolev–Yao attack model to formally evaluate the proposed protocol. The evaluation results show that the proposed scheme can effectively prevent three types of man-in-the-middle attacks.

RETRACTED: Wang et al. Resource Allocation Algorithm Based on Power Control and Dynamic Transmission Protocol Configuration for HAPS-IMT Integrated System. Electronics 2022, 11, 44

The published article [...]

Research on Data Transaction Security Based on Blockchain

With the increasing value of various kinds of data in the era of big data, the demand of different subjects for data transactions has become more and more urgent. In this paper, a blockchain-based data transaction protection scheme is proposed to realize the secure transaction sharing among data. This paper carries out the following work: by analyzing the existing data transaction models, we find the data security and transaction protection problems, establish a third-party-free data transaction platform using blockchain, protect users’ data security by combining AES and improved homomorphic encryption technology, and upload the encrypted data to the Interplanetary File System (IPFS) for distributed storage. Finally, we use the powerful functions of the IPFS, combined with inadvertent transmission protocol, two-way authentication, zero-knowledge proof, and other security verification for data transactions. The security analysis proves that this scheme has higher security despite the time overhead, and we will continue to optimize the scheme to improve efficiency in the future.

Energy Storage Capacity Planning Method for Improving Offshore Wind Power Consumption

This paper proposes a method of energy storage capacity planning for improving offshore wind power consumption. Firstly, an optimization model of offshore wind power storage capacity planning is established, which takes into account the annual load development demand, the uncertainty of offshore wind power, various types of power sources and line structure. The model aims at the lowest cost of investment, operation and maintenance of the system, and takes lower than a certain abandoned wind level as the strict constraint to obtain two parameters of power capacity and energy capacity of energy storage on the source side. Secondly, taking a coastal power grid as a typical case, the energy storage capacity planning method is verified. Finally, the key factors affecting offshore wind power consumption are summarized, and the sensitivity analysis is carried out from the point of view of the transmission protocol of the transmission lines outside the province and the capacity allocation of the tie lines in the province. This study will be helpful for the planning and operation of the high-proportion of offshore wind energy power systems.