Cucumber Extract Research Articles

Antiviral activity of the sea cucumber tegument extract (Pattalus mollis) on human rotavirus A (RVA)

The antiviral effect against RVA in cell culture was evaluated by using an aqueous extract of Patallus mollis sea cucumber, applying the titration methodology. This technique is used to measures the ability of the extract dilutions to inhibit the cytopathic effect (CPE) of the virus, expressed as percentage of inhibition (IP). The mean extract cytotoxic concentration (CC50) used in the antiviral assay was 27,042.10 μg/mL and the PI of the antiviral activity extract was greater than 99.9% for each concentration. To determine the viral action mode, the cells were previously treated with the extracts in different stages during the viral infection cycle. The result analysis suggests that the extract inhibits 99% of the virus during the absorption and viral inactivation phase. These results show the P. mollis extract has a remarkable antiviral effect against the RVA in cell culture. So that, it is crucial to investigate its action mechanisms.

Preparation of an anti-isoprocarb monoclonal antibody and its application in developing an immunochromatographic strip assay.

In this study, a carboxyl group was introduced into the isoprocarb molecule to obtain an isoprocarb hapten, which was then coupled with a protein to obtain an artificial antigen. Three monoclonal antibody cell lines, 1D11, 6E6 and 1B5, were finally obtained by mouse immunization, cell fusion and subcloning, and the antibody produced by cell line 1B5 had the best affinity and sensitivity. The monoclonal antibody was highly sensitive and specific for isoprocarb, with an IC50 of 2.09 ng/ml and a cross-reactivity rate of <0.21%. By optimizing the indirect competitive (ic)-ELISA, the optimal conditions were determined to be pH 7.4, 0% methanol and 0.8% NaCl, the limit of detection value was 0.23 ng/ml, and the linear range of the ic-ELISA was 0.46-9.62 ng/ml. The recovery rate of the isoprocarb cucumber sample was 97-99% for the ic-ELISA method. In addition, we successfully developed an immunochromatographic test strip for the detection of isoprocarb residues. The cutoff values in phosphate-buffered saline and cucumber extract were 10 and 25 ng/ml, respectively. Both methods met the requirements for isoprocarb residue detection in agricultural products, and can be used for semiquantitative and qualitative analysis of isoprocarb in vegetables.

Effects of Golden Sea Cucumber Extract (Stichopus Hermanii) on Fasting Blood Glucose, Plasma Insulin, and MDA Level of Male Rats (Rattus Norvegicus) Induced with Streptozotocin

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is one of disease that its incidence increases every year worldwide. The condition of DM can cause various complications caused by oxidative stress. Stichopus hermanii (SH) or golden sea cucumber extract contains antioxidant compounds that have been proven to reduce oxidative stress conditions. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of Stichopus hermanii extract on condition of diabetes mellitus by looking at changes in fasting blood glucose, plasma insulin, and malondialdehyde levels in animal models of Wistar rats. This study was a laboratory experimental study using Randomized Control Trial Design with Post-test only control group design. Thirty-five male Wistar rats divided into five groups, i.e normal control group, positive control, negative control and two treatment groups with SH extract dose 8.5 and 17 mg / kgBW for 14 days once daily after induction of Streptozotocin at the Biochemistry Laboratory of the Faculty of Medicine, Airlangga University. Fasting blood glucose level was measured by a glucometer, plasma insulin measured by ELISA and MDA level was measured by a spectrophotometer. Data were analyzed statistically by using One Way ANOVA test and Kruskal Wallis. There were significant results of SH extract can reduce fasting blood glucose (Kruskal Wallis, p=0.030) and MDA (Kruskal Wallis, p=0.042) but not in plasma insulin (ANOVA, p=0.130). The lowest MDA level occurs in the K4 group that given SH extract dose 17 mg/kg BW than another experimental group. As the conclusion, this study showed SH extract can decrease fasting blood glucose and oxidative stress in diabetic-induced rats.

Abstract 1866: Sea cucumber (Stichopus japonicas) F2 enhanced TRAIL-induced apoptosis via XIAP ubiquitination-ER stress in colorectal cancer cells

Abstract Natural products have shown great promise in sensitizing cells to TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) therapy. Sea cucumber (SC) extracts possess antitumor activity, and hence their potential to sensitize CRC cells to TRAIL therapy was evaluated. This study used Western blotting to evaluate the combination effects of SC and TRAIL in CRC and determined the molecular mechanism underlying these effects. SC fractions and TRAIL alone had no effect on apoptosis; however, combined treatment dramatically induced apoptosis of CRC cells, but not normal colon cells. Combined treatment induced expression of apoptotic proteins (poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP), caspase 3, and 8), and this effect was markedly inhibited by ubiquitination of X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP). SC did not affect the mRNA levels, but increased proteasomal degradation and ubiquitination of XIAP protein. Furthermore, SC induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, thereby activating c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-related apoptotic pathways in CRC. Taken together, our results demonstrate that the SC fraction may sensitize CRC cells to TRAIL-induced apoptosis through XIAP ubiquitination-ER stress. Citation Format: Jung lim Kim, Seong Hye Park, Soyeon Jeong, Bo Ram Kim, Yoo Jin Na, Min Jee Jo, Yoon A Jeong, Hye Kyeong Yun, Dae Yeong Kim, Bu Gyeom Kim, Sang Cheul Oh, Dae-Hee Lee. Sea cucumber (Stichopus japonicas) F2 enhanced TRAIL-induced apoptosis via XIAP ubiquitination-ER stress in colorectal cancer cells [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2019; 2019 Mar 29-Apr 3; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 1866.

Combined Antioxidant Recovery Properties of Fruit Juice Extracts of Cucumber and Water Melon on Lipid Profile and Gonadal Steroid Levels of Cadmium Induced Testicular Damage on Male Albino Rats

The antioxidant protective effects of fruit juice of cucumber and watermelon on lipid profile of cadmium induced toxicity on male albino rats was investigated. Forty male rats were divided into eight groups. Group NC served as normal control group while group PC was positive control that was not treated but induced with cadmium. Groups I to VI received high dose and low dose of juice of Cucumber and Watermelon respectively. Excluding the normal control group, other groups were fed with lard 14 days before treatment commenced. Doses of 0.8 mg/kg-high dose and 0.4 mg/kg-low dose for cucumber and watermelon respectively. At the 4th and 6th week, biochemical parameters were assayed. Results revealed that the levels of total cholesterol, LDL, VLDL and triglyceride significantly (P˂0.05) were decreased compared to positive control but HDL was increased in treatment groups compared to positive control. Pretreatment with cucumber and watermelon juice indicated that total cholesterol, LDL, VLDL and triglyceride significantly (P˂0.05) were decreased compared to positive control but HDL was increased in treatment groups compared to positive control. The result also revealed an increase in testosterone levels in treated groups after 4 weeks of administration of whole extract of cucumber and watermelon when compared to their week 2 values. Testosterone level in positive control was also reduced significantly from 1.5±0.14 ng/ml to 0.46±0.31 ng/ml. Histological evaluation of the testes of normal control group revealed that the interstitium was intact with leydig cells present and maturing germ cells embedded in normal seminiferous tubules while the other groups that were induced with cadmium only showed morphology of testes with empty seminiferous tubules and consolidated interstitial spaces.

Fermentation of Cucumber Extract with Hydromagnesite as a Neutralizing Agent to Produce an Ingredient for Dermal Magnesium Products.

Magnesium is an essential element involved in various biochemical processes in the human body. In addition to oral supplementation, topical magnesium application is another conventional form of magnesium delivery for the treatment of skin diseases and muscle inflammation. Cucumber extract is a well-known superfood for human skin. It has been widely used in various skincare product lines because of its known benefits to the skin. The benefit of cucumber extract to the human skin would be significantly enhanced if the cucumber extract was fermented to convert the reducing sugars to beneficial organic acids. In this study, we developed a protocol for lactic acid fermentation of cucumber extract using hydromagnesite as a neutralizing agent. Various lactic acid bacteria were screened for fermentation of cucumber extract. The best fermenting performance was observed with Lactobacillus paracasei, which could convert approximately 13 g/L of reducing sugars (glucose and fructose) to lactic acid and a minor amount of acetic acid within 2 days of incubation. The final fermented cucumber extract contains magnesium in the form of salts of organic acids, which have high absorption ability and bioavailability. The product is a potent ingredient for producing dermal magnesium products.

Assessment of Apoptosis Induction by Methanol Extract of Sea Cucumber in Blastocystis hominis Isolated from Human Samples Using Flow Cytometry and DNA Fragmentation Test

Background: Blastocystis hominis are anaerobic protozoan parasites that belong to the family stramenopiles. They are found in the human large intestine and infect a variety of vertebrates. Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of methanol extract of sea cucumber on induction of apoptosis in Blastocystis hominis cysts in order to introduce a novel potential drug combination. Methods: After mass proliferation of Blastocystis hominis cysts in RPMI1640 medium, 100 µL of sea cucumber extracts with the concentrations ranged from 1 µg/mL to 256 µg/mL and 100 µL of parasite culture medium containing 1.5 × 105 cells were added to 96 well plates. The plates were kept at 37°C for 24, 48 and 72 hours exposure and then the effect of the extracts was assessed using MTT assay. To differentiate between apoptosis and necrosis, the inhibitory concentration (IC50) of the extract was determined after 72 hours using flow cytometry and DNA fragmentation tests. Results: The value of IC50 after the exposure of the parasites with different concentrations of the methanol extracts for 24, 48 and 72 hours were 219, 56 and 21 µg/mL, respectively. The occurrence of apoptosis was shown after 72 hours exposure of the parasites to the extract with a concentration of 21 µg/mL using flow cytometry and DNA fragmentation tests. Conclusions: This study showed that methanol extract of sea cucumber can induce apoptosis in Blastocystis hominis. Therefore, further studies for determining the effectiveness of this extract in vivo condition can help to achieve an appropriate drug combination for treatment of Blastocystis hominis.

Sea Cucumber (Stichopus japonicas) F2 Enhanced TRAIL-Induced Apoptosis via XIAP Ubiquitination and ER Stress in Colorectal Cancer Cells.

Natural products have shown great promise in sensitizing cells to TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) therapy. Sea cucumber (SC) extracts possess antitumor activity, and hence their potential to sensitize colorectal cancer (CRC) cells to TRAIL therapy was evaluated. This study used Western blotting to evaluate the combination effects of SC and TRAIL in CRC, and determined the molecular mechanism underlying these effects. SC fractions and TRAIL alone did not affect apoptosis; however, combined treatment dramatically induced the apoptosis of CRC cells, but not of normal colon cells. Combined treatment induced the expression of apoptotic proteins (poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP), caspase 3, and 8), and this effect was markedly inhibited by the ubiquitination of X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP). SC did not affect the mRNA levels, but it increased proteasomal degradation and ubiquitination of the XIAP protein. Furthermore, SC induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, thereby activating c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-related apoptotic pathways in CRC. Altogether, our results demonstrate that the SC F2 fraction may sensitize CRC cells to TRAIL-induced apoptosis through XIAP ubiquitination and ER stress.

Golden sea cucumber extract revives glucose transporter-4 and interleukin-6 protein level in diabetic mouse muscle.

Background:Streptozotocin (STZ)-induced free radical oxidant activity resulted in muscle wasting due to protein carbonyl (PC), glucose transporter-4 (Glut-4), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) protein alteration. Antioxidant ingredient in the golden sea cucumber extract was found in promising level to inhibit free radical activity.Aim:This study was aimed to investigate the effect of golden sea cucumber extract on PC, IL-6, and Glut-4 level of STZ-induced diabetes mouse.Materials and Methods:This study was performed using mice, which were grouped into non-diabetes, diabetes, and diabetes-treated extract groups. The golden sea cucumber was extracted using 70% ethanol, which was administered by oral gavage twice a day for 5 consecutive days.Results:The extract reduced PC level and improved muscle Glut-4 and IL-6 protein level of diabetic mouse.Conclusion:The extract of golden sea cucumber revived muscle Glut-4 and IL-6 protein level in protection against muscle wasting.

Sea cucumber extract TBL-12 inhibits the proliferation, migration, and invasion of human prostate cancer cells through the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase and intrinsic caspase apoptosis pathway.

Sea cucumber is a kind of nutritious echinoderm that has multiple biological activities, including antioxidant, antibacterial, and antitumor activities. However, there is no extensive study on the antitumor effect of sea cucumber extract on prostate cancer (PCa). TBL-12 is a new sea cucumber extract. In this study, we investigated the in vivo anti-PCa effect of TBL-12 and its in vitro effects on the proliferation, apoptosis, migration, and invasion of the human PCa cell lines LNCaP, 22RV1, PC-3, and DU145, and evaluated its possible mechanisms. Cell proliferation was analyzed by cell counting kit-8 and colony formation assays. Scratch migration assay and transwell invasiveness assay were used to observe TBL-12 effect on the migration and invasion of PCa cells. Matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP-2) and MMP-9 expression and enzymatic activity was determined by Western blot analysis, quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction, and gelatin zymography. Apoptosis level was detected by flow cytometry analysis. Western blot analysis was used to analyze p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and apoptosis pathways. Angiogenic array analysis was used to explore autocrine and paracrine growth factors in PCa cell lines. Xenograft tumor model was built to observe the in vivo anticancer effect. TBL-12 could significantly inhibit tumor growth in xenograft PCa mice in vivo, and dramatically inhibit the proliferation, colony formation, migration, and invasiveness of PCa cells in vitro (P < 0.05 and P < 0.001). The expression and enzyme activity of MMP-2 and MMP-9 were significantly suppressed by TBL-12 ( P < 0.01), and decreased phosphorylation level of p38 in PCa cells was detected ( P < 0.001). Furthermore, TBL-12 could reinforce the MMP-2/MMP-9 inhibitory effect of SB203580, a specific inhibitor of the p38 MAPK pathway ( P < 0.05). Besides, TBL-12 could induce the apoptosis of PCa cells by activating caspase-9, caspase-7, and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase and suppressing survivin, and inhibit the secretion of angiogenin, angiopoietin-2, and vascular endothelial growth factor in PCa cells. Sea cucumber extract TBL-12 could suppress the proliferation and metastasis of human PCa cells by inhibiting MMP-2 and MMP-9 via blocking the p38 MAPK pathway, inducing apoptosis through intrinsic caspase apoptosis pathway and inhibiting the secretion of angiogenic factors. Our findings may be of importance and significance for the research and clinical applications of sea cucumber extract in PCa treatment.

A new polyoxometalate/rGO/Pani composite modified electrode for electrochemical sensing of nitrite and its application to food and environmental samples

Abstract The reduced graphene oxide – polyaniline – Arsenomolybdate (rGO-Pani-AsM) composite modified glassy carbon electrode (GCE) interface has been demonstrated as a sensitive electrochemical interface for nitrite sensing. The synthesized composite has been characterized by spectroscopic and electrochemical techniques such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform Infra-red spectroscopy (FTIR), Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), cyclic voltammetry (CV) and square wave voltammetry (SWV). The rGO-Pani-AsM composite exhibited higher oxidative current and reduced over potentials in the electrochemical oxidation of nitrite than bare glassy carbon electrode. The proposed sensor exhibited linearity in the concentration range 25–7500 μM with a limit of detection (LOD) of 10.71 μM and sensitivity of 0.803 μA μM−1 cm−2. The analytical utility of the proposed sensor has been examined by applying it to real sample analysis such as packed beverages, cucumber extract and water samples.

The synergistic influence of the sea cucumber (Holothuria arenicola) extract and dacarbazine on murine melanoma cancer cells B16F10

Melanoma has been reported a contemporary malignant cancer. Here, anti-cancer effects of sea cucumber extract (SCE) have been examined on melanoma cells and compared with dacarbazine. MTT assay and morphological analysis were performed to evaluate cytotoxic effects of methanolic SCE Also, several methods were exerted to detect cell dying by SCE and dacarbazine. The MTT assay showed that B16F10 cells proliferation were blocked by SCE (IC50=31µg/ml) and dacarbazine (IC50=1600 µg/ml) in a dose and time depended manner. Apoptosis induction yield treatment occurred in IC50 concentration of SCE and dacarbazine using DAPI staining, acridine orange/ propodium iodide, PI flow cytometry and annexin/PI assay. The caspase colorimetric kit indicated that SCE and dacarbazine could induce apoptosis through intrinsic pathway. The results suggested that the methanolic SCE has higher efficient cytotoxicity efficiency compared to dacarbazine. Therefore, SCE may be considered as a futuristic natural product regarding prevention or treatment of melanoma malignancy.

Nano Spray TRISWHEAT (Teripang Super Wound Healing Agent) Penyembuh Luka Diabetes Mellitus yang Terinfeksi Bakteri MRSA (Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus) dengan Ekstrak Teripang

Sea Cucumber (Stichopus sp) belongs to Holothuroidea family. Sea Cucumber has lot of uses in the medicine sector, such as: for wound healing, anti-biotic, anti-bacteria, anti-tumor, and anti-coagulation. Diabetes mellitus is a disease characterized by high blood sugar levels with metabolic disorders. This disease can cause wounds called gangrene This research has purpose to prove the influence of giving nano spray of sea cucumber extract within 14 days. In the in vitro examination found 40% concentration of sea cucumber extract which is effective to resist the growth of Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteria and examined to wistar mouse which are already diabetic inducted with Streptozotocin (STZ) and hurt with punch biopsy with the diameter of 0,8 cm on its back and the wound is infected with bacteria which is intradermal injected. Divided into 3 groups : (K-) no medical treatment, nano spray of sea cucumber extract (T), Nano spray penicillin (K+) to wistar mouse towards the speed of diabetic mellitus wound healing which is infected by Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. Parameter used to measure the rate of wound healing is wound size and hitopathology examination.After it’s regularly given the medicine, the result of nano spray sea cucumber extract 40 % concetration category treatment on wound healing process the diameter of wound on the 3rd day 0.8 cm , on the 7th day 0.4 cm and on the 14th day wound fully recover according to macros (wound size) and histopathology examination shows faster and better healing compared to treatment category of nano spray penicillin and control marked by score cell and lymphocyte in a small quantity.

THE EFFECT OF SEA CUCUMBER (HOLOTHURIA SCABRA) EXTRACT AS HEPATOPROTECTIVE: HISTOPATHOLOGICAL STUDY

Objective: Sea cucumber Holothuria scabra is one of the marine animals that can be consumed as food and also efficacious as a drug. One of the benefits of sea cucumber has high cell regeneration ability. This study aims to see the profile of hepatoprotective histology of sea cucumber extract on mice that have been given paracetamol toxic dose.Methods: This experiment was conducted using experimental animal grouped of mice which were divided into six groups: Group I: sea cucumber extract 1%, Group II: 1000 mg/kg body weight (BW) or 25 mg/25 g BW, Group III: 750 mg/kg BW or 18.75 mg/25 g BW, Group IV: 500 mg/kg BW or 12.5 mg/25 g BW, Group V: positive control (curcuma tablet 2.5 mg/25 g BW), and Group VI: paracetamol group (62,5 mg/25 g BW). The histopathology test was performed to see the improvement of liver necrosis of mice.Results: The results of histopathological study showed that all groups of mice livers experienced necrosis (cell damage) and abnormalities. In the group of sea cucumber extract having dose 500 mg/kg BW, liver cells experienced degeneration of fat and hemorrhage as in the group of curcuma tablet, but in Group VI (paracetamol group), liver of mice experienced apoptosis (cell death). In the histopathology test, results can also be seen that in Group IV at doses of 500 mg/kg BW, the liver experienced slightly less severity than all other groups.Conclusion: The sea cucumber at doses of 500 mg/kg BW can improve the hepatic damage on mice induced by paracetamol.

Compensation for matrix effects in GC analysis of pesticides by using cucumber extract.

Matrix effects (MEs) can adversely affect quantification in pesticide residue analysis using GC. Analyte protectants (APs) can effectively interact with and mask active sites in the GC system, and are added individually or in combination to sample extracts and calibration solutions to minimize errors related to MEs. Unfortunately, APs cannot sufficiently compensate for MEs in all cases. Plant extracts, containing a broad range of natural compounds with AP properties, can also be used for this purpose. In this study, the applicability of cucumber extract as a natural AP mixture was investigated both alone and in combination with traditional APs. Extracts of two selected difficult matrices (onion and garlic) were prepared according to the citrate-buffered QuEChERS (quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe) procedure. ME values of 40 representative GC-amenable pesticides were compared when calibrating against standards in pure solvent and in cucumber extract, with and without the addition of APs. Using a GC system with a contaminated inlet liner, the use of a cucumber-based calibration solution decreased MEs remarkably. The combination of APs with cucumber raw extract further decreased MEs, resulting in more than 85% of the tested pesticides showing ≤ 10% ME in onion and ≤ 20% ME in garlic. These results demonstrate that the preparation of calibration standards based on cucumber extracts (with or without the addition of APs) is a very useful and practical approach to compensate for MEs in pesticide residue analysis using QuEChERS and GC-MS/MS. The use of various internal standards is furthermore critically discussed.

Terapi Herbal Sari Mentimun untuk Menurunkan Tekanan Darah pada Penderita Hipertensi

The focus of this study was the decrease in blood pressure of systole and diastole in hypertension patients after administration of cucumber extract. The purpose of this study to determine the effect of herbal therapy (extract cucumber) against the decrease in blood pressure in patients with hypertension. Subjects in this study were all hypertensive patients at Puskesmas (Public Health Centre) Kedaton, Bandar Lampung, Indonesia with a total sample of 30 respondents. This research was conducted by giving cucumber extract for three days during morning, noon and night. The results showed that herbal therapy (cucumber extract) gives the effect of decreased blood pressure on hypertensive patients. The result of t test showed the decrease score of systole blood pressure with p value 0,001 (p <0,05) and at the decrease of diastole blood pressure obtained p value 0,001 (p <0,05). Based on the results of cucumber research can be used as an alternative trita in hypertensive patients using herbal medicine. It is expected that researchers next do research on herbal therapy with other types of plants.

Whitening Effect and Skin Regeneration Effect of Red Sea Cucumber Extract

Whitening Effect and Skin Regeneration Effect of Red Sea Cucumber Extract

In vitro oocyte maturation by radial nerve extract and early development of the black sea cucumber (Holothuria leucospilota)

The popularity of sea cucumbers has led to overexploitation of wild populations and increasing need to develop their aquaculture. In vitro induction of oocyte maturation followed by fertilization represents an innovative approach that could help increase their production. The inducers of oocyte maturation are naturally synthesised within neural tissue, which in sea cucumbers includes longitudinal radial nerves and a circumoral nerve ring. In this study, we showed that reproductive maturation of the black sea cucumber (Holothuria leucospilota Brandt, 1835) in South-East Queensland, Australia, peaked in December, based on biometric analysis of gonads. Radial nerve extract (RNE; 233 μg/ml) prepared from reproductive mature females induced in vitro oocyte maturation at 98.9% efficiency, based on germinal vesicle breakdown. RNE-matured oocytes were fertilized (99%) with conspecific sperm and larvae developed to late auricularia stage (25 days post-fertilization). The NGIWYamide neuropeptide (cubifrin), which induces oocyte maturation in the sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus, could not induce oocyte maturation in H. leucospilota. These results provide information that could be used for large-scale artificial breeding of H. leucospilota, and a platform towards the identification of the bioactive RNE factor(s).

Effect of Gold Sea Cucumber (Stichopus hermanni) Extract Concentration on Antioxidant Activity of Grape Seed Oil (Vitis vinifera) nanoemulsion

Gold sea cucumber extract (Stichopus hermanni) is rich in collagen and unsatturated fatty acid also known omega 3 such as docosahexaenoic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid that highly effective as an antioxidant. Oligomeric proanthocyanidin is the main content in grape seed oil and the most powerful antioxidant agent that can protect collagen. The aim of research was to determine the effect of gold sea cucumber extract concetration on antioxidant activity of grape seed oil nanoemulsion. The three formulas with results test of antioxidant activity with DPPH method using 15% Brij CS12® and 30% propylene glycol has done which the oil phase was dispersed in the aqueous phase.Variation that have been done is to use the antioxidant activity (IC50) of gold sea cucumber extract for 2, 4, and 6 times. The resulting preparations was conformed of organoleptic, nanoemulsion type, clarity, globule size, viscosity and rheology, pH and freez thaw test. Antioxidant activity of gold sea cucumber extract and grape seed oil were (IC50= 53.79 and 17.41 μg/mL respectively). The nanoemulsion was analysed using two-way ANOVA method. Antioxidant activity at storage for 0; 2 and 4-weeks of formula I, II, III were (IC50= 49.15; 49.45, 51.15 µg/mL), (IC50= 44.12, 47.48, 48.14 µg/mL), and (IC50= 42.14, 43.45, 45.33 µg/mL) respectively. Can be concluded that the higher concentration of gold sea cucumber extract, the antioxidant activity of nanoemulsion is higher, but it decreased during the storage.

Selective Toxicity of Non-polar Bioactive Compounds of Sea Cucumber (Holothuria sabra) Extracts on Isolated Mitochondria and Hepatocytes of Induced Hepatocellular Carcinoma Rat Model

objective: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the fifth most malignant of liver cancer globally. Anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer properties, scientists have begun to further investigate the natural bioactive compounds found in marine animals. Holothuria sabra (H. sabra), a sea cucumber is known to show the mentioned properties. method: This study examined the selective toxicity of different dilutions of polar and non-polar extracts (n-hexane, diethyl ether, methanolic and aqueous) obtained from H. sabra, on hepatocytes and isolated mitochondria obtained from hepatocellular carcinoma induced rats. In order to induce HCC on rats, diethyl nitrosamine (DEN) was injected followed by 2-acetylaminofluorene (2-AAF). Finally, hepatocytes and mitochondria isolated from cancerous and normal hepatocytes were applied for subsequent investigations.Results: Our results show that different concentrations (250, 500 and 1000µg/ml) of the n-hexane, diethyl ether and methanolic extracts significantly (p&lt;0.05) induce reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation and mitochondrial swelling, decreased mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) disruption, increased cytochrome c release and induced the cell apoptosis phenotypes only in HCC hepatocytes and mitochondria in a time-and concentration dependent manner. Conclusion: Our results suggest that bioactive compounds found in H. sabra can potentially serve as anti-HCC molecules if further studies such as molecular identification, confirmatory in vivo experiments and clinical trials receive satisfactory results.