Transmission Protocol Research Articles

An LoRa based WSN for monitoring targeted Audience with Heart Diseases

Health 5.0, health digitization is growing rapidly with the help of Internet of Things (IoT) and Internet of Medical Things (IoMT). The growth in this sector motivated us in learning the loopholes in the advancements. The various communication technologies and strategies are discussed based on the power consumption, speed and range. The LoRa is seen to work on low power, high range with less data transmission. Investigating the fields of Wireless Sensor Network, LoRa is seen as a reliable protocol that can best fit for Wireless sensor Network. The applications based on the capability of the system is reviewed considering the wide scale properties of each component. The best fit processing unit based on cost with the transmission protocols is discussed to give a clear vision on the technologies. Various transmission protocols are reviewed and LoRa is taken ahead in exploring and enhancing the features considering the knowledge gap. The speed of LoRa is simulated using Pothos, and the range is tested on the real ground. The data distribution based on heavy data transmission is discussed. The role of IoT and IoMT in the growth of the sector is visualized as the major contribution is given by the technologies. The Future scope of research in healthcare is concluded motivating the researchers giving a wide range opportunity to work on.

Resilient Control Under Quantization and Denial-of-Service: Codesigning a Deadbeat Controller and Transmission Protocol

This article is concerned with the problem of stabilizing continuous-time linear time-invariant (LTI) systems subject to quantization and denial-of-service (DoS) attacks. In this context, two DoS-induced challenges emerge in the design of resilient encoding schemes, namely, the coupling between encoding strategies of different signals, and the synchronization between the encoder and decoder. These challenges are addressed by a novel proposed structure based on a deadbeat controller as well as a delicate transmission protocol for the input and output channels, and codesigned leveraging the controllability index. When both input and output channels are subject to DoS attacks and quantization, the proposed structure is shown able to decouple the encoding schemes for input, output, and estimated output signals. This property is further corroborated by designing encoding schemes as well as conditions ensuring exponential stability of the closed-loop system. On the other hand, when only the output channel is subject to network attack phenomena, the proposed structure can achieve exponential stabilization without acknowledgment (ACK) signals, in contrast to existing ACK-based results. Finally, a numerical example is given to demonstrate the practical merits of the proposed theoretical and practical approach.

CMT-SCTP and MPTCP Multipath Transport Protocols: A Comprehensive Review

A huge amount of generated data is regularly exploding into the network by the users through smartphones, laptops, tablets, self-configured Internet-of-things (IoT) devices, and machine-to-machine (M2M) communication. In such a situation, satisfying critical quality-of-service (QoS) requirements (e.g., throughput, latency, bandwidth, and reliability) is a large challenge as a vast amount of data travels into the network. Nowadays, strict QoS requirements must be satisfied efficiently in many networked multimedia applications when intelligent multi-homed devices are used. Such devices support the concept of multi-homing. To be precise, they have multiple network interfaces that aim to connect and communicate concurrently with different networking technologies. Therefore, many multipath transport protocols are provided to multi-homed devices, which aim (1) to take advantage of several network paths at the transport layer (Layer-4) and (2) to meet the strict QoS requirements for providing low network latency, higher data rates, and increased reliability. To this end, this survey first presents the challenges/problems for supporting multipath transmission with possible solutions. Then, it reviews recent research efforts related to the concurrent multipath transmission (CMT) protocol and the multipath transmission control protocol (MPTCP). It reviews the latest research efforts by considering (1) how a multipath transport protocol operates (i.e., its functionality); (2) in what type of network; (3) what path characteristics it should consider; and (4) how it addresses various design challenges. Furthermore, it presents some lessons learned and discusses open research issues in multipath transport protocols.

Joint Task Partition and Resource Allocation for Multiuser Cooperative Mobile Edge Computing

Exploiting the idle computation resources distributed at wireless devices (WDs) can enhance the mobile edge computing (MEC) computation performance. This paper studies a multiuser cooperative computing system consisting of one local user and multiple helpers, in which the user solicits multiple nearby WDs acting as helpers for cooperative computing. We design an efficient orthogonal frequency-division multiple access- (OFDMA-) aided three-phase transmission protocol, under which the user’s computation-intensive tasks can be executed in parallel by local computing and offloading. Under this setup, we study the energy consumption minimization problem by optimizing the user’s task partition, jointly with the communication and computation resources allocation for task offloading and results downloading, subject to the user’s computation latency constraint. For the nonconvex problem, we first transform the original problem into a convex one and then use the Lagrange duality method to obtain the globally optimal solution. Compared with other benchmark schemes, numerical results validate the effectiveness of the proposed joint task partition and resource allocation (JTPRA) scheme.

A Secrecy Transmission Protocol with Energy Harvesting for Federated Learning.

In federated learning (FL), model parameters of deep learning are communicated between clients and the central server. To better train deep learning models, the spectrum resource and transmission security need to be guaranteed. Toward this end, we propose a secrecy transmission protocol based on energy harvesting and jammer selection for FL, in which the secondary transmitters can harvest energy from the primary source. Specifically, a secondary transmitter is first selected, which can offer the best transmission performance for the secondary users to access the primary frequency spectrum. Then, another secondary transmitter , which has the best channel for eavesdropping, is also chosen as a friendly jammer to provide secrecy service. Furthermore, we use outage probability (OP) and intercept probability (IP) as metrics to evaluate performance. Meanwhile, we also derive closed-form expressions of OP and IP of primary users and OP of secondary users for the proposed protocol, respectively. We also conduct a theoretical analysis of the optimal secondary transmission selection (OSTS) protocol. Finally, the performance of the proposed protocol is validated through numerical experiments. The results show that the secrecy performance of the proposed protocol is better than the OSTS and OCJS, respectively.

Secure Information Collection and Energy Efficiency in Heterogeneous Sensor Networks Using Machine Learning with the Internet of Things

Regarding the preservation of human life, this is one of the secondary research goals that the WSN strives to achieve. There have been the development and testing of a number of cutting-edge algorithms and protocols, and many more are now in the process of being created. Among the aforementioned methods, clustering is one that is particularly well known for its capacity to lengthen the lifespan of the web. It is also one of the solutions with the lowest possible price. Two strategies have been proposed as a means to extend the life of the WSN, improve its functionality, and maximize its usefulness. The Energy-Aware Ant Colony Optimization (EAACOP) protocol, which is derived from the Time Domain Protocol, was at first devised with the goal of reducing overall power consumption. The mission of EAACOP is to build an energy-efficient group with the highest possible number of nodes, choose the most qualified individual to serve as the group’s head, restrict the amount of space available for intragroup communication, and extend the lifetime of the web as much as feasible. By using the pillar K -means grouping strategy, we are able to generate groups and guarantee that every node is covered to the greatest extent that is practically possible. During TDMA-based MAC protocol data transmission, it is used to determine who would make ideal group leaders and to evaluate the amount of energy that is consumed. The viability of the protocol is shown by simulating it and comparing it with contemporary protocols; the conclusions reached are predicated on QoS performance criteria. Specifically, as compared to older methods, the packet distribution ratio, throughput, and residual energy are raised, while the packet loss ratio, network latency, edge-to-edge delay, and battery power consumption are lowered. This results in an overall improvement.

Information transmission simulation of Internet of things communication nodes under collision free probability equation

Abstract Based on the background of the Internet of Things, this paper proposes a communication node information transmission protocol for wireless network sensors. This method adopts the strategy of alternating listening and sleeping. It can also reflect the overall characteristics of the monitoring range while meeting the real-time requirements. The protocol method proposed in this paper has the characteristics of low energy consumption and no synchronization. The algorithm reserves multi-hop timeslots at one time in the data forwarding direction at the frontier of data transmission. It avoids the delay caused by intermittent transmission of single-packet data on the forwarding path. The simulation results show that the energy efficiency and delay performance are much better than SMAC.

Performance modeling of Licklider transmission protocol (LTP) via proactive transmission of signaling segments in deep‐space network

SummaryDelay‐tolerant networking (DTN) bundle protocol is considered one of the best transmission protocols to be used in space communications by NASA. There are studies that evaluated the performance, measuring the total transfer time of a complete file from sender to receiver, of the DTN protocol via simulation or emulated experiments beyond the real space‐based experiences. In addition, there is a very few additional research works available for the modeling of the Licklider transmission protocol (LTP). However, these past studies on LTP modeling are implemented as a Logarithmic approach that is based on the calculation of loss segments in file delivery. In this work, the approach is investigated in a different manner. Specifically, the performance model was created based on the probability of the segment's successful delivery on the LTP. Moreover, the original model is enhanced via introducing a burst of transfer and equal interval distribution of signaling segments, specifically check point (CP), along with the retransmission time out (RTO). The results from the developed model for the original DTN protocol and enhanced versions align with the results obtained by PC‐based testbeds.

Adaptive secured position based routing protocol for efficient data transmission in Vehicular Adhoc network

Variable number of cars equipped with radio devices allow the driver to exchange messages seamlessly across the network, no matter where they are in relation to each other. Inter-vehicle video transmission is an important feature of the VANET. Foreseeing the development of commercial service, video streaming appears to be a practical answer to a number of expected services. For data transmission in vehicular ad hoc networks, this study examines non-delay-tolerant and delay-tolerant network protocols, respectively.Different performance metric criteria like Packet Loss ratio, Number of Packet delivered, Route Length are evaluated.

A Novel Data Aggregation Mechanism using Reinforcement Learning for Cluster Heads in Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks

Wireless multimedia sensor networks (WMSNs) are getting used in numerous applications nowadays. Many robust energy-efficient routing protocols have been proposed to handle multimedia traffic-intensive data like images and videos in WMSNs. It is a common trend in the literature to facilitate a WMSN with numerous sinks allowing cluster heads (CHs) to distribute the collected data to the adjacent sink node for delivery overhead mitigation. Using multiple sink nodes can be expensive and may incur high complexity in routing. There are many single-sink cluster-based routing protocols for WMSNs that lack in introducing optimal path selection among CHs. As a result, they suffer from transmission and queueing delay due to high data volume. To address these two conflicting issues, we propose a data aggregation mechanism based on reinforcement learning (RL) for CHs (RL-CH) in WMSN. The proposed method can be integrated to any of the cluster-based routing protocol for intelligent data transmission to sink node via cooperative CHs. Proposed RL-CH protocol performs better in terms of energy-efficiency, end-to-end delay, packet delivery ratio, and network lifetime. It gains 17.6% decrease in average end-to-end delay and 7.7% increase in PDR along with a network lifetime increased to 3.2% compared to the evolutionary game-based routing protocol which has been used as baseline.

Transforming Fading Channel From Fast to Slow: Intelligent Refracting Surface Aided High-Mobility Communication

Intelligent reflecting/refracting surface (IRS) has recently emerged as a promising solution to reconfigure wireless propagation environment for enhancing the communication performance by tuning passive signal reflection or refraction. In this paper, we study a new IRS-aided high-mobility communication system by employing the intelligent <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">refracting</i> surface with a high-speed vehicle to aid its passenger’s communication with a remote base station (BS). Due to the environment’s random scattering and vehicle’s high mobility, a rapidly time-varying channel is typically resulted between the static BS and fast-moving IRS/user, which renders the channel estimation for IRS with a large number of passive refracting elements more challenging, as compared to that for the conventional slow fading IRS channels with low-mobility users. In order to reap the high IRS passive beamforming gain with low channel training overhead, we propose a new and efficient two-stage transmission protocol to achieve both IRS channel estimation and refraction optimization for data transmission. Specifically, by exploiting the quasi-static channel between the IRS and user both moving at the same high speed as well as the line-of-sight (LoS) dominant channel between the BS and IRS, the user first estimates the LoS component of the cascaded BS-IRS-user channel in Stage I, based on which IRS passive refraction is designed to maximize the corresponding IRS-refracted channel gain. Then, the user estimates the resultant IRS-refracted channel as well as the non-IRS-refracted channel in Stage II for setting an additional common phase shift at all IRS refracting elements so as to align these two channels for maximizing the overall channel gain for data transmission. Simulation results show that the proposed design can efficiently achieve the full IRS passive beamforming gain in the high-mobility communication scenario, which also converts the overall BS-user channel from fast to slow fading for more reliable transmission. The proposed on-vehicle IRS system is further compared with a baseline scheme of deploying fixed IRSs (intelligent reflecting surfaces) on the roadside to assist high-speed vehicular communications, which achieves significant rate improvement due to its greatly saved channel training time.

Empowering Base Stations With Co-Site Intelligent Reflecting Surfaces: User Association, Channel Estimation and Reflection Optimization

Intelligent reflecting surface (IRS) has emerged as a promising technique to enhance wireless communication performance cost-effectively. The existing literature has mainly considered IRS being deployed near user terminals to improve their performance. However, this approach may incur a high cost if IRSs need to be densely deployed in the network to cater to random user locations. To avoid such high deployment cost, in this paper we consider a new IRS aided wireless network architecture, where IRSs are deployed in the vicinity of each base station (BS) to assist in its communications with distributed users regardless of their locations. Besides significantly enhancing IRSs’ signal coverage, this scheme helps reduce the IRS-associated channel estimation overhead as compared to conventional user-side IRSs, by exploiting the nearly static BS-IRS channels over short distance. For this scheme, we propose a new two-stage transmission protocol to achieve IRS channel estimation and reflection optimization for uplink data transmission efficiently. In addition, we propose effective methods for solving the user-IRS association problem based on long-term/statistical channel knowledge and the selected user-IRS-BS cascaded channel estimation problem. Finally, all IRSs’ passive reflections are jointly optimized with the BS’s multi-antenna receive combining to maximize the minimum achievable rate among all users for data transmission. Numerical results show that the proposed co-site-IRS empowered BS scheme can achieve significant performance gains over the conventional BS without co-site IRS and existing schemes for IRS channel estimation and reflection optimization, thus enabling an appealing low-cost and high-performance BS design for future wireless networks.

Weighted Sum-Rate of Intelligent Reflecting Surface Aided Multiuser Downlink Transmission With Statistical CSI

Intelligent reflecting surface (IRS) is a newly emerged technology that can increase the energy and spectral efficiency of wireless communication systems. This paper considers an IRS-aided multi-user multiple-input single-output (MISO) communication system, and presents a detailed analysis and optimization framework for the weighted sum-rate (WSR) of the downlink transmission over Rician fading channels. Unlike most of the prior works where the active beamformer at the base station (BS) and passive beamformer at the IRS are jointly designed based on the instantaneous channel state information (CSI), this paper proposes a low-complexity transmission protocol where the IRS passive beamforming and BS power allocation coefficient vector are optimized in the large timescale based on the statistical CSI, and the BS transmit beamforming is designed in the small timescale based on only the instantaneous CSI of the effective BS-user channels. Therefore, the channel training overhead in each channel coherence interval under our proposed protocol is independent of the number of IRS reflecting elements, which is in sharp contrast to most of the prior works. By considering maximum-ratio transmit beamforming at the BS, we derive a lower bound of the ergodic WSR in closed-form. Then, we propose an efficient algorithm to jointly optimize the IRS passive beamforming and BS power allocation coefficient vector for maximizing the ergodic WSR lower bound. Numerical results validate the tightness of our derived WSR bound and show that the proposed scheme outperforms various existing schemes in terms of complexity or capacity performance.

Age-Oriented Transmission Protocol Design in Space-Air-Ground Integrated Networks

In this paper, we study the age-oriented hybrid automatic repeat request (HARQ) protocol design in space-air-ground integrated networks (SAGINs) scenarios. A real-time communication system, where the updates are delivered from the remote nodes to terrestrial devices, is formulated. As the end-to-end latency <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$D$ </tex-math></inline-formula> is nontrivial, the traditional HARQ with frequent feedbacks is not always beneficial to timely transmission. Intuitively, there is a threshold <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$D^{*}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> of <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$D$ </tex-math></inline-formula> , only within which retransmission is advantageous to age. Inspired by this, we formulate an age-optimal redundancy allocation problem and derive the explicit expression of <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$D^{*}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> for advantageous retransmissions. Besides, to further increase the timeliness of the system, we propose a fast incremental redundancy hybrid ARQ protocol (fast IR-HARQ), where successive decoding and feedback operations are omitted based on channel estimation. Considering the shadowed Rician fading channel and finite blocklength regime, we derive expressions of the average age for the standard IR-HARQ and fast IR-HARQ setups. As expected, the proposed fast IR-HARQ scheme reduces the average age significantly compared with the IR-HARQ strategy. Further, we evaluate the influence of different parameters on the age performance of the fast IR-HARQ scheme. The results demonstrate the superiority of the proposed fast IR-HARQ protocol without loss of reliability.

Design and Implementation of Low-Cost Distributed Tabletop Magnetic Particle Imaging System

Magnetic particle imaging (MPI) is a novel tomography model that mainly benefits from the nonlinear magnetization response of magnetic nanoparticles under a dramatically changing magnetic field. Low-cost and compact system construction is beneficial to the application of education, biomedical research, preclinical and clinical medicine. Conversely, many aspects of the production cost, infrastructure requirements, and distributed measurements can be prohibitively expensive for them. In this article, a low-cost, compact tabletop MPI scanner based on a field-programmable gate array (FPGA) framework with an Advanced RISC Machine (ARM) cores was proposed to address these issues. First, the proposed low-cost MPI scanner was realized by substituting discrete elements, which is affordable to cover the most economically underdeveloped regions. Besides, the ARM cores embedded in the FPGA framework which has the inherent advantages of low-power operation, are exploited to execute high-power real-time data transmission tasks instead of conventional X86. And a customized tabletop MPI system was constructed via the proposed architecture for advanced distributed MPI research. Simulative vessel experiments with commercial superparamagnetic nanoparticles (SPIONs) have been performed in the proposed system by vessel phantoms. The experimental images showed that the proposed system could achieved an image resolution of approximately 2 mm, which can distinguish spatial locations of brain veins (2–4 mm in diameter). Moreover, the experiment of distributed transmission showed that the proposed system could perform the collection and transmission of distributed particle signals based on the inherent user datagram protocol (UDP) network transmission protocol with an average round trip time (RTT) of 28.044 ms. Hence, the proposed system has the potential to apply the network cloud to get distributed biomedical information for remote education or diagnosis.

Dynamic event-based sliding mode security control for singular Semi-Markov jump LPV systems against deception attacks

In this paper, we preliminarily propose the dissipative sliding mode control (SMC) scheme for polyhedral singular semi-Markov jump linear parameter varying (SS-MJLPV) systems considering deception attacks between the sensor and controller. The main feature of this scheme is that a novel developed parameter dependent integral-type SMC law follows the changes of the system. Note that the mode of the sliding mode controller is not synchronized with the system mode, and the transition rates (TRs) of the system are assumed to be unknown. Moreover, we extend the previous work concerning the static event-triggered transmission protocol (ETP) to the dynamic one, in which the triggering threshold is dynamically updated via the internal-dynamic-variable. Finally, a DC-motor model is presented to illustrate the correctness of the developed results.

Device models and technologies of data transmission and processing in the internet of things networks

The subject of research is the analysis and definition of the information model of devices, the choice of technologies and protocols for data collection and analysis, routing protocols for the Internet of Things (IoT) networks. The purpose of the article is to create an information model of IoT devices, to define technologies and protocols for data transmission and processing and routing in Internet of Things systems. Building an information model of an IoT device includes identifying data sources and their formats, creating a model and data structure, and analyzing them using tools such as: Eclipse Vorto ThingBoard, Ubodots IoT, Node-Red-UI, freeboard.io . An example of a description of a model of microclimate control devices using the Eclipse Vorto toolkit is given. Two main data processing technologies from IoT devices are considered: IBM Watson IoT, Cisco IWF with examples of their application. Radio frequency, infrared, optical and galvanic technologies for interaction between data collection and data transmission devices in IoT networks with examples of their use are discussed. The areas of application of three main IoT network protocols are considered: MQTT (large corporate networks), CoAP (limited networks on the Internet), Bluetooth Low Energy (local networks without the Internet with a small amount of data).Wi-Fi WebSockets, ZigBee, LoRA, Simple RF, XMPP, RFID, NFC can be used as additional protocols for networks. The features of using routing protocols in IoT networks are discussed: RPL (low power consumption), cognitive RPL (for intelligent networks), CARP (for underwater communication networks), E-CARP (for data reuse).

Double discrete‐time‐switch protocol for SWIPT at the energy harvesting relays: Protocol design and optimization

Here, the energy harvesting (EH) relaying node which needs to complete the simultaneous wireless information and power transfer (SWIPT) is considered. The EH relaying node uses the EH technique to get the energy supply and uses the directional transmission to improve the performance of SWIPT. The double discrete-time-switch (D-DTS) based energy harvesting–power transfer–information transmission (EH–PT–IT) protocol is designed. One of the discrete-time-switch (DTS) controls the receiver of the EH relaying node and the other controls the transmitter. The performance is analysed by considering the average information rate and the average transferred power. The expressions of the average information rate and the average transferred power are derived analytically. The balanced maximization is considered, and the optimal parameters are obtained analytically. The simulations are presented to verify the analytical results and compare the performance. Comparing with previous works, the SWIPT performance using D-DTS protocol in this work is better.

A Novel Routing Algorithm with Bernoulli Sampling-based Link Quality Estimation in Wireless Sensor Networks

Link quality is important and can greatly affect the performance of wireless transmission algorithms and protocols. Currently, researchers have proposed a variety of approaches to implement link quality estimation. However, the estimated result of link quality is not accurate enough and the error is large, so they may lead to the failure of routing algorithm and protocol. In this paper, a novel method is proposed to achieve the more accurate estimation of link quality than before. This method employs Bernoulli sampling-based algorithm to complete the estimation of link quality. The problem is modeled as calculation of estimators based on Bernoulli sampling data. The authors further prove that the calculation results are accurate by probability theory. Furthermore, according to link quality estimation, the authors also provide a centralized routing algorithm and a distributed improvement algorithm in order to switch the data transmission on the better quality link. Finally, the extensive experiment results indicate that the proposed methods obtain high performance in terms of energy consumption and accuracy.

Application Analysis of 5G Intelligent Communication Technologies in the Field of Sports Distance Education.

China has entered a new fifth-generation (5G) technological period, college students are relatively fast to absorb new things, and conventional teaching methods are incapable of properly stimulating students' interest in sporting activities. As a result, the 5G integrated teaching paradigm, which is based on communication technology, is an unavoidable reform of sports remote education. For a long time, technology and sports have been inextricably linked. However, new possibilities on the Internet are fast developing, resulting in massive volumes of data. In this paper, we propose a novel 5G framework for efficient sports distance education. Initially, the sports dataset is preprocessed using normalization, and the features are extracted using Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Following feature selection, a Hierarchical Multiscale Convolutional Neural Network (HM-CNN) is used to categorize and initialize the 5G utilizing the Enhanced Transfer Control Protocol (E-TCP) for efficient data transmission. The Elevated Ant Colony Optimization Algorithm improves the performance of the suggested system even more (EACO). The experimental results indicate that 5G integrated education reform based on communication technology may successfully enhance the number of college students' sports population.