Critical Path Method Research Articles

Construction of a visual model of people’s movement to manage safety when evacuating from a sports infrastructure facility

By applying the probabilistic method and optimization synthesis of flexible technological lines, topological models have been built of safety-oriented management of human flows and evacuation time using the «Arena Lviv» stadium as an example. They are necessary to calculate the time of evacuation of people to a safe zone. When people leave the stadium sectors on the promenade, their flow is significantly modified. Therefore, the calculation of the time of evacuation of people requires the use of different procedures depending on the type of human flow in order to obtain more accurate results. There may be several such cases on one evacuation route and significantly more during the evacuation of people from all sectors and premises of the stadium administrative building as a whole. Thus, a lot of time is spent on choosing the right procedure and initial data for calculation if we use existing classical verbal models, which is their disadvantage. Verbal models have a large volume, they need to be repeatedly re-read in order to determine the numerical values of factors affecting the flow of people while topological models are much more compact. Topological models make it possible to visually present more complete information about the evacuation process, and this makes it possible to quickly select the initial data for calculating the time of evacuation of people at the next evacuation site. The time of evacuation of people from the «Arena Lviv» stadium was calculated; the evacuation system happened to not comply with the accepted standards. In particular, the time of evacuation of people from the structure exceeded eight minutes. Using the critical path method, bottlenecks of the stadium evacuation system were identified, and human flows were redistributed, which made it possible to reduce the total evacuation time to acceptable indicators

Exploring the Effectiveness of Immersive Virtual Reality for Project Scheduling in Construction Education

The emergence of immersive technologies, such as virtual reality (VR) headsets, has revolutionized the way we experience the physical world by creating a virtual, interactive environment. In the field of education, this technology has immense potential to provide students with a safe and controlled environment in which to experience real-world scenarios that may be otherwise unfeasible or unsafe. However, limited research exists on the effectiveness of integrating immersive technologies into technical education delivery. This research investigated the potential use of immersive virtual reality (IVR) in university-level construction management courses, with a focus on integrating IVR technology into traditional education for construction project planning and control. The experiment involved comparing the students’ learning and understanding of the subject matter using a set of two-dimensional construction drawings and a critical path method (CPM)-based construction schedule, with and without the use of an immersive environment. The findings suggested that the use of immersive technology significantly improved the students’ ability to understand technical concepts and identify any errors in the construction sequence when compared to traditional teaching methods. This paper presents the details of the experiment and a comparative analysis of both approaches in terms of students’ learning and understanding of project planning, sequencing, and scheduling.

ESTIMATING HOUSE CONSTRUCTION COMPLETION TIME WITH PROBABILISTIC ACTIVITIES DURATION USING THE PROGRAM EVALUATION AND REVIEW TECHNIQUE (PERT) METHOD

Construction housing projects involve many risks and uncertainties that can affect their completion time. To ensure a construction housing project is completed on time, an accurate duration estimate is required for each activity. Deterministic duration methods, such as the Critical Path Method (CPM), are commonly used in project scheduling for construction projects. However, this method may not always produce a realistic schedule as it uses only a single duration estimation for each activity. As an alternative, this study uses the Program Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT) which utilizes three duration estimates namely optimistic duration, most likely duration, and pessimistic duration. A house construction project with 23 activities was analyzed using CPM to find the critical activities which produced 59 days of completion time. The critical path duration was then analyzed using PERT. PERT calculations found that there was only a 15% probability to complete the project in 59 days, and the project needed 66 days of completion time with a 95% level of confidence. The findings of this study indicate that PERT can assist project managers in creating a more realistic project schedule by considering the risks and uncertainties in estimating the duration of its activities.

Multi-Objective Workflow Optimization Algorithm Based on a Dynamic Virtual Staged Pruning Strategy

Time, cost, and quality are critical factors that impact the production of intelligent manufacturing enterprises. Achieving optimal values of production parameters is a complex problem known as an NP-hard problem, involving balancing various constraints. To address this issue, a workflow multi-objective optimization algorithm, based on the dynamic virtual staged pruning (DVSP) strategy, was proposed to optimize multi-stage nonlinear production processes. The algorithm establishes a virtual workflow model based on the actual production process and proposes a pruning strategy to eliminate the indirect constraint relationship between tasks. A virtual hierarchical strategy is employed to divide the task node set, and the Pareto optimal service set is calculated through backward iteration in stages. The optimal path is generated through forward scheduling, and the global optimal solution is obtained. The algorithm was compared with the minimum critical path algorithm (MCP) and the partial critical path budget balance scheduling algorithm (PCP-B2). The experimental results demonstrated that the DVSP can improve product quality, reduce production costs, and ensure production stability while completing production tasks. This paper used a pruning strategy and virtual workflow modeling methods to achieve dynamic multi-objective optimization scheduling for nonlinear feedback manufacturing processes.

Multi-Objective Multi-Stage Optimize Scheduling Algorithm for Nonlinear Virtual Work-Flow Based on Pareto

Work-flow scheduling is for finding the allocation method to achieve optimal resource utilization. In the scheduling process, constraints, such as time, cost and quality, need to be considered. How to balance these parameters is a NP-hard problem, and the nonlinear manufacturing process increases the difficulty of scheduling, so it is necessary to provide an effective heuristic algorithm. Aiming at these problems, a multi-objective nonlinear virtual work-flow model was set up, and a multi-objective staged scheduling optimization algorithm with the objectives of minimizing cost and time and maximizing quality was proposed. The algorithm includes three phases: the virtualization phase abstracts tasks and services into virtual nodes to generate a virtual work-flow model; the virtual scheduling phase divides optimized segments and obtains the solution set through reverse iteration; the generation phase obtains the scheduling path according to the Pareto dominance. The proposed algorithm performed 10.5% better in production quality than the minimum critical path algorithm, reduced the time to meet the time constraint by 9.1% and saves 13.7% more of the cost than the production accuracy maximization algorithm.

Comparative analysis of CPM, PDM and PERT method on the duration of bridge work (Case study : Gelam Bridge Project)

The preparation of the duration is a very important thing considering that there are many project work activities and must also be arranged in such a way that sequentially starting with the work activity starting until the completion of the bridge project work activity. The use of the three methods in the preparation of project activity activities is the critical path method (CPM), precedence diagram method (PDM), and project evaluation review technique (PERT). The results of the study showed that in preparing the duration of bridge work using these three methods obtained in the CPM method, results were obtained on the duration of the Gelam Bridge project work for 178 days, then using the PDM method, results were obtained on the duration of the Gelam Bridge project work for 141 days, and while the PERT method took a duration of 184.1 days, where the duration was quite long compared to the two methods above, due to the aspects of probability. The calculation of the duration will always be different because it depends on the volume of the work to be done to the coefficients in the work with the method used.

Using the Critical Path Method to Find Time of Constriction for Helicopters Airport Project in the Oil Fields

This research is considered one of the important researches in Maysan Governorate, as it focuses on the construction of helicopter airport project in the oil fields of the Maysan Oil Company, where the oil general companies in Maysan Governorate suffer from the cost of transporting the foreign engineering experts and the governing equipment of sustaining oil industry from Iraq's international airports to oil fields and vice versa. Private international transport companies transport foreign engineering from the oil fields to Iraqi airports and vice versa, and other international security companies take action to provide protection for foreign engineering experts during transportation. Hence, this process is very costly.
 The objective of this research is to construct helicopters airport in the oil fields of the Maysan Oil Company, which can be reduced the required time for the arrival of foreign engineering experts and required equipment to the oil fields of the company by using the Critical Path Method (CPM). This may assist finding the time and cost of completing the project and drawing charts the project in light of the existence of non-traditional relationships between some activities in the project network, depending on the computer engineering software such as Primavera V6. 478 days were required to complete the project. Finally, a number of conclusions and recommendations are drawn up, and a number of future studies are suggested.
 Paper type: Research Paper

Productivity Analysis Using the Critical Chain Project Method Management (CCPM) on Repair Projects Geomarin-III ship 649 DWT.

Ship repair project planning still often encountered problems that delay ship repair projects to achieve complete ship repair projects. Delays are due to frequent mismatches between ship repair scheduling and conditions that occur at the shipyard. The most commonly used method is the Critical Path Method (CPM). But in reality, the CPM method is considered less effective because there is still safety time for each job. Technological developments found the latest method, namely Critical Chain Project Management (CCPM). This method removes the safety time contained in the CPM method and replaces it with buffer time which is placed at the end of work activities. This study aims to analyze the duration of the critical path, determine labor costs, and the amount of buffer duration on the repair of the Geomarin-III 649 DWT ship. Based on the calculation results obtained on the repair of the Geomarin-III 649 DWT ship with the Critical Chain Project Management (CCPM) method is 10 days, 10 days faster than the normal duration. The labor cost obtained using the CCPM method is IDR. 54,017,500, saving 35% of the normal cost is IDR. 82,680,000, but if the buffer time is used thoroughly, the total estimated labor cost for the CCPM method will increase due to the addition of labor and the duration of the buffer time obtained by the CCPM method as a substitute for safety time, which is 9 days project buffer and 3 days feeding buffers. Based on this research, it was found that the CCPM method is considered effective and can accelerate the duration of the project and minimize labor costs.

Analysis of The Acceleration of Time and Cost of Implementing Building Construction Projects Using The Critical Path Method (CPM) Method

This study aims to obtain the form of project work network in the Probolinggo City Hospital Development Project, to determine the effect of accelerating the duration of Probolinggo City Hospital Development work on network planning and to find out the amount of costs incurred before and after the acceleration of the duration of project work. The method used is the acceleration method with modification of the scheduling of the CPM model. CPM method planning is a recommendation in choosing from many existing methods, because there is a calculation of the earliest time the project starts, the last time the project starts as well as the earliest time to finish and the last time to finish so that it can be known the time lag of all activities. Data Used are primary and secondary data related to the sequence and relationship of activities, implementation time and cost budget plan (RAB). In this thesis, the author takes scheduling data from the Probolinggo City Hospital Development Project which will be used as the basis for writing this thesis in conducting CPM analysis and accelerating the duration of work with additional overtime working hours and calculating the total cost of the acceleration to be used as comparison material in the writing results. Based on the analysis that has been carried out using the Microsoft Project 2016 application, the normal duration of structural work is 81 working days and has 18 critical units of 31 work items. After the acceleration was carried out, there was a decrease in the duration of the work of the structure to 74 working days. The difference in duration decrease was 7 days or 9.45%. The total initial cost with the normal duration for structural work is IDR 28,563,131,560, while after acceleration, the project cost for structural work becomes IDR 28,635,083,793

Eco-programming of industrial robots for sustainable manufacturing via dynamic time scaling of trajectories

Nowadays, Industrial Robots (IRs) have become widespread in many manufacturing industries. Medium and high payload IRs cover a significant percentage of the overall factory Energy Consumption (EC). This article focuses on the IRs eco-programming to minimize the EC of a robot, being energy efficiency one of the fundamental aims of sustainable manufacturing. By leveraging well-known trajectory scaling methods, this research develops a novel, versatile, fast, and efficient process to define the IR optimal velocity/acceleration profile in time, keeping the geometry of the trajectory fixed. A complete IR system model that founds application in various types of 6 degrees of freedom articulated manipulators has been developed by considering electrical motors, actuator drive systems, and controller cabinet losses. A new optimization technique based on Dynamic Time Scaling of trajectories is presented, and the obtained results are compared with other methods used in the scientific literature. When performing critical path analysis , the EC of the robot system is estimated to be cut down, being the robot motion time fixed, by about 13% through this novel approach. The model has been validated through commercial software, and the proposed optimization algorithm has been implemented in a user-friendly interface tool. • Novel method definition to compute Industrial Robots energy-efficient trajectories. • Dynamic time scaling to maintain the initially programmed path. • Method effectiveness to minimize energy consumption. • MATLAB tool for Industrial Robots energy consumption computation/minimization.

The Critical Path Method In Management Information System of Contractor Service Company Using Incremnetal Model

Good control is needed in managing a project, starting from controlling the human resources to systematic scheduling. CV. XYZ Surabaya is a contractor service company, that does not yet have an information system that can be used as a control tool in project management. Critical Path Method (CPM) is one method that can be used to schedule projects. This study aims to design a project management information system by implementing CPM. The system design is done using the Incremental Model. The results of this study are in the form of a prototype system that fits the needs of CV. XYZ Surabaya, includes system flow, Contextual Data Model (CDM), and User Interface (UI).

A Risk Management Framework for Industry 4.0 Environment

In past decades, manufacturing companies have paid considerable attention to using their available resources in the most efficient way to satisfy customer demands. This endeavor is supported by many Industry 4.0 methods. One of these is called MES (Manufacturing Execution System), which is applied for monitoring and controlling manufacturing by recording and processing production-related data. This article presents a possible method of implementation of a risk-adjusted production schedule in a data-rich environment. The framework is based on production datasets of multiple workshops, which is followed by statistical analysis, and its results are used in stochastic network models. The outcome of the simulation is implemented in a production scheduling model to determine how to assign the production among workshops. After collecting the necessary data, the reliability indicator-based stochastic critical path method was applied in the case study. Two cases were presented based on the importance of inventory cost and two different scheduling results were created and presented. With the objective of the least inventory cost, the production was postponed to the latest time possible, which means that workshops had more time to finish their previous work on the first day due to the small production quantity. When the cost was not relevant, the production started on the first day of each workshop, and the production was completed before the deadline. These are optimal solutions, but alternative solutions can also be performed by the decision maker based on the results. The use of the modified stochastic critical path method and its analysis shed light on the deficiency of the production, which is a merit in the continuous improvement process and the estimation of the total project time.

ANALYSIS OF SCHEDULING USING CPM AND PDM METHODS WITH MICROSOFT PROJECT 2019 IN THE REPLACEMENT PROJECT OF SALIM RIVER BRIDGE MATARAMAN

The success of an emergency response project is that it can be completed quickly and on time because of the urgency of the situation so that timely management of implementation is needed by making a schedule. This research was conducted to determine the appropriate scheduling method according to the character of the emergency response construction project. Scheduling methods are used in the form of Critical Path Method (CPM) and Precedence Diagram Method (PDM). The analysis was carried out on the duration and dependencies for each work item which was then scheduled with the help of Microsoft Project 2019 to get the results in the form of network diagrams and critical paths. Based on the results of the scheduling analysis the Replacement Project of Salim River Bridge Mataraman, it was found that for the CPM method the project could be carried out for 129 days starting from January 20, 2021 and ending on May 29, 2021 and for the PDM method the project was carried out for 120 days starting from January 20, 2020 and ends on May 20, 2021 earlier than the CPM method. Each method has two critical paths due to the traffic safety and management work required throughout the project.Keywords : Critical Path Method (CPM), Precedence Diagram Method (PDM), Microsoft Project 2019

Critical Path Method and Project Evaluation and Review Technique under Uncertainty:A State-of-Art Review

The research article offers an extensive examination of extended fuzzy principles and their practical applications for addressing networking problems. Extended fuzzy principles have gained a significant impact that serve as an act of expansion from crisp and fuzzy logic, in addressing various uncertain environmental conditions. The Critical Path Method (CPM) and Project Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT) have emerged as valuable tools for tackling complex applications of network problems. The main emphasis lies on the discussion of three important extended fuzzy principles: Intuitionistic, Pythagorean, and Neutrosophic, specifically in the context of CPMPERT. Overall, this research article aims to provide valuable insights into the application of extended fuzzy principles, enabling better decision-making under different environmental conditions. The findings contribute to the ongoing development of fuzzy extensions and their potential to overcome challenges in networking.

On Applying Network Theory to Assembly Analysis

The modelling of modern assemblies, particularly those in the aerospace industry, can be a challenging task. The complexity and size of these assemblies often make them difficult to manage and model. In addition to this, analysis techniques have little to no interoperability, driving the search for a one-size-fits-all solution. To address this problem, this paper presents a novel approach using graph networks to model assemblies. Three common assembly problems were used to test this proposal: identifying critical components, determining sub-assemblies, and analysing the critical tolerance paths. To address these assembly issues a tool was developed to convert an assembly model into a network, which is computationally lightweight and easy to analyse. Three families of network analysis techniques were then chosen to address the assembly issues: centrality measures, community detection algorithms, and a critical path algorithm. The results of this analysis showed that the network-based approach was able to automatically identify critical components through the centrality algorithms and propose sub-assemblies from the communities. The critical path algorithm was not able to clearly predict the most problematic variation stacks, yet with a tighter problem definition this approach is thought to be able to determine the largest variations between specific parts or within sub-assemblies. As such this study demonstrates the ability of network analysis methods to generate value across a variety of assembly challenges faced by industry.

A Scheduling Model in Capturing Methane Gas from Methane Clathrates Deposits

The execution of any project type, especially engineering-based projects, is usually time-based, efficiency-driven, and cost-effective. These factors are the deterministic parameters that engineer successful project completion. The application of scheduling models remains the best technique for achieving these three factors to their best degrees. Therefore, this study was centered on the impact study of applying the scheduling model in harvesting methane gas from methane clathrates deposits. Various data on gas hydrate reserves in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria were collected from relevant literature, studied, and analyzed. Such data includes the pictorial representation and description of the gas hydrate site in the Niger Delta region of Africa and various shapes and sizes of gas hydrate perimeters in the studied region positions of the gas reserves. The normal faults are projected on a bathymetric map of the study area and the bathymetric map of the Pockmark (with the stippled black line indicating the sea floor projection of a prominent N-S trending fracture in 3-D seismic data). As a type of scheduling model, the critical path method (CPM) was applied to develop the project’s work sequence using the activity on node (AON) architectural technique and Primavera P6 software after carefully identifying the primary operations involved in the project and their respective sub-operations or work breakdown structure (WBS). The risks associated with each operation were meticulously identified, with their consequent impact and exposure matrix determined using probabilistic measures of 1-5 according to the degree of the risk. Mitigation strategies were recommended for all the identified risks. The cost benefits of the project were X-rayed using parameters such as net present value (NPV), project payback time, internal rate of return (IRR), and net cumulative cash flow. From the results obtained, the CPM schedule showed that the project execution would last approximately ten months. All the operations involved in the project execution plan were all critical, proving that each activity should be completed within the scheduled run period. Else, the entire project would be affected. Also, risks with a high exposure matrix of 25, 12, and 4 were mitigated to 5, 3, and 0 using the recommended strategies. In addition, the project yielded an NPV of $20,736,951.04for the run period of 22 years after the execution of the project, IRR of 14%, and a payback time of 8 years (adding 2023 – the year of project execution) provided the daily production rate is maintained within 60,000-65,000MSCF/day. If the daily production rate increases, the cash flow and payback time will decrease. Therefore, the application of CPM in extracting methane gas from gas hydrates positively affected the operation through the vivid insights provided in workflow pattern/methodology risks effects and cost benefits.

PROJECT MANAGEMENT IN TOURISM TAKING INTO ACCOUNT RISK AND UNCERTAINTY

The article defines that the methodology of project management in tourism should take into account the uncertainty and risks inherent in tourist services, the main patterns of the development of world tourism and the local project outlook aimed at the interaction and integration of local, regional and global tourism projects. Existing project management methodologies were analyzed and methods were determined that allow taking into account risk and uncertainty in the tourism industry, namely: the modern PMBoK (Project Management Body of Knowledge) methodology, strategic risk planning, PRM (Project Risk Management) methodology, RISKMAN, PRINCE2 (PRojects IN Controlled Environments), Agile (Scrum and Kanban), critical path method (CPM) and critical chain method (CCPM) using simulation modeling. A generalized algorithm for the application of simulation modeling in the critical path methodology (CPM) is presented, which helps to improve strategic and operational management in tourism, reduce risks and increase the efficiency of projects and services, which are important aspects of success in the tourism industry. Correctly chosen methods of project management in tourism, taking into account risk and uncertainty, create opportunities for obtaining a socio-economic synergistic effect, which will be reflected in the successful completion of the project, increasing competitiveness.

МЕТОДОЛОГІЇ ПРОЄКТНОГО МЕНЕДЖМЕНТУ ДЛЯ ЦИРКУЛЯРНИХ БІЗНЕС-МОДЕЛЕЙ: ПЕРЕВАГИ ТА МОЖЛИВОСТІ

The article discusses the features and types of circular business models. Circular business models are aimed at minimizing the generation of industrial and consumer waste through recycling, reuse and disposal of materials. The need to transition to circular business models is substantiated, which will contribute to the increase in the efficiency of use and conservation of resources, the reduction of dependence on primary raw materials and the damage to the environment. The purpose of the study is to systematize and improve the methodology of managing circular business models using project management tools. Project management methodologies are a set of guidelines and processes used to plan, manage, and execute projects. Despite the fact that each enterprise chooses its own circular economy business model, and each project is unique, there are general methods spread in management practice that can be adapted to a specific situation and used successfully. The main project management methods are systematized: Waterfall, Agile, Scrum, Critical Path Method, PRINCE2, Kanban, Critical Chain Method. Typical areas of application of each method are characterized. The directions of using project management methods for the introduction and development of circular business models of various types depending on the volume and cost of work, the scope of operation and the size of the team have been determined. The rules for building a tree of goals and a tree of problems and their importance for the development of an idea, concept and business plan of a circular model have been studied. it is important to analyze the specific needs of the business and choose what best fits the context of the individual company. It is necessary to identify the causes, consequences and key challenges associated with standard linear business models and to consider the problem from the point of view of environmental, social and economic dimensions. A problem tree is a graphical tool for analyzing a problem and its root causes. A goal tree is a tool for identifying and organizing the main goals and sub-goals in a specific circular business model. It helps establish a hierarchy between goals and connections between them. Each management methodology has its strengths and weaknesses, so you can use several methodologies at the same time, based on the features of the business model, its goals and organizational structure.

ANALYSIS OF PROJECT TIME AND COST CONTROL WITH CPM, PERT AND CRASHING PROJECT METHODS IN SHOP BUILDING PROJECTS AT CV. MENTARI PERMAI

Delays in completing the Kelapa Dua shop-house construction project at CV. Mentari permai is a problem that often arises and affects the overall project work. The purpose of this research is to determine the critical path, calculate the costs incurred in the construction of the Kelapa Dua shop-house construction project with the duration of the initial and accelerated work and calculate the percentage of achievement of the shop construction project at CV. Mutia Enchantment of Nature. To overcome these delays, several control methods are used in project management. The methods used in this research are the Critical Path Method, PERT (Program Evaluation and Review Technique) and the Crashing Project. The results of the CPM planning method analysis obtained the project completion time for 91 days from the initial duration of 154 days. Whereas in reality the CPM method, the project completion time is 101 days from the initial duration of 167 days. In the PERT method, the project completion time is 107 days from a duration of 181 days with a probability of completion of 0.62%. And in the crashing project there is an acceleration of the completion duration for 9 days with an increase in costs of Rp. 26,545,194 and a total cost of Rp. 506,613,766.

Research on Software Project Schedule Planning Technology Based on the Integration of PERT and CPM

Make a feasible schedule planning for software project, is the foundation to carry out an orderly software project activity, is the key to success of the project. To solve the difficulties of schedule planning, this article studies the science technology and methods, including four aspects: First, using network chart to show the dependencies between activities, including Precedence Diagram Method and Arrow Diagram Method; Second, Program Evaluation and Review Technique is used to evaluate the time of the project activity; Third, the critical path method of determining the project total duration, including deduce from calculation formula of active time and determine the critical path; Fourth, duration compression method based on progress compression factor method. According to the situation of many technologies and methods, studied the main factors considered by selecting techniques and methods. Results show that using scientific technology and method to make the schedule planning, will reduce the workload of planning, improve the accuracy of the plan and have high practical value.