Cucumber Extract Research Articles

Lethality Test of Some Varieties of Sea Cucumber Extract Against Artemia Salina, as Natural Food Additive in Meat-Based Functional Food

Abstract
 Cancer is the main cause of death in the world with the number of sufferers in 2008 as many as 12.7 million with a death rate of 7.6 million people. In Indonesia, it is estimated that there are more than 1 million cancer patients in 2010. One of the ways to prevent cancer is primary prevention by adjusting the pattern and type of food consumed. Functional food introduced by bioactive components from sea cucumbers is an alternative for cancer prevention. The specific objective of this research was to produce meat-based functional foods containing anti-cancer compounds derived from sea cucumbers that can prevent cancer. The preliminary tests conducted were the sea cucumber extract lethality test against Artemia salina, namely the Brine Shrimp Lethality Test (BSLT), and the total bacteria of beef meatballs. The results of the observation of the lathality of sea cucumber extract against Artemia salina and total bacteria of the meatball showed that the sea cucumber extract had high lathality against Artemia salina and was able to reduce the total bacteria in meatballs during storage period. The lathality of sea cucumber extract was strongly influenced or stimulated by heating treatment. Based on the BSLT test, of the five types of sea cucumbers, two of them (Holothuria similis and Pearsonothuria graeffei) have high lathality. Sea cucumber extract was also able to inhibit both bacterial and fungal growth in meatballs during storage at room temperature.
 Keywords: Beef Meatballs, Total Bacteria, Sea Cucumber, BSLT.

The Effect of The Cucumber Consumption To The Level of Sodium Potassium in Mus Muscullus’s Urine Production

Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.). was known for lowering blood pressure agents. Some researches show that Cucumber had a similar mechanism with a loop diuretic (Furosemide), exceeding sodium and potassium excretion. However, a part of Cucumber that gives a better effect on managing water and sodium balance remains unknown. This study was to explain the differences potential diuretic among parts of Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.). This study was using a post-test only control group designed in animals. There were 44 male Mus musculus tested in this study. All of the animal testings was divided into 9 different treatment groups and 2 control groups. All Mus musculus got 1 mL methanol extract of Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) according to their group. The animal testing was put on metabolic cage to measure urine volume for 24 hours. The flesh and rind part of Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) showed a similar result with furosemide as diuretics agents. However, whole part of the fruit of Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) (flesh, rind, and seed) showed as natriuretic dan kaliuretic, Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) has a similar potential diuretic with Furosemide. Even in low concentrations of Cucumber extract, it led to having a potential diuretic, with natriuretic and kaliuretic effects in the whole part of the fruit. This could be suggested to people with chronic kidney diseases to prevent hyperkalemia.

GC-MS analysis and antibacterial activity of the Sea cucumber (<em>Muelleria lecanora</em>) extract

Sea cucumbers are marine invertebrates commonly found in benthic areas and deep seas. On a global scale, they have a high commercial value with an increased level of production and trade. This study aims to analyze the bioactive compound in Sea cucumber (Muelleria lecanora) using the Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction Method (UAE) and Gas Chromatography- MassSpectrometry (GC-MS). Furthermore, it identifies the antibacterial activityin microorganisms Salmonella, Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus aureus. The bioactive compounds were extracted using methanol, acetone, and n-hexane solvent and were separated by ultrasound-assisted extraction. In the initial stage, phytochemicals were screened using Gas Chromatography-MassSpectrometry (GC-MS). Disc diffusion method was then used to determine theantibacterial activity against Salmonella, Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli. The results showed that methanol extract is more suitable for extracting bioactive compounds of Muelleria lecanora than acetone and n-hexane. Meanwhile, acetone solvents are more suitable for the production of flavonoid and steroid compounds than Mulleria lecanora samples. Heneicosane compounds that function as a new antiproliferative for inhibition of tumor and cancerous cells are produced from n-hexane. The antibacterial activity of acetone, methanol and n-hexane extract determined by diffusion assay was effective against Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella but ineffective against Escherichia coli. GC-MS results showed that the major constituents obtained were steroid and flavanoid. From this study, Sea cucumber extract can be considered a healthy nutrientin food and pharmaceutical products.

Lethal concentration of Golden Sea Cucumber killed Vibrio cholerae

Introduction: Diarrhea is still a considerable health problem today, especially in developing countries, including Indonesia. One common etiology of diarrhea is Vibrio cholerae, which still causes many problems, such as inappropriate use of antibiotics causes antibiotic resistance. The golden sea cucumber (Stichopus hermanii) has antibacterial potential against Vibrio cholera. This study aims to determine the effect and lethal concentration of golden sea cucumber extract on the growth of Vibrio cholerae bacteria.Methods: This research is an experimental laboratory using the post-test-only control group design method. Dilution is conducted, where six groups are consisting of 4 treatment groups and two control groups. The concentration of the treatment group is 100%, 50%, 25%, and 12.5%, while for positive control using tetracycline and distilled water as a negative control.Results: The results of this study indicate that the extract of golden sea cucumbers can inhibit the growth of Vibrio cholerae bacteria, as evidenced by a dilution test, where the higher the concentration of the golden sea cucumber extract, the more Vibrio cholerae bacteria are inhibited its growth. With a value of p = 0.001. The lethal concentration of golden sea cucumber extract obtained from this study through a dilution test starting from a concentration of 25%.Conclusion: Golden sea cucumber extract (Stichopus hermanii) can inhibit the growth of Vibrio cholerae bacteria through dilution test, regardless of concentration.

Repairing of Renal Tubules in Diabetic Rats (Rattus norvegicus) Diabetes After Administration of Golden Sea Cucumber (Stichopus hermanii)

This study aims to analyze the improvement of the histopathological picture of renal tubules in diabetic rats after being given golden sea cucumber extract (Stichopus hermanii). This research uses experimental design laboratories with a post-test only control group design method. The sampling used simple random sampling with 25 white rats divided into five groups, namely groups that were given standard feed without STZ-induced, STZ-induced group, STZ-induced group and given golden sea cucumber extract at a dose of 4.25 mg/kg BW for 21 days, STZinduced group and given golden sea cucumber extract at a dose of 8.5 mg/kg BW for 21 days, and STZ-induced group and given gold sea cucumber extract at a dose of 12.75 mg/kg BW for 21 days. The data on the observation of each group's kidney histopathology was carried out at the end of the session. The results of the analysis using the Kruskal-Wallis Test showed significant results, the Mann-Whitney Test showed significant differences between the STZinduced group and the golden sea cucumber extract (Stichopus hermanii) dose of 12.75 mg/kg BW (x=7.4 mg/dl) decreased significantly (p=0.001) compared to the STZ-only-induced group (x=12.6 mg/dl). Administration of golden sea cucumber extract (Stichopus hermanii) at a dose of 12.75 mg/kg BW of rats for 21 days lowered the degree of tubular damage to the kidney rectus of white rats (Rattus norvegicus) male streptozotocin-induced strains.

The Effect of Golden Sea Cucumber (StichopusHermanii) Extract on the Healing Process of the White Rat (Rattus Norvegicus) Indicated by Oral Ulcer– A Literature Review

Background Indonesia is a maritime country that is rich in marine resources. There are many marine resources that can be used as herbal medicine. One of them is the golden sea cucumber which is thought to be used as an alternative medicine to speed up the healing process of oral ulcers. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of golden sea cucumber extract (Stichopushermanii) on the wound healing process in rats with oral ulcers.Method This research is a descriptive study with a literature review design. The articles used are articles published in international and national journals in the 2015-2020 period and are indexed by Scopus, Thomson Reuters, Web Science, Scimago and Sinta.Result The results of the scoping article show that there are active compounds in golden sea cucumbers, namely glycosaminoglycans that consist of hyaluronic acid, heparin / heparan sulfate (HP / HS), chondroitin sulfate / dermatan sulfate (CS / DS) and keratin sulfate (KS) which can form proinflammatory cytokines to trigger the emergence of immune defense cells and can bind to growth factors such as FGF2, VEGF, TGF-b, which will provide stimulation to accelerate the angiogenesis process, fibroblast ploriferation, endothelial differentiation, epithelial differentiation so as to accelerate the wound healing process.ConclutionThe conclusion of this study is the golden sea cucumber has the potency to accelerate the wound healing process by increasing fibroblast formation, collagen synthesis, endothelial differentiation and epithelial differentiation.

Cucumber vs Ants: a Case Against the Myth of the Uses of Plant Extracts in Insect Pest Management

An accumulation of questionable scientific reports on the use of natural plant extracts to control household pest insects, using biologically irrelevant experimental designs and extremely high concentrations, has resulted in a publication bias: “promising” studies claiming readily available plants can repel various insects, including social insects, despite no usable data to judge cost-effectiveness or sustainability in a realistic situation. The Internet provides a further torrent of untested claims, generating a background noise of misinformation. An example is the belief that cucumbers are “natural” ant repellent, widely reported in such informal literature, despite no direct evidence for or against this claim. We tested this popular assertion using peel extracts of cucumber and the related bitter melon as olfactory and gustatory repellents against ants. Extracts of both fruit peels in water, methanol, or hexane were statistically significant but effectively weak gustatory repellents. Aqueous cucumber peel extract has a significant but mild olfactory repellent effect: about half of the ants were repelled relative to none in a control. While the myth may have a grain of truth to it, as cucumber does have a mild but detectable effect on ants in an artificial setup, its potential impact on keeping ants out of a treated perimeter would be extremely short-lived and not cost-effective. Superior ant management strategies are currently available. The promotion of “natural” products must be rooted in scientific evidence of a successful and cost-effective implementation prospect.

Studi In Vitro dan In Silico EfektivitasEkstrak Mentimun (Cucumis sativus) dalam Menurunkan Hipertensi

Introduction: Hypertension is one of the major causes of stroke. Stroke can be prevented by controlling hypertension. Cucumber proved to have antihypertensive effect. cucumber contains ficetin compounds that play a role in antihypertensives. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of cucumber extract to controlling hypertension. Methods: The research method used is pre-test and post-test matched control group. The 6 wistar rats were divided into 3 groups consisting of 1 treatment groups and 2 control groups. Group P1 was induced by using ketamine 0.05 ml + epinephrine 0.2 ml + 6 ml cucumber extract, group K (-) induced by ketamine 0.05 ml + epinephrine 0.2 ml without extract, and group K (+) induced by using ketamine 0.05 ml + epinephrine 0.2 ml + captopril 2.5 mg Results The results showed that epinephrine can be used as a hypertensive inducer. cucumber extract as much as 6ml can provide antihypertensive effects. In Vitro test result showed that cucumber extract can reduce blood preassure by an average decrease in blood preassure of 102 mmHg While captopril 25,5 mmHg. Conclusions: in addition to the in vitro test, the results of the in silico test showed that the cucumber extract can significantly reduce blood pressure compared to anti-hypertensive drugs (captopril). the value of fisetin in cucumber is -9.3. and captopril only -5.7.Keywords: Hypertension, cucumber extract, In Silico, In Vitro

Characterization, antioxidant and antibacterial activity of cultivated sea cucumbers from Bali, Indonesia

Sea cucumber is marine commodity widely distributed throughout Indonesian waters, Indonesia exported sea cucumber to Hongkong, Japan, Korea, Singapore, Taiwan, Malaysia and Australia. This study aims to characterize sea cucumber, determine the antioxidant, and antibacterial activity of cultivated sea cucumbers. Sea cucumbers are cultivated in the pond for 12 months, with the weight and size average 160.9 grams, and 15.3 cm at harvest. The sea cucumbers were characterized by measuring their proximate and heavy metals content. The samples were extracted using water at 60°C, 70°C, 80°C, and soxhletation with 70% ethanol. Furthermore, the antibacterial analysis was tested on three bacteria, namely Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, and Escherichia coli and antioxidants were analyzed using the ABTS method. The results showed that the sea cucumber protein content was 78.77%, fat content was 1.66%, and carbohydrate was 3.80%. Heavy metal content of cultivated sea cucumbers, including as 1.12 mg/kg, Pb 0.15 mg/kg, Ni, Hg, and Cd were not detected. Antibacterial test results showed all the extract of sea cucumber could not inhibit the growth of bacteria. The best antioxidant activity was found in dried sea cucumbers extracted using the soxhletation method with IC50 value 62.72 μg/mL.

Influence of the Oil Phase on the Wound Healing Activity of Sea Cucumber Extract-Based Cream Formulations

Sea cucumbers are attractive marine natural sources as they are enriched with functional biomaterials that can contribute in accelerating wound healing. The present study was carried out to prepare cream formulations comprising extract of sea cucumber with different type of oil phase, namely F1 (olive oil), F2 (tea tree oil) and F3 (lemongrass oil) to assess the influence of the oil on the physicochemical properties and the wound healing efficacy of the creams. The formulated creams showed satisfactory physicochemical characteristics such as homogeneity, spreadability, rheology, pH, and showed no evidence of phase separation even when the creams were kept at extreme conditions. The ex vivorelease profile of sea cucumber extract from the formulated creams was determined by using a Franz diffusion cells. F3 demonstrated a constant and yield the highest release percentage of sea cucumber extract, followed by F2 and F1. Topical application of the formulated creams on the excision wound in rats showed a significant wound healing efficacy compared to the control group. Among the creams formulation, F1 demonstrated a significantly higher rate of wound closure compared to F2, F3, and positive control. The wound healing efficacy of the formulated creams were not dependent on the ability of the oils in promoting skin permeation for the release of sea cucumber extract. This study depicted that lemongrass oil acted as a good skin permeation enhancer for the release of sea cucumber extract while olive oil worked in a more synergistic manner with sea cucumber extract in promoting wound healing.

Effects of Golden Sea Cucumber Extract (Stichopus Hermanii) on Fasting Blood Glucose, Plasma Insulin, and MDA Level of Male Rats (Rattus Norvegicus) Induced with Streptozotocin

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is one of disease that its incidence increases every year worldwide. The condition of DM can cause various complications caused by oxidative stress. Stichopus hermanii (SH) or golden sea cucumber extract contains antioxidant compounds that have been proven to reduce oxidative stress conditions. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of Stichopus hermanii extract on condition of diabetes mellitus by looking at changes in fasting blood glucose, plasma insulin, and malondialdehyde levels in animal models of Wistar rats. This study was a laboratory experimental study using Randomized Control Trial Design with Post-test only control group design. Thirty-five male Wistar rats divided into five groups, i.e normal control group, positive control, negative control and two treatment groups with SH extract dose 8.5 and 17 mg / kgBW for 14 days once daily after induction of Streptozotocin at the Biochemistry Laboratory of the Faculty of Medicine, Airlangga University. Fasting blood glucose level was measured by a glucometer, plasma insulin measured by ELISA and MDA level was measured by a spectrophotometer. Data were analyzed statistically by using One Way ANOVA test and Kruskal Wallis. There were significant results of SH extract can reduce fasting blood glucose (Kruskal Wallis, p=0.030) and MDA (Kruskal Wallis, p=0.042) but not in plasma insulin (ANOVA, p=0.130). The lowest MDA level occurs in the K4 group that given SH extract dose 17 mg/kg BW than another experimental group. As the conclusion, this study showed SH extract can decrease fasting blood glucose and oxidative stress in diabetic-induced rats.

Peredaman Radikal DPPH oleh Ekstrak Metanol Spirulina platensis dan Teripang Emas (Stichopus hermanii)

Spirulina platensis dan teripang emas (Stichopus hermanii) merupakan biota laut yang memiliki khasiat bagi kesehatan. Salah satu manfaat S. platensis dan S. hermanii adalah sebagai sumber antioksidan. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah menentukan aktivitas antioksidan ekstrak metanol dan mengidentifikasi kandungan golongan senyawa bioaktif S. platensis asal Jepara, teripang emas asal Flores. Pengukuran aktivitas antioksidan menggunakan radikal DPPH sebagai oksidan. Identifikasi kandungan senyawa bioaktif menggunakan uji fitokimia secara kualitatif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak metanol S. platensis, teripang emas, dan campurannya masing-masing memiliki nilai IC50 sebesar 324,92±4,06 ppm, 2.696,09±329,28 ppm, serta 2.445,80±164,18 ppm. Ekstrak metanol S. platensis mengandung flavonoid, alkaloid, dan steroid sedangkan ekstrak metanol S. hermanii mengandung saponin, alkaloid, dan triterpenoid.

Antibacterial activity of muscle wall extracts of sea cucumber (Stichopus horrens) from Chabahar coastal area, Iran, against pathogenic bacteria in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

ABSTRACT The aim of this research was to evaluate the antibacterial activity of the muscle wall extracts of sea cucumber, Stichopus horrens, against Lactococcus garvieae, Streptococcus iniae, Aeromonas hydrophila, and Yersinia ruckeri bacteria in rainbow trout using the disk-diffusion and well-diffusion methods. In this study, nine sea cucumbers (with the mean weight of 1690 ± 12.18 g) were randomly obtained from two locations in Chabahar Bay, Iran in November 2018. The muscle wall of the body was extracted with each of the ethyl acetate, methanol, and acetone organic solvents. The antibacterial activities of extracts were determined. Only the ethyl acetate extracts of S. horrens in the concentrations at 8 and 12 mg/mL had an inhibitory effect on all the examined bacteria. Y. ruckeri and A .hydrophila bacteria were sensitive to the acetone extracts. The best property was recorded with the S.horrens ethyl acetate extracts, with the MIC value of 0.625 mg/mL against S. iniae and L. garvieae. The MIC values ranging from 0.626 to 1.25 mg/mL were also displayed with the acetone extracts against Y. ruckeri and A. hydrophila, respectively. In conclusion, the ethyl acetate extracts of S. horrens displayed the best spectrum of bactericidal effect obtained from four bacteria strains examined.

Monosex male formation of juvenile redclaw crayfish using natural steroid hormone from gamma sea cucumber and different doses of honey bee

In a new commercial commodity aquaculture, tropical freshwater crayfish Cherax quadricarinatus, it is known that female has a slower growth rate than male. One way to increase production rate is through monosex cultures comprising all-male population by using genital reversion technique. This biotechnology method can be applied by using hormones and natural products. The natural hormones extracted from gamma sea cucumber, Stichopus variegatus has bioactive substances including steroid compounds, while honey bee contains chrysin compounds that act as aromatase inhibitors. Therefore, the combination of both substances expected can increase in testosterone level and accelerate production in the male monosex population of juvenile crayfish. The purpose of the study is to determine the most effective dose of honey bee in masculinization of juvenile freshwater crayfish combined with 2 mg. L−1 steroid extract of gamma sea cucumber. Furthermore, a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) was designed in the experiment with five different dose of honey bee treatment and dipping method in 2 mg. L−1 steroid extract of gamma sea cucumber for 18 h. Each treatment with four replications. The highest male formation was found in the dose of 20 ml. L− 1 honey bee at 83.75% and the lowest was in control. The present of honey bee at different doses in 2 mg. L−1 of gamma steroid extract did not significantly give an effect on percentage of female, intersex formation, survival, and growth rate of juvenile redclaw crayfish.

양파, 사과, 오이, 생강, 브로콜리 혼합물들 및 이들에 함유된 생리활성물질의 RBL-2H3 세포에서 알레르기 반응 저해효과

We investigated the anti-allergic effects of onion, apple, cucumber, ginger, and broccoli mixtures and their bioactive compounds on immunoglobulin E (IgE)-antigen complex-mediated allergic responses in rat basophilic leukemia (RBL)-2H3 cells. Cell viability, formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), β-hexosaminidase release, and cytokine production were determined using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide assay, 2,7-dichlorofluorescein diacetate assay, β-hexosaminidase assay, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, respectively. Ethanol extracts of onion, apple, cucumber, ginger, and broccoli inhibited the release of β-hexosaminidase in IgE-antigen complex-stimulated RBL-2H3 cells. Plant mixtures (1, 2, and 3) containing different ratios of onion, apple, cucumber, ginger, and broccoli were prepared. The extracts of these mixtures also inhibited the release of IgE-antigen complex-stimulated β-hexosaminidase. High-performance liquid chromatography identified that the main bioactive compounds constituting these extracts were fisetin (Fis), kaempferol (Kae), isoquercitrin and spiraeoside. Fis and Kae dose-dependently inhibited the increase in ROS and β-hexosaminidase levels in IgE-antigen complex-stimulated RBL-2H3 cells. Additionally, Fis and Kae significantly attenuated the production of IgE-mediated pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin (IL)-4, IL-13, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha. Therefore, mixtures containing Fis and Kae may be used to develop anti-allergic functional foods.

Formulation and Evaluation of the sea cucumber, Holothuria arenicola extract incorporated skin cream

Background: Cucumber extract is often used for skin problems, wrinkles, sunburn, and as an antioxidant. Thereby, the main objective of the present investigation was to develop a topical skincare cream (w/o) loaded with the sea cucumber, Holothuria arenicola extract (HaE). Methods: Oil in water emulsion-based cream was prepared by incorporating liquid paraffin, soft wax, cetostearyl alcohol in the oil phase, and borax in the water phase respectively with 1 gm of HaE. The evaluation of HaE cream was done on different parameters like ph, viscosity, spreadability, extrudability, irritancy and stability. Results: HaE showed good appearance, homogeneity, spreadability, diffusion, consistency, pH, extrudability, and spreadability without any irritancy to skin. The present results showed that HaE cream has radical scavenging activity in range from 57 to 70 % and NO scavenging activity in range from 25 to 49 %. Conclusion: The formulated HaE cream was successfully developed that met the relevant pharmaceutical characteristics form. The developed HaE cream could be added in topical formulations in order to protect skin against damage caused by free radicals due to its antioxidant activity.

Toxicity of traditionally dried processed Holothuria extract by fisherman in Kakara Islands, North Halmahera, Indonesia

Empirically, sea cucumber as a food ingredient that is believed to have efficacy as medicine (nutraceutical) because it contains bioactive compounds like terpenoid, saponin, essential amino acids, glycosaminglycan, chondroitin sulfate, sulfate polysaccharides, lectins, phenol and peptides. The aim of this research were to identify processing method performed by fisherman in Kakara Pulau and to determine the toxicity of dried sea cucumber extract againts Artemia salina larvae with three different solvents. The result showed that there were 8 types of sea cucumber that were dominant caught ny fisherman namely Kongkong, Joko, Susu, Kalengkong, Nanas, Benang, Badara dan Pasir. Most of them, process sea cucumber using a combination of smoking and drying. Based on the toxicity test, dried sea cucumber extract is included in the toxic category, which has the potential to be developed as an antibacterial.

Cox-2 inhibition activities of creams containing anguilla bicolor and sea cucumbers extract on croton oil induced inflammation in mice

The fatty acids, like EPA and DHA, were known as anti-inflammation. It works on inflammatory tissue, brought by edema plasma, and changed into resolvins, protectins, and maresins by the enzyme reaction. Anguilla bicolor and Sea cucumber fish are known to contain EPA and DHA. This study analyzes the inhibition Cox-2 effect of the combination of Anguilla bicolor oil with Sea cucumber extract as an active ingredient in a cream preparation. This experiment used 7 groups of male BALB/C strain mice: normal control; negative control; positive control; A. bicolor oil cream; H. leucospilota extract cream; a combination of A. bicolor : H. leucospilota (2:1) cream; a combination of A. bicolor : H. leucospilota (1:2) cream. The anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated by the amount of inflammatory cell, the thickness epidermis, and the amount of cell expression COX-2 on mice's back skin tissue induced by croton oil (0,1 %). After 3 days, histopathological skin tissues were made. The data were analyzed statistically by One Way ANOVA followed by LSD to know each group's differences at a significance level of 0.05. The experiment results showed that the formula with the best anti-inflammatory activities is the combination of A. bicolor and H. leucospilota (2:1) cream. The decrease of the amount of inflammatory cell (75.97%), the thickness of the epidermis (43.88%), and the amount of COX-2 cell expressions (60.52%) from the formula did not differ significantly with the positive control (p>0,05). It can be concluded that A. bicolor and H. leucospilota have anti-inflammation activity based on the experiment results.

The Effects of the Supplementation with Snakehead Fish and Sea Cucumber Extracts on Platelet-Derived Growth Factor in Post-Operative Patients

Wound healing is a complex process that involves the interaction between Extracellular Matrix (ECM) cells and mediated by cytokines and various growth factors, especially platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) which plays a role in almost every phase of wound healing. Applying snakehead fish and sea cucumber extract containing amino acids and fatty acids in post-operative patients is expected to increase PDGF levels and enable the acceleration of the wound healing process. This study was a double-blind randomized control trial with a pre and post-treatment approach which involved 34 post-operative patients divided into two groups; the control group (K1) and treatment group (K2) and was carried out from April to June 2019 at Dr. Moewardi Hospital in Surakarta. Independent sample T-test was used for data with normal distribution to determine the mean differences between the control and treatment groups, while the Mann-Whitney test was used for data with the abnormal distribution. Also, to determine the mean difference before and after the treatment of one paired group, a paired T-test was used for data with normal distribution, while the Wilcoxon test was used for data with the abnormal distribution. p < 0.05 was significant with 95% Confidence Intervals (CI). The supplementation of snakehead fish and sea cucumber extract significantly increased PDGF levels in the treatment group (K2) compared to the controls group (K1) (p <0.001). Our findings showed that snakehead fish and sea cucumber extract were able to increase PDGF levels in post-operative patients on the fourth day.

Novel marine‐based gold nanocatalyst in solvent‐free synthesis of polyhydroquinoline derivatives: Green and sustainable protocol

We report an ecofriendly synthetic approach for the fabrication of biogenic gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) using electron‐rich sea cucumber extract as a bio‐reductant and stabilizing agent in reducing gold cations into AuNPs at the optimal conditions. The produced AuNPs are spherical in shape with an average particle size of 11 ± 1.5 nm in transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and exhibited a crystal structure of face‐centered cubic in X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analyses. Our results indicated that bioinspired AuNPs demonstrate superior catalytic activity in the safe and facile one‐pot synthesis of polyhydroquinoline derivatives under solvent‐free reaction conditions. This green route encompasses multiple benefits including highly recyclable bioinspired catalyst (5 cycles), short reaction times, convenient workout, high to excellent product yields (82%–97%), and nonhazardous conditions.