Critical Path Method Research Articles

Project Planning Application to Juice Production Using PERT/CPM Technique: A Case Study

Timely delivery of natural and fresh juice to its’ growing customers is the focus of SCUBED 100%. The CPM (Critical Path Method) and PERT (Program Evaluation and Review Technique) techniques were applied in minimizing the expected time duration for juice production at SCUBED 100%. The current expected production time for a batch stood at 656.66 minutes. Modifications were made on the initial model to minimize the expected duration and after two modification processes, an estimated time duration of 458.33 minutes was realized, saving 198.33 minutes (about 3.3 hours) of production time. This study encapsulates the interplay of theoretical insights and practical implementation, confirming the potential of operational research and management techniques in designing real-world outcomes. SCUBED 100%'s journey towards operational excellence demonstrates the transformative potential of time optimization.

IMPLEMENTATION OF THE CRITICAL PATH METHOD (CPM) IN EDUCATIONAL PLANNING

<p style="margin: 0cm 0.65pt 0pt 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt; font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">This study aims to describe the application of the Critical Path Method (CPM) technique in educational planning at SD Negeri 101777 Saentis. This study uses a qualitative approach with a descriptive method, to explain the approach and method applied in the form of CPM techniques in educational planning. Obtaining data through observation techniques, interviews and document studies. The research data analysis technique uses data reduction (sorting), data presentation and conclusion drawing. Then, the data will be declared valid after being tested with data triangulation techniques, in the form of checking the data sources and data acquisition methods. The results of this study conclude that the empowerment of human resources (HR) and budget allocation for program financing at SD Negeri 101777 Saentis implement CPM effectively as an effort to prioritize and schedule madrasa programs in a measurable and precise manner. Supporting this, the madrasah also collaborates with various elements of society in assisting education planning at SD Negeri 101777 Saentis, starting from collaboration with non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and government institutions.</span></p>

Evaluasi Penjadwalan Waktu Proyek Pembangunan Gedung Menggunakan Critical Path Method (CPM)

Buildings are the physical form of the results of construction work that are integrated with their place of domicile, partly or wholly located on and/or in the land and/or water which functions as a place for humans to carry out their activities, both for housing (residence), religious activities, business activities, social activities, culture, and special activities (Article 1 Number 1 Law Number 28 of 2002 Concerning Building Buildings). The success or failure of a construction project is influenced by three aspects, namely costs that do not exceed the budget, quality according to specifications and time according to the implementation schedule. The existence of project time scheduling is needed to complete the project in a timely manner using several methods. This study aims to create a network for building construction projects using the Critical Path Method (CPM) and identify any work activities from building construction projects that are on a critical path. Research data only consists of secondary data in the form of project time schedules and documentation photos. Based on the analysis, it is known that there are 11 types of work that are on the critical path network of the Abdul Manap Hospital Inpatient Building Development Project in Jambi City using CPM analysis, which consists of AA (Preparatory Work) – BA (Work on Structure 1st Floor) – BB (Work on Structure 2nd Floor) – BC (Work on Structure on 3rd Floor) – BD (Work on Structure on 4th Floor) – BE (Work on Structure on Floor 1) – DF (Installation of Dirty Water, Used Water & Vent) – DA (Work on Structures on 4th Floor) Air Conditioning work) – DO (Lightning Protection Work) – FF (Chopstick Work) – FG (Parking and Greening Work). The total duration/time of completion of all work on the critical path is 240 days.

Review on Potential Risks in Construction Process

Abstract: Risk assessment is an important part of project management in the construction industry. It includes identifying, identifying and mitigating risks that may affect project objectives. This article provides an overview of the various risk assessment methods used in the construction industry, from quantitative to fuzzy methods. This study introduces validation methods such as Monte Carlo simulation, sensitivity analysis, critical path analysis, fault tree analysis, tree analysis and failure models, effects and critical analysis. These versatile methods provide an overview of the likelihood of their occurrence and its impact on the objectives of the project, making them effective tools in the field. In addition, the article explores the idea of turbidity as a way to quantify the quality of certain risks in underground construction projects. Legislative frameworks and tools for assessing land development related issues that offer new solutions for risk management in complex situations are also discussed. Analysis pointed out that there is no single method of risk assessment that concerns all organizations and activities. In summary, risk assessment plays an important role in construction decision making, resource allocation and the development of risk mitigation strategies. Continuous research and development in this area will further refine and improve the risk assessment method, resulting in the overall success and sustainability of construction.

Penjadwalan Crew Change Tenaga Kerja Offshore Pada Instalasi Bawah Laut Menggunakan Pendekatan CPM dan PERT

Offshore facilities are exploration areas that can be removed on the beach from a geographical location. Offshore facilities are located offshore and far from land with different forms of construction and very limited space for workers, so that occupational safety and health factors are a top priority in implementing For this reason, it is necessary to pay attention to the proper scheduling and equitable replacement of crew so that activities carried out at Offshore Facilities can reduce the impact of offshore worker accidents. The Critical Path Method (CPM) identifies the critical path as a series of components for the total number of activities and indicates the longest time period with the fastest project completion. The critical path starts from the first activity to the last project. The critical path is important for implementation projects. Activities that are delayed on one track will cause a delay in the project as a whole. The estimated time used in CPM is only one that represents normal time (Kholil, et al, 2018). In carrying out a management project to get the critical path, use a parallel layout which is arranged proportionally by calculating the distance traveled. If the company is able to apply the Critical Path Method (CPM) method well, then the project can be completed in the right timeframe and can help the company in planning and controlling projects with more efficient time and costs. PERT (Program Evaluation and Technology Review) is a project management technique that uses three time estimates for each activity. The three estimation numbers, namely a (optimistic timeframe), b (pessimistic timeframe), and m (most likely timeframe). By carrying out the Rescheduling Process using the CPM and PERT Approaches, it can provide information and applications to complete the ongoing project schedule and which will be carried out at a later date besides indirectly contributing to cutting costs incurred in completing the project.

Evaluation of Time, Cost, and Factors Causing Delay of Grounding and Lightning Protection Installation Project

The problem faced by one of the private construction companies in Jakarta, Indonesia is the delay in completing the grounding and lightning protection installation project. This delay resulted in both material and immaterial losses for the company. Factors that are thought to cause delays in this grounding and lightning protection installation project include man, machine, material, and environment factors. The method used in this research is the Critical Path Method (CPM) and Crashing method to accelerate the project duration and determine the effective time and cost that can be used to complete the grounding and lightning protection installation project and the root cause analysis method with fishbone diagrams and 5 why analysis as tools to find out the root causes of problems and formulate corrective actions that may be taken by the company. The most effective and efficient acceleration alternative in terms of time and cost that can be applied by the company is the alternative of additional labour. The additional labour alternative is able to reduce the duration of work with the smallest additional cost compared to other alternatives. Meanwhile, the factors that cause delays in project work can be seen from the root causes of each factor. The root cause of each factor is then used as the basis for formulating corrective actions that can be taken by the company.

Optimizing contractor’s accruals under conditions of penalty imposition due to unforeseen delays

This study aims to provide an optimal activity crashing-scheduling plan to maximize profit for the contractor under conditions of imposed penalty due to unforeseen delays. A large number of construction projects suffer from time overruns. A financial penalty is imposed when the delay is attributable to the contractor. Contractors often crash activities to complete projects on time to avoid penalties. However, the crashing of activities inflates the project cost, which the contractor bears. This leads to dwindling profit margins and losing economic justification for the contractor to complete the project. The contractor is often puzzled about how much delay to compensate by crashing, so there is still some profit to be made. To address this issue, the time-cost trade-off is restructured to maximize profit for the contractor in a constrained optimization formulation. The developed methodology integrates linear programming with the critical path method. Performance evaluation results show superior profit realization for contractors compared to traditional methods that crash activities on a predefined critical path. The method can find optimal crashing scheduling of activities to compensate for delays such that the cost overrun is minimized, and the profit earned by the contractor is maximized.

Network Analysis on Phase 1B Building of the University Health Centre, FUTA, using Critical Path Method (CPM) and Program Evaluation Review Technique (PERT)

Project planning and scheduling plays a vital role in estimating the time and cost angle of a project. Finalizing a project on time and within the budget is challenging. This study focused on finding the shortest possible time required to complete the phase 1B Building project of the University Health Centre, FUTA and also to evaluate the probability of completing the project within the stipulated time. This project work has been able to give a concise view about network analysis in building construction; definitions of some terms commonly used in network analysis was also stated. Also, an introduction to CPM and PERT was stated; assumptions of CPM, advantages and disadvantages of CPM were stated; assumptions, advantages and disadvantages of PERT were also stated. Data analysis was carried out and all the possible routes of the activities involved in the building project were found; the location of the critical path of the building project was also found; the expected duration for every activity in the building project was determined; the probability of completing the project within the stipulated time was also evaluated. The results showed that there is a 50% chance for the project to be completed within the stipulated time. With the information gathered on the building project, the project was delayed due to some factors such as low circulation of money, inadequate equipments, loss of some weeks due to a change in plan, and inadequate manpower; thus, there was a two month difference between the initial completion and the now actual completion time.

Proposed Project Management Development for AMA Group

The research aims to improve AMA Group’s project management to address project delays and identify the root causes. It uses PMBOK as a problem-solving approach, utilizing expert judgment and historical data to identify root causes and assess project management aspects. The root cause of project delays is related to project scope, schedule, and resource management. Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) and Critical Path Method (CPM) are recommended tools for project scope management, scheduling, and resource management. These techniques enable effective change control, comprehensive scope planning, realistic schedule planning, streamlining workflow processes, addressing labour shortages, and regularly reviewing and improving project structures and processes. By integrating these tools, AMA Group can mitigate potential delays and enhance project efficiency.

ANALISIS PERAWATAN PERENCANAAN PHASE 25 DI BATAM AERO TECHNIC (BAT) SM-SUB

Airplanes as a means of transportation are increasingly becoming the flagship of the community. Along with the many flights today, aircraft are not spared also in carrying out maintenance. Punctuality and efficiency of work in maintenance are the main factors so that the aircraft can operate again on time, so that maintenance requires optimizing the number of mechanics according to the workload. While in fact there are still many treatments that are carried out not in accordance with the time that has been determined. This delay is very undesirable by both parties, because it will be detrimental in terms of time and cost. Therefore, careful aircraft maintenance planning and structured work lines must be carried out so that maintenance can be carried out as desired. The method used is the Critical Path Method (CPM), which is a network critical path method that uses linear time balance. Each activity can be completed faster than normal time by bypassing the activity for a certain fee. In the Critical Path Method (CPM) method, forward calculations and backward calculations are carried out so as to get the results of the critical path (slack). From the results of the analysis, it was found that the value of man hours needed was 89.52 man hours, while the value of man hours needed based on the company's calculation results was 97.43 man hours. There are differences in the results of man hours obtained by the author with from the company.

COST ANALYSIS OF DESIGNING ERGONOMIC CINEMA CHAIR PRODUCTS WITH RFID USING THE CRITICAL PATH METHOD

This study discusses one of the cinemas in the city of Depok, West Java where the object of research is cinema seats. Adding RFID (Radio Frequency Identification), so you don't know the cost budget and time to accelerate project completion using the CPM method to solve problems. CPM (Critical Path Method) is an analytical technique for planning, scheduling and project control using the critical path method with a single estimate for the duration of an activity. The results of the study using the CPM method produced a budget of IDR 2,580,000 million for normal costs using normal time, while for costs that were accelerated by carrying out the analysis phase to speed up project time, it was IDR 2,890,000 million. The results of the CPM method for accelerating project time explain that activity A is preparation for preparing tools and materials. Activity B is making a foam pattern consisting of a seat, back, and armrests. Activity C is making patterns on oscar velvet which consists of seats, backs, and armrests. Activity D is foam cutting which consists of a seat, back, and armrests. Activity E is cutting Oscar's velvet fabric which consists of a seat, backrest, and armrests. Activity F installation of plastic shells for seat, backrest and arms. Activity G installation of seats, backrests, and armrests using hinge gears. Activity H RFID Installation. Activity I trial RFID. Activity J is the installation of chairs onto black powder coating iron. produces a normal time of 74 minutes, while for an accelerated time it can be 69 minutes by doing the compressing stage.

Analysis of Critical Activity in the Hydromechanical Component Fabrication Project for Dam “X” using the Critical Path Method

Analysis of Critical Activity in the Hydromechanical Component Fabrication Project for Dam “X” using the Critical Path Method

Analisis Penjadwalan Proyek Menggunakan Critical Path Method (CPM) Studi Kasus pada Pembangunan Gapura Taman Hutan Lindung Kota Langsa

Scheduling is an important thing to do when completing a project. But sometimes the implementation deviates from the plan, so it is necessary to supervise and control the project so that the completion of the project is not delayed. Such was the case with the Langsa City Forest Park gate construction project where the completion of this project was pushed back a few days from scheduled. Delays occur due to hampered availability of materials needed, as well as weather and field conditions. So thatthis research was carried out with the aim of knowing the project control method in the Langsa City Forest Park gate construction project and to find out the comparison of project completion time using the CPM method with the Bar Chart method used by CV. Mechanical Structure. This study uses CPM (Critical Path Method) to determine network planning, critical activities, and critical paths, as well as analyze the optimal duration and cost needed for the Langsa City Forest Park gate construction project to avoid delays. Data collection techniques are carried out through interviews, direct observation, and documentation. In this study, it is known that the normal duration of the project is 21 weeks with a total cost of Rp 1,223,049,144.00. After using the CPM method, it is known that the critical path lies in activities A–C–E–G–H–I–J–K. The project can be completed with a duration of 11 weeks and costs Rp 1,488,737,722.90

Schedule compression and emerging waste in construction: an assessment of overlapping activities

PurposeCompressing the schedule by using overlapping activities is a commonly adopted approach for accelerating projects. However, this approach might channel a variety of risks into the construction processes. Risks imply waste; still, evaluating the effects of using overlapping activities on schedule quality has been a looming gap in construction research. Therefore, this paper aims to study the quality of overlapping in terms of emerging waste and to demarcate the boundaries of the overlapping envelope.Design/methodology/approachThis study presents a method for assessing the consequences of implementing overlapping activities in a schedule on two types of waste namely waiting time and variation gap. A critical path method (CPM) network including eleven activities is modeled stochastically where the durations of individual activities are sampled as beta-distributions. Using program evaluation and review technique (PERT) assumptions to calculate the schedule dates, the network is simulated for various amounts of overlapping and the corresponding waste is quantified each time.FindingsResults show that not only the returns on overlapping are diminishing after a certain overlap percentage, but also waste in the production system increases. Particularly, results reveal that compressing the schedule leads to a decrease in variation gaps, but at the same time, it leads to a larger increase in waiting times, which creates more waste.Originality/valueThe presented study shows through simulation how overlapping activities affects productivity by identifying wastes. It shows that despite the apparent gains, overlaps should be used with caution, and while considering the side-effects of increased waste which introduces a need for increased managerial awareness.

Using algorithmic thinking to design algorithms: The case of critical path analysis

Algorithmic thinking is emerging as an important competence in mathematics education, yet research appears to be lagging this shift in curricular focus. The aim of this generative study is to examine how students use the cognitive skills of algorithmic thinking to design algorithms. Task-based interviews were conducted with four pairs of Year 12 students (n = 8) to analyze how they used decomposition and abstraction to specify the projects, designed algorithms to solve scheduling problems by first devising fundamental operations and then using algorithmic concepts to account for complex and special cases of the problems, and tested and debugged their algorithms. A deductive-inductive analytical process was used to classify students’ responses according to the four cognitive skills to develop sets of subskills to describe how the students engaged these cognitive skills.

Utilization of EPRI ChemWorks tools for PWR shutdown chemistry evolution modeling

Shutdown chemistry evolution is performed in nuclear power plants at each refueling outage (RFO) to establish safe conditions to open system and minimize inventory of corrosion products in the reactor coolant system (RCS). After hydrogen peroxide is added to RCS during shutdown chemistry evolution, corrosion products are released and are removed by filters and ion exchange resins in the chemical volume control system (CVCS). Shutdown chemistry evolution including RCS clean-up time to remove released corrosion products impacts the critical path schedule during RFOs. The estimation of clean-up time prior to RFO can provide more reliable actions for RCS clean-up operations and transients to operators during shutdown chemistry. Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) shutdown calculator (SDC) enables to provide clean-up time by Co-58 peak activity through operational data from nuclear power plants (NPPs).In this study, we have investigated the results of EPRI SDC by shutdown chemistry data of Co-58 activity using NPP data from previous cycles and modeled the estimated clean-up time by EPRI SDC using average Co-58 activity of the NPP. We selected two RFO data from the NPP to evaluate EPRI SDC results using the purification time to reach to 1.3 μCi/cc of Co-58 after hydrogen peroxide addition. Comparing two RFO data, the similar purification time between actual and computed data by EPRI SDC, 0.92 and 1.74 h respectively, was observed with the deviation of 3.7–7.2%. As the modeling the estimated clean-up time, we calculated average Co-58 peak concentration for normal cycles after cycle 10 and applied two-sigma (2σ, 95.4%) for predicted Co-58 peak concentration as upper and lower values compared to the average data. For the verification of modeling, shutdown chemistry data for RFO 17 was used. Predicted RCS clean-up time with lower and upper values was between 21.05 and 27.58 h, and clean-up time for RFO 17 was 24.75 h, within the predicted time band. Therefore, our calculated modeling band was validated. This approach can be identified that the advantage of the modeling for clean-up time with SDC is that the primary prediction of shutdown chemistry plans can be performed more reliably during shutdown chemistry. This research can contribute to improving the efficiency and safety of shutdown chemistry evolution in nuclear power plants.

Sustainable Green City Development Project Analysis using the Critical Path Method (CPM) and the Crashing Project Method on Time and Cost Optimization

Due to the increase in population all over the world, the term city development has emerged using the method of sustainable green cities, which are cities designed taking into account the environmental impact to reduce the required input from energy, water, and food production. This study discusses this topic with three main objectives; the first is to analyze the project work network of the Sustainable Green City Development Project, the second is to investigate the impact of speeding up the project on network planning, and the third is to determine the cost differences before and after acceleration. The Critical Path Method (CPM) is valuable for managing complex projects if the activity durations are known. However, in reality, the projected durations may vary in the course of a project due to multiple factors, such as equipment breakdowns, human errors, and material shortages. This study used the CPM and crashing methods to determine the optimal project turnaround time using critical path optimization techniques. Analysis using CPM showed that the initial project duration was 1205 weeks but can be reduced to 1197 weeks. However, with acceleration, there is a slight difference, corresponding to a 0.67% decrease in the duration and approximately 8 weeks. The study showed that the total cost of the project work is US $55M at the normal duration and became US $59M after acceleration, which is a slight increase.

Estimating scale dependence of saturated hydraulic conductivity in soils

Understanding the effect of sample volume on hydraulic and physical properties of soils has broad applications to problems in hydrogeology, soil physics, and environmental engineering. The scale dependence of flow and transport is attributed to spatial heterogeneities, such as pore-size distribution and pore connectivity at small scales (e.g., core), fracture orientation and long-range correlations at large scales (e.g., field). In this study, we apply concepts from percolation theory to estimate the scale dependence of saturated hydraulic conductivity, Ksat. For this purpose, we use a database of undisturbed soil samples from four Danish sites (Jyndevad, Tylstrup, Estrup, and Silstrup) where the value of Ksat was measured on small (100 cm3) and large (6280 cm3) sample volumes, while porosity and soil water retention data were only available on small sample volumes. First, we apply a classification approach, widely used in petroleum engineering, to group soils based on their similarities in hydraulic properties using porosity and Ksat measurements at the small sample volume. We detect nine different soil classes with the average flow zone indicator (FZI) from 0.05 μm in class 1 to 9 μm in class 9. Next, using percolation theory, we characterize the scale dependence of critical pore-throat radius. We use the critical path analysis to link the critical pore-throat radius to the Ksat and, consequently, determine its scale dependency. Theoretical estimates compare reasonably well with the experimental measurements at the large sample volume based on the soil water retention curve and Ksat measured at the small sample volume. We find the root mean square log-transformed error (RMSLE) values 0.45, 0.77, 1.9, and 2.05 for sites Jyndevad, Tylstrup, Silstrup, and Estrup, respectively. Results show that the theory tends to provide more accurate estimations in coarser textures and unstructured soils as well as soil classes with FZI values greater than 0.7 μm (soil classes 6 to 9).

ANALISIS PEMBANGUNAN SALURAN IRIGASI MENGGUNAKAN BETON PRACETAK

Irrigation area of the Banjaranyar reservoir, the current condition of the irrigation network requires proper maintenance of the irrigation network. Based on these problems, it is necessary to study the maintenance of the irrigation canal of the Banjaranyar reservoir. Therefore, a lot of research is needed on how to realize the building with an effective cost and implementation time. In the sense that with minimal funds, it can produce maximum maintenance work with the right allocation.The analysis is carried out using the critical path method, so it is expected that the time and cost allocations can be calculated with certainty in accordance with the availability of work package time allocations in one budget year with smaller costs during the construction service life.The purpose of this thesis is to analyze the cost of irrigation construction using precast concrete using the critical path method and to analyze the timing of irrigation development using precast concrete using the critical path method.The result of this research is the acceleration from 90 calendar days to 60 calendar days can be done by rescheduling by eliminating the lag time between work activities.

A holistic analysis of maritime logistics process in fuzzy environment in terms of business process management

PurposeThe aim of this study is to provide a holistic analysis of all possible maritime business logistics processes related to import and export shipments in a fuzzy environment through a case study of a maritime logistics company based on the as-is and to-be models within business process management (BPM).Design/methodology/approachThe analyses considered the following perspectives: (i) in the stage of the process identification, the definition of the problem was carried out; (ii) in the stage of the process discovery, ocean department was divided into ocean export/import operation departments; ocean export/import operation were divided into freight collect/prepaid operation processes; ocean export/import logistics activity groups were broken down into sub-activities for freight collect/prepaid operation; the logistics activity groups and their sub-activities were defined; each sub-activity as either operation or documentation process group was classified; the durations of sub-activities were evaluated by decision-makers (DMs) as fuzzy sets (FSs); the monthly total jobs activities were estimated by DMs as FSs; the applied to monthly jobs activities of total shipments were estimated by DMs as FSs; the durations of each sub-activities were aggregated; the duration of the logistics activity groups and the sub-activities for per job were calculated; the cumulative workload of logistics activity groups and sub-activities were calculated; the duration of sub-activities for per job as operation or documentation departments were calculated, (iii) in the stage of the process analysis, cumulative ocean export/import workload as operation or documentation for freight collect/prepaid were calculated; duration of activity groups and sub-activities for per job as operation or documentation were calculated; cumulative workload activity groups and sub-activities as operation or documentation were calculated, (iv) in the stage of the process redesign, cumulative workload, process cycle time as operation and documentation group and required labor force were calculated; the process cycle time of the theoretical, the as-is model and the to-be model were calculated: (i) the theoretical minimum process cycle time without resource were calculated by the critical path method (CPM), (ii) the process cycle time of the as-is model perspective with the 1 person resource constraint and (iii) the process cycle time of the to-be model perspective with the 2-person resource constraint were calculated by the resource constrained project scheduling problem (RCPSP) method.FindingsThe methodology for analyzing the ocean department operation process was successfully implemented in a real-life case study. It is observed that the results of the to-be model can be applicable for the company. The BPM-proposed methodology is applicable for the maritime logistics industry in the present study; however, it can be applied to other companies in maritime logistics as well as other industries.Originality/valueThis study contributes to research using BPM methodology in maritime logistics. This is the first study the logistics process analyses were carried out in terms of including all operation processes for a company. All processes were analyzed by using BPM methodology in maritime logistics. This study demonstrated the application of the BPM as-is and to-be models to maritime logistics. The as-is and the to-be models of the BPM methodology were applied in maritime logistics.Research implicationsThis methodology applied in this study can enable organizations operating in the time-urgent maritime logistics sector to manage their logistics processes more efficiently, increase customer satisfaction, reduce the risks of customer loss due to poor operational performance and increase profits in the long term. Through the use of these methodologies utilizing FSs, the CPM and the RCPSP methods, this study is expected to make contributions to the BPM literature and provide original insights into the field. Furthermore, this study will undertake a comprehensive analysis of maritime logistics with respect to BPM to deliver noteworthy contributions to the maritime logistics literature and provide original perspectives into the field.